If I were an apple,and grew on a tree.Apple Peel and Core Extract.

Contents

• Basic Botanical Info of Apple.
• From Findings of Apple Procyanidin B-2.
• Properties and effects of Polyphenol from Apple.
• Processing Method:Concentration of phenolics extracted from apples.
• Apple Polyphenol and Its Application to Tooth coating composition.
• Phloridzin-rich phenolic fraction and use thereof as a cosmetic, dietary or nutraceutical agent.
• Research and Findings:Apple Polyphenol.
• Apple Polyphenol:toxicology and safety.
• How search engine think about Apple.
• Research update of Apple and Apple Phytochemicals.
• Photo Gallery of Pyrus malus.

Apple Polyphenol:toxicology and safety.:

Safety and Acute toxicity:

 General Safety Status:Apple polyphenol extracts are listed ("apple essence, natural") in the FDA's approved additive/GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) database.Researchers found that apple polyphenol extracts are safe, even at concentrations 200 times the recommended human dosage.

 Acute toxicity(LD50):Procyanidin B-2 [epicatechin-(4beta --> 8)-epicatechin]

 LD50-Lethal dose,50 percent kill.Rat.Subcutaneous.2000 mg/kg. (subcutaneous injection)

 Primary irritation tests using rabbits indicated that procyanidin B-2 containing preparation shows no primary irritation. In the guinea pig maximization test, there was no evidence of sensitization to procyanidin B-2.In primary ocular irritation tests using rabbits, procyanidin B-2 containing preparation and vehicle showed slight irritation of conjunctivae which is assumed to be caused by ethanol. It is suggested that topical procyanidin B-2 is safe and acceptable from the series of toxicological tests.
 Reference:Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 May;37(5):545-52.PMID: 10456683.

 Longterm Use:Apple polyphenol extract has strong antioxidant activity and various physiological functions, and is used as a food additive and nutritional supplements. Here, we tested the consumption safety of Applephenon, which is a polyphenol extract produced from unripe apples. The Ames test without S9 mixture revealed that Applephenon, had slight mutagenicity at a high concentration of 2500 microg/plate; however, both chromosomal aberration test and the micronucleus test found no significant mutagenicity. Furthermore, an acute oral-toxicity test, and a 90-day subchronic-toxicity test showed no significant hematological, clinical, chemical, histopathological, or urinary effects at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. These results confirm that Applephenon is safe and no toxic at average dietary level.
 Reference:Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Jun;42(6):959-67.PMID: 15110105.

 Toxicological studies on procyanidin B-2 for external application as a hair growing agent.:

 Procyanidin B-2 [epicatechin-(4beta --> 8)-epicatechin] is one of condensed tannin that exists widely in plants. We have reported previously that procyanidin B-2 possesses hair epithelial cell growth-promoting activity and stimulates anagen induction in hair cycle progression.

 To evaluate the safety of topical procyanidin B-2 as a hair growing agent, we examined the mutagenicity, acute subcutaneous injection, primary irritation, skin sensitization, and eye irritation of this compound. Mutagenicity tests using bacteria showed procyanidin B-2 to be non-mutagenic. Chromosomal aberration tests using CHL cells indicated that procyanidin B-2 caused polyploidy but no structural aberrations. In micronucleus tests for mutagenicity using mice, procyanidin B-2 was negative.

 Acute subcutaneous injection study using rats revealed no symptoms of significant injury. The lethal dose of procyanidin B-2 is greater than 2000 mg/kg (subcutaneous injection). Primary irritation tests using rabbits indicated that procyanidin B-2 containing preparation shows no primary irritation. In the guinea pig maximization test, there was no evidence of sensitization to procyanidin B-2.

 In primary ocular irritation tests using rabbits, procyanidin B-2 containing preparation and vehicle showed slight irritation of conjunctivae which is assumed to be caused by ethanol. It is suggested that topical procyanidin B-2 is safe and acceptable from the series of toxicological tests.
 Reference:Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 May;37(5):545-52.PMID: 10456683.

Reference:

• If I were an apple,and grew on a tree.Apple Peel and Core Extract.

This article written and edited via herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional. They run a range of online descriptions about this herb,including general information related and summarized updating discoveries from findings of professional scientisits this field related.Describe style aimed to form a useful detecting literature space where the intertwined threshold and related questions raise out and visualize themselves.

♣ last edit date:09th,Oct.2010.