What is Ginkgo Biloba? What is Ginkgo Biloba Extract or GBE?

Ginkgo Biloba Benefits:More Key Actions and notable functions in brief,Other Uses of Ginkgo biloba.

Ginkgo extract.Ginkgo Biloba extract.CAS.NO.090045-36-6.Ginkgo Biloba Leaf extract.24/6,Flavone 24% Lactone 6%HPLC.Extract of maidenhair tree; Ginkgo extract; Ginkgo biloba, ext photo picture image Ginkgo Biloba,Ginkgo Biloba Extract Benefits:

Over the past 30 years, more than 300 studies have show Ginkgo Biloba to provide a host of benefits for the body. Not only does Ginkgo Biloba help improve mental functioning as mentioned above, it also has a long list of other benefits:
Ginkgo,Ginkgo Biloba Extract works by increasing blood flow to the brain and throughout the body's network of blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the organ systems.
Ginkgo Biloba Extract increases metabolism efficiency, regulates neurotransmitters, and boosts oxygen levels in the brain which uses 20% of the body's oxygen.
Ginkgo,Ginkgo Biloba Extract may also help control the transformation of cholesterol to plaque associated with the hardening of arteries, and can relax constricted blood vessels.
Ginkgo Biloba Extract Benefits of enhanced circulation in the brain include improved short and long term memory, increased reaction time and improved mental clarity.
Ginkgo,Ginkgo Biloba Extract has been shown to be a supportive herb for treating infertility in males or impotence
Ginkgo Biloba,Ginkgo Biloba Extract also helps prevent damage to your organs from free radicals, and also blocks the platelet activating factor which causes some skin disorders such as psoriasis.
Ginkgo Biloba's beneficial effects on the circulatory system also helps in the treatment of eye and ear disorders.
These listed above are just some of the major benefits of Gingko Biloba.Ginkgo Biloba Extract, for more, please read on:

More Key Actions and notable functions in brief:

Applicable Pharmacological Effects of Ginkgo Biloba:==updating==

Benefits on Gut,Intestine,Stomach,Gastrointestinal,Bladder:

Studies and researches made progress on related subject identified below property on ginkgo biloba:
#.preventive against the effects of strangulation ileus(a1.),significant prophylactic effect got observed among gingko-biloba extract treated intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury Wistar-Albino rats case(a2.),gastric mucosa preventive effects got identified by some related test which suggests GBE at dosage (25~100 mg/kg) show treatment of acute gastric mucosal lesions via inhibiting the increase of MDA both in gastric mucosa and in serum(a3.),some ischemia reperfusion injury of intestine among Spraque-Dawley rats study proposed EGb 761 pre-treatment before ischemia-reperfusion via mechanism decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels and attenuated the mucosal damage(a4.),cytoprotective property of GBE got identified in duodenal ulcer rats which may contribute to improve weight gain and mucosal healing(a5.),screening test showed result that methanol extract of Ginkgo biloba (leaves) and another herb(Matricaria recutita flowers) show high MIC value on treatment of gastrointestinal disorders than other herbs(a6.),some other related study proposed Ginkgo biloba may be effective in the treatment of ulcerative colitis through scavenging effect on oxygen-derived free radicals(a7.).G. biloba preventive effect on I-R injury in rat urinary bladder has been proved from tests on rat bladder(a9.).Intestinal epithelial apoptosis(II/R-induced type) may be attenuated by ginkgo biloba extract via its antioxidant action of mediating ceramide pathway(a10.),related study proposed that purified Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) plant extract at dose of 50 mg/kg has neurotrophic effect on the myenteric plexus in the proximal and distal colon of rats after 120 days of treatment(a11.).

Protection Benefit on Cell/Organism Protection,Anti-Radiation Research:

#.Applicable research recent years identified related protection property of Ginkgo Biloba: Ginkgo biloba extract proved show a complex processes associated with cellular metabolism and membrane protective systems via a compositive mechanism composed of capillary permeability and general microcirculation boost, which would accelerate penetration of the fixator into vestibular tissues(b1.).Some other related study amond Mitochondrial DNA from brain and liver of old rats proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may partially prevent the morphological changes and indices of oxidative damage observed in brain and liver mitochondria from old animals(b6.).Ginkgo biloba extract may protected endothelial cells against LPC(lysophosphatidylcholine)-induced damage via a compositive mechanism reduction in lipid peroxidation and facilitation of synthesis and/or release of epoprostenol(b8.).Some related study with Mitochondria isolated from rats treated with bilobalide (2 to 8 mg/kg),result identified 8 mg/kg bilobalide prevented the ischemia-induced decrease in state 3 of the mitochondrial respiration,mitochondria alteration is an early event in ischemia-induced damage, and its prevention improves tissue survival upon reperfusion(b9.),related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract's effect protects against the age-associated oxidative damage to mtDNA and oxidation of mitochondrial glutathione, prevents changes in mitochondrial morphology and function associated with aging of the brain and liver(b11.,b13.),related guinea pigs Müller (retinal glial) cells study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract treatment may enhances the intrinsic glutathione content, the protective radical-scavenging effect may be mediated both directly and indirectly(b14.),related study proposed a component from GBE Bilobalide identified show its protection effect on PC12 cells from A beta 25-35-induced cytotoxicity(b15.).related study proposed ginkgo extract afforded protection against HUVEC damage induced by MM-LDL and the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells induced by MM-LDL is not mediated by VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and P-selectin(b20.).Endothelial progenitor cells protection property got identified with ginkgo biloba extract via dose- and time-dependently way,including augment endothelial progenitor cells numbers,promote the cells' proliferative,migratory,adhesive,and in vitro vasculogenesis capacity(b26.).

Mitochondrial damage protection:Ginkgo biloba extract, protects against age-associated oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA, oxidation of glutathione, and other signs of oxidative damage to mitochondria,mitochondria are essential to cellular aging, and free radical production by mitochondria is increased with aging. The rate of oxidant production by mitochondria correlates inversely with maximal life span of species,mitochondrial theory of aging points to mitochondria, and specially mitochondrial DNA, as the major targets of free radical attack upon aging.(b21.,(b23.),related PC12 cells of aged mice study proposed and identified ginkgo biloba may works protect mitochondria from the attack of hydrogen peroxide, antimycin and Abeta(Accumulation of amyloid beta),reduced ROS levels and ROS-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes from aged mice treated orally with ginkgo biloba 2 weeks(b24.).Some related rat heart mitochondrial respiration study proposed its findings that All flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, and quercitrin,except of hyperosid) at maximal used concentration stimulated the State 2 respiration rate only by 8-20%,this property may be considered as the mechanism which can explain ginkgo biloba extract improves blood circulation, protects against oxidative cell damage, blocks platelet aggregation that could be important for prevention of cardiovascular diseases(b27.),some platelets and hippocampi of SAMP8 mice study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may protected against mitochondrial dysfunction in platelets of young and old mice, suggesting peripheral effect of GBE in the prevention and treatment of age-associated degeneration;but in hippocampi protective effects of GBE were observed only in old mice, probably due to an age-associated increase in the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB),these findings may contribute to the anti-aging effect on the central nervous systemof ginkgo biloba extract(b31.).these benefit works may contribute to protects against mitochondrial aging in the brain and in the liver,via protection against Abeta-toxicity, and antiapoptotic properties,for the background,mitochondrial abnormalities(such like decrease in mitochondrial energy charge and redox state, loss of transmembrane potential or depolarization, mitochondrial respiratory chain impairment,release of substances such as calcium and cytochrome c) may constitute a part of the spectrum of chronic oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.

Retinal damage protection:some related study proposed Dimethylthiourea and Ginkgo biloba extract, afford functional protection against light-induced retinal damage,preserve retinal morphometry(b7.).

Anticlastogenic effect of GBE got identified confirmed in a CF-treated blood cultures of healthy donors test identified a concentration data 100 micrograms/ml,test showed regression or complete disappearance of CFs(Clastogenic factors) in the plasma after 2 months of treatment with EGb 761 (3 x 40 mg/d)(b2.),some similar study among 30 workers given ginkgo biloba extract at daily dose of 3 x 40 mg for 2 months reduce clastogenic activity of the plasma to control levels and lasting at least for 7 months(b3.),Some irradiated rats at radiation dose of 4.5 Gy study proposed a complete extract reduced the ACS(adjusted clastogenic score) by 83% at the dose of 100 mg/kg, while the lower dose of 50 mg/kg and the three components reached only 66%-68% reduction via its synergistic effects(b10.),some related exposure course (up to 120 d) of CFs(clastogenic factors) and MN(micronuclei) appearance in lymphocytes from patients study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may neutralized genotoxic damage induced by radioiodine treatment,prevent genetic effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroid Graves' disease(b28.),clastogenic factors are found in the plasma of persons irradiated accidentally or therapeutically,and thought to be risk factors for the development of late effects of irradiation.

Anti-neoplasia:related female Swiss albino mice benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-induced tumor study proposed application of ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 150 mg kg(-1) two weeks before and during BP administration show chemopreventive effect against BP-induced gastric carcinogenesis in mice, and possesses a salutary ameliorating potential on the cardiotoxic effects of Dox(b16.).

Anhances radiation effect on tumor:related study(Fibrosarcoma growing in C3H mouse leg muscle tumor model) proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may enhances radiation effect on tumor without increasing acute normal tissue radiation damage in this model system probably by increasing tumor blood flow(b4.).

UVB irradiation protection:related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE)with 50% diluted alcohol found induce superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in epidermis after topical application(b5.).some vitro experiment of Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated fibroblasts proposed ginkgo biloba biflavone components (isoginkgetin/ginkgetin, sciadopitysin) and quercetin at concentrations (from 0.25 to 2 mg/ml) treatment shows a considerable good effect lowered cytotoxicity indices to 50.81, 67.81 and 62.19%, respectively compared to 95.38% for the untreated control,mechanisms of the bioflavonoids got explained on the basis of structure-related activity,such like hydroxy- and methyl-substitutions on the basic structure of these flavonoids played a role(b18.).related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may have an important effect, both as a protective and therapeutic agent, in sunburn after UVB irradiation,application dosage set as 100 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days.Free oxygen radicals are involved in inflammatory skin reactions induced by ultraviolet B (UVB)(b22.).

Anti-irradiation:total body irradiation induced rats substantial acute learning dysfunction study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract at dosage (50 or 100 mg/kg) show its preventation started twenty-four hours after irradiation(b12.).

Anti-aging:related ROS-induced apoptosis case in neuronal tissue proposed ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 100 mg/kg EGb761 per os during two weeks significantly reduced ROS-induced apoptosis and related effects seems more pronounced in old mice.For the background,enhanced apoptosis and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in aging. In addition, several neurodegenerative diseases are associated with increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal tissue(b19.).related study of human diploid fibroblast (2BS) with GBE proposed ginkgo biloba extract may delay the senescence of cells via inhibiting the P16 gene expression(b30.).

Dual effects:some related study of GBE on red blood cells proposed its findings that G. biloba leaf extract show dual action(protective and disruptive) on red blood cells, depending on whether an exogenous stress is present. Its protective role on red blood cells including (1).against Abeta- and hypotonic pressure-induced haemolysis, peroxide-induced lipoperoxidation, as well as glutathione consumption and methaemoglobin formation.It also exhibited damage to red blood cells by increasing cell fragility,changing cellular morphology and inducing glutathione consumption and methaemoglobin formation,especially when applied at high doses. These anti- and pro-oxidative activities of polyphenolic substances are thought to be involved in the dual function of G. biloba leaf extract(b29.).

Protection as Antioxidant,Antiradical effects:

Antiradical properties:Antiradical properties got identified with GBE including inactivates the formation of radicals( such as adriamycyl),as effective as ursolic acid,inhibits membrane lipid peroxidation and owes to its anti-radical activity exerts a stimulant effect on the biosynthesis of prostanoids(c1.).Some related Sprague-Dawley rats study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract inhibit oxygen free radicals thus protect against reperfusion-induced injury,free radical scavengers play an important role in the development of reperfusion injury(c3.).related study of oxygen radical scavenging with oxidation of human LDL exposed to the azo-initiators proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may scavenge peroxyl radicals (reactive species mainly involved in the propagation step of lipid peroxidation),which devote to its oxygen radical scavenging properties(c17.).Ginkgo Biloba Extracts got identified inhibit oxidative stress in macrophages and endothelial cells,which valuable to the prevention and treatment of various disorders related to free radical-induced pathology(c19.).related study about GBE and CPB- and reperfusion-induced lipid peroxidation, ascorbate depletion,tissue necrosis,and cardiac dysfunction proposed its findings that GBE inhibited the transcardiac release of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species and other functions(c20.).some related evaluation study of GBE reaction against superoxide (O2-) and hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2),showed superoxide scavenging effect of the ginkgolides B, C, J, M and bilobalide may contributes to antioxidant properties of G. biloba(c22.).some stoichiometric and kinetic studies proposed the result showed on the molar basis of active hydroxyl groups decreased in the order of propyl gallate > alpha-tocopherol > quercetin > GBE approximately kaempferol(c24.).some cat retina study proposed free radical scavenger ginkgo biloba extract may efficiently protect the retina from ischemic injury,plus zinc release an additive effect(c26.).some pigment rabbits study proposed similar retina protection result of ginkgo biloba extract orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day(c29.).some systemic study evaluated overall antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts ginkgo biloba showed the antioxidant property including hydrogen-donating ability, reducing power, copper-binding property, free radical scavenging activity in a H2O2/.OH-luminol system and prevent the autoxidation of linoleic acid,makes it suitable for the prevention of human disease in which free radicals play an important role(c30.).some in-vitro and in-vivo experiments(anti-inflammatory model) study proposed ginkgo biloba extract 33(33% Ginkgo flavone glycosides, mostly quercetin and kaempferol derivatives) may be useful for protection of the skin against free radicals,result showed Quercetin and Ginkgo extract had significant antioxidant properties without pro-oxidant effect,but kaempferol(above an optimum antioxidant concentration) behaved as a pro-oxidant(c37.).some mechanism study of HO-1 and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) gene expressions oxidative model proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba bring HO-1 induction(but not its terpenoid constituents) play a beneficial role in oxidative stress. The mechanism of Ginkgo Biloba Extract-induced HO-1 gene expression and the increase in HO activity may be related to alteration of intracellular glutathione levels(c43.).some related chronic hypoxia rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract has a free radical scavenging action and the antioxidant properties could explain its beneficial hematological properties,Oxygenated free radical production was significantly decreased at dosage 50 mg/kg dose,and without observed antioxidant enzyme activities towards red blood cells(c46.).Some related study proposed GBE show protective effect on bovine vascular endothelial cells against damage induced by H O,also inhibite caspase-3 activity induced by H O(c55.).Antioxidant sportsmen study proposed mixture of antioxidants including ginkgo biloba(the most important are vitamin C, A, E, glutathione, selenium, carnosine, eventually bioflavonoids and ginkgo biloba) may lower free radical damage to tissues,lack of antioxidants can significantly diminish the sport performance and therefore the supplementation with antioxidants is for top sportsmen but also for aged people advisable,sport performance is followed by a high production of free radicals(c71.).GBE shows a very strong scavenging action on free radicals, and is thus considered to be useful for the treatment of diseases related to the production of free radicals, such as ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, chronic inflammation, and aging.

some comparable study identified the average IC50 values of ginkgo biloba total flavonoid on O2-. and .OH is at 19.0 micrograms.mL-1 and 3.6 mg.mL-1, respectively,June and July going to the peak,another material bamboo leaves got attentioned also(c59.).

Inhibit lipid peroxidation:Some cyclosporin A (CsA) on lipid peroxidation in human liver microsomes proposed that ginkgo biloba extract (at concentration 15, 50, 150 micrograms/mL) might be able to prevent radical mediated damage to human membranes caused by CsA(c4.).Some rats bromethalin-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation study proposed Gingko biloba extract (at dosage 100 mg/kg) by gavage proposed statistically significant decrease in clinical sign severity(c5.).Related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract and other components show increasing cisplatin concentrations in a dose-related manner(c12.).Related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract at concentrations(0, 25, 50, 125, 250 and 500 micrograms/ml) works show protects on lipoperoxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide(c13.),and this protective effects of GBE are more effective than water-soluble antioxidants(ascorbic acid, glutathione and uric acid), and as effective as lipid-soluble antioxidants(alpha-tocopherol and retinol acetate)(c14.).related study of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation proposed ginkgo biloba extract may protects membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids regardless of their susceptibility to peroxidation(c16.).some related study of copper-mediated LDL oxidative modification proposed Ginkgo biloba extract at concentration 100 micrograms/ml has powerful antioxidant effects on copper-mediated LDL oxidative modification(c18.).some in vitro study of Behçet's disease (BD) proposed gionkgo biloba extract at dosage 25 and 250 microg/ml concentrations may strengthen the antioxidant defense system which contribute to the treatment of BD(c23.).some related study proposed GBE may inhibiting oxygen free radicals induced lipid peroxidation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo(c25.).some aged rats cardiovascular system study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(150 mg kg-1 body wt) and zinc(10.5 mg kg-1 body wt) 4 weeks may works as a beneficial role with MF(meclofenoxate) in diminishing cumulative oxidative changes in aging,brings improvement in the measured free radical scavengers especially in brain and heart tissues(c27.),some related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract afford protection against BAECs(bovine aortic endothelial cells) damages induced by LPC and that the protective effect of EGb may be due to anti-lipid peroxidation via free-radical scavenging activity, result showing that treatment with GBE at concentrations of 125 and 250 micrograms.ml-1, caused a reduction in MDA, LDH and PAI contents(c49.),some related mouse corpus striatum study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may be effective at preventing MPP+-induced oxidative stress and MPP+-induced lipid peroxidation(c51.).some related hydrogen peroxide on rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell model study proposed ginkgo biloba(160 microg/ml,other oxidants Trolox 10 microM and Stobadine 30 microM) works intensively decreased the content of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation.Flavonoid extracts were more effective than Trolox and Stobadine. Antioxidants were most effective if present after the oxidative treatment(c56.).some asphyxia neonates study proposed ginkgo biloba extract could suppress the free radical production, scavenge free radicals, antagonize the lipid peroxidation injury of cell membrane and up-regulate erythrocyte immunity. It displays the effects of nerve tissue protection and hypoxia-ischemic brain injury alleviation,Decrease of erythrocyte immunity in asphyxia neonate is related to the declined anti-oxidation ability and lipid peroxidase injury(c57.).some rat mesangial cells study proposed leaf extract of Ginkgo Biloba L. inhibits the oxLDL-induced production of fibronectin probably through inhibitory effects on ROS generation and SP-1 activation in rat mesangial cells(c64.).some related hydrogen peroxide-induced lipoperoxidation of G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes study states that ginkgo biloba exracts at dosage 250 microg/mL may significantly reduced TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) levels in the erythrocytes of control and G-6-PD deficient patients subjected to oxidative stress(c67.,c68.).for the background,Lipid peroxide in vivo has been identified as a basic deteriorative reaction in cellular mechanisms of aging in human.

Inhibition on oxidative of brain neurons:some related Ca(2+)-induced increase in the oxidative metabolism of brain neurons proposed Ginkgo biloba leaves extract may reduce the Ca(2+)-induced increase in the oxidative metabolism of brain neurons at concentration 3 micrograms/ml(c7.).Some related rats brain neurons study of Ginkgo biloba extracts identified components myricetin or quercetin may be responsible for a part of the beneficial effects of EGb on brain neurons subject to ischemia(c8.).some related frontal cortex of AD patients study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and some other components(DHEA,hapoE3rec) protect control, AD epsilon3/epsilon3 and epsilon3/epsilon4 cases against hydrogen peroxide/iron-induced LPO,which may contribute to protection of oxidative stress-induced injury(c33.).some related studsy proposed GBE may inhibit glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT-4 neuronal cells,which may contribute to protection from neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia(c35.).Gingko biloba extract got proved in some study as A beta toxicity blocker and protect/rescue neurons against A beta toxicity,which may contribute to against Alzheimer's Disease,as beta-Amyloid (A beta) peptides are most likely involved in the neurodegenerative process occurring in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and are enriched in senile plaques,the possible mechanisms may come from free radicals inhibition and and protection from apoptosis(c36.).some related cerebellar granule cells study proposed ginkgo biloba extract show protection on oxidative stress induced apoptosis,suggest its useful for neuronal diseases associated with excessive production of reactive oxygen species(c38.).some rats study proposed ginkgo biloba treatment brings result increase in the CAT(catalase) and SOD(superoxide dismutase) activities in the hippocampus, striatum and SN( substantia nigra), and a decrease of the LPO(lipid peroxidation) in the hippocampus were observed,which may contribute to its protection on neurodegenerative disorders,such like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases are frequently associated with oxidative stress and defects in the cellular protective mechanisms(c47.).some related primary neuronal cultures study proposed that ginkgo biloba extracts induces HO1(heme oxygenase I) in a dose-dependent manner (0, 10, 50, 100 and 500 microg/ml) and time-dependent manner with a maximal induction at 8 hr.This beneficial actions of heme degradation and its metabolites contributes to the protective effects of GBE in ischemia and various neurological conditions,like cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease which may mediated by free radical damage(c54.).some related study based on MPP+- induced oxidative stress PC12 cells model proposed two kind og ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761 and Cp 202)may modulate DAT(dopamine transporter) and ERbeta(estrogen receptor beta) protein expression in neuronal cells,prevent cell death in native and neuronal PC12 cells,while in neuronal PC12 cells also quercetin and E2 could reverse MPP+ neurotoxic effet.for the background,Oxidative stress has been recently considered as a mediator of nerve cell death in several neurodegenerative diseases(c60.).some related Wistar rats study proposed Ginkgo biloba phytosomes(at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) may prevent depletion of the antioxidant enzymes by sodium nitrite correlated to its antioxidant activity(c78.).related rat brain synaptosomes study proposed Amyloid beta-peptide-induced isoprostane production was also inhibited by ginkgo biloba extract due to its oxygen radical scavenging properties(c80.).

Oxygen species inhibition:human neutrophils (PMNs) activated oxygen species (O-2, H2O2, OH.) release study proposed Gbe able at least reduce the activity of myeloperoxidase contained in neutrophils.GBE show strong decreasing ability at dosage 15.6 micrograms Gbe/ml to control OH. (hydroxyl radical generation),significantly decrease superoxide anion (O-.2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations of 500, 250 and 125 micrograms/ml(c2.). This enzyme, secreted into the intra and extracellular medium, catalyzes the oxidation of chloride (Cl-) by H2O2 to yield strong oxidants (HOCl, chloramines) which are implicated in inflammatory processes.Some related experimental acute pancreatitis study confirmed ginkgo biloba (GB) showed significant preventive roles but not a complete prevention(c32.).some related H2O2-induced cell apoptosis study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract totally prevented the cell death and growth inhibition induced by H2O2,and potential as protective agents against apoptosis through scavenging ROS upon cerebral or myocardial diseases associated with free radical generation(c73.).

Nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition:some human endothelial cell line (ECV304) study proposed its findings that EGb inhibited NO production by attenuating the level of iNOS mRNA in ECV304 cells. Selective inhibition of iNOS by EGb may be therapeutically relevant in modulating NO production in endothelial cells.concentration at 50 microg/mL caused a 30% reduction of NO metabolites released by endothelial cells(c34.).some related toxicity induced study with model of NO generators on hippocampus cells proposed some mechanism findings of GBE that protective and rescuing abilities of EGb not only attributable to the antioxidant properties of its flavonoid constituents but also via their ability to inhibit NO-stimulated PKC activity,yet components terpenoid( bilobalide,ginkgolide B) failed to display and significant effect,For the background,excess of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) is viewed as a deleterious factor involved in various CNS disorders,this finding may give some explain for ginkgo biloba as NO scavenger with neuroprotective properties and its mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective ability(c39.).some related iNOS-mediated NO production in macrophages derived from a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) study proposed its findings that components of ginkgo biloba extract(ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, and bilobalide) may contribute to the selective inhibitory effect of EGb on iNOS expression without affecting eNOS-mediated NO production(c44.).some related in vivo LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages(lipopolysaccharide) proposed its findings that both ginkgo biloba extract and quercetin inhibited p38 MAPK activity, which is necessary for iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages(c48.).Nitric oxide scavenging activity got identified from ginkgo biloba extract may help explain its rejuvenating, adaptogenic, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and neuroprotective activities(c65.).

hydroxyl radicals inhibition:related components evaluating protection study of cerebellar granule cells apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radicals proposed the IC50 of the flavonoids for scavenging hydroxyl radicals was almost the same as that of EGb761,but Total terpenes of EGb761 did not protect against apoptosis.Suggest that the hydroxyl radical inhibition property of ginkgo biloba may comes majorly from total flavonoids and other parts except terpenes(c31.).certain related rat cerebellar granule cells study proposed ginkgo biloba total flavonoid and a mixture of flavonoids and terpenes protected cerebellar granule cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radicals,but seems terpenes did not protect against apoptosis(c41.).

UV-light-induced oxidative stress:ultraviolet light load and oxidative stress correlation study among several nutritional components proposed that extent of the oxidative stress could be inhibited during a second exposure to ultraviolet light up to the following efficiency: Se > Ginkgo > beta-carotene > vitamin E.(c6.).

Ionizing radiation-induced oxidative damage inhibition:certain related Sprague-Dawley rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 50 mg/kg/day,attributed to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, attenuates irradiation-induced oxidative organ injury,suggesting it may have a potential benefit in enhancing the success of radiotherapy(c76.).

Bleomycin induced oxidative stress:some related Male Sprague-Dawley rats study proposed bleomycin induced oxidative stress can be prevented by Gingko biloba treatment(orally, 100 mg/kg per day for 14 days) via high anti-oxidant enzyme activity together with decreased radical production from XO(xanthine oxidase)(c77.).

Mercury(II)-induced oxidative damage:Mercury(II)-induced cardiovascular oxidative damage,related Wistar albino rats Hg II-induced oxidative damage study proposed that Ginkgo biloba extract(50 mg/kg/day) can protect the cardiovascular tissues against HgCl(2)-induced oxidative damage,its effects such like increases in MDA levels and decreased GSH levels both in serum and tissue samples. Thromboplastic activity was increased significantly following Hg administration,which verifies the cardiotoxic effects of HgCl(2)(c81.).certain related study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may protect mercury-induced oxidative damage in brain, lung, liver, and kidney tissues with its antioxidant effects,supportive effects such like significantly increased the GSH level and decreased the MDA level, MPO activity, and collagen contents(c83.).

Naphthalene-induced oxidative damage:related naphthalene-induced toxicity in BALB-c mice study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(150 mg/kg, orally) by balancing the oxidant-antioxidant status and inhibiting the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration, protects against naphthalene-induced oxidative organ injury(c82.).

Mobile phone-induced oxidative stress inhibition:some related rat brain study with condition of rats exposure to mobile phones low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at 900 MHz EMR from MP for 7 days (1 h/day) proposed its findings that administration of ginkgo biloba extract may prevents the MP-induced oxidative stress to preserve antioxidant enzymes activity in brain tissue,its effect proved from regulation and prevention of :(i) increase in MDA(malondialdehyde ) and NO(nitric oxide) levels in brain tissue, (ii) decrease in brain SOD(superoxide dismutase) and GSH-Px(glutathione peroxidase),(iii) increase in brain XO(xanthine oxidase) and ADA(adenosine deaminase) activities.For the background,widespread use of mobile phones (MP) in recent years has raised the research activities in many countries to determine the consequences of exposure to the low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of mobile phones(c62.).

Trophic factors induced oxidative damage:some related rat PC12 study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may protect cells from possible oxidative damage induced by the trophic factors. On the other hand, trophic factors appear to strengthen the protective effect of ginkgo biloba(c85.).

Mitochondrial damage protection:Harman first suggested in 1972 that mitochondria might be the biological clock in aging, noting that the rate of oxygen consumption should determine the rate of accumulation of mitochondrial damage produced by free radical reactions. Later in 1980 Miquel and coworkers proposed the mitochondrial theory of cell aging.related study proposed sulphur-containing antioxidants, vitamins C and E, or the Ginkgo biloba extract show protects against the age-associated oxidative damage to mtDNA and the oxidation of mitochondrial glutathione,and ginkgo biloba extract also prevents changes in mitochondrial morphology and function associated with aging of the brain and liver(c40.).some related PC12 cells gene expression of subunit 1 of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (ND1) find that ginkgo biloba extract and its component bilobalide may exert their protective effects by up-regulating mitochondrial ND1 gene expression and by decreasing state 4 respiration,whose increase is thought to be responsible for oxidative damage(c52.).

Nitric oxide-scavenging properties:some related vitro acellular systems study proposed ginkgo biloba extract show dose-dependent decrease production of nitric oxide(c10.).

Inhibit low density lipoproteins(LDL):some related Fe2+ or Cu2+ induced human low density lipoproteins (LDL) in vitro study proposed ginkgo biloba extract,its components GF(ginkgo flavonids) and GT(ginkgo terpenlactones) are effective antioxidant and could inhibit the oxidation of LDL,the anti-oxidation vary with time(c66.).some related study Fe2+ or Cu2+ induced oxidation of human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) proposed ginkgo biloba extracts GF(ginkgo flavonoids) and GT(ginkgo terpenlactones) prevented the decrease of VitE and increases of MDA and LF in the ox-LDL. The inhibitory effect order was identified as: GF > EGB761 > GT,and GF(ginkgo flavonoids) played the main role in anti-oxidation(c69.).

Inhibit exogenous origined antioxidant factor:ginkgo biloba extract got identified in study of young male wistar rats proved inhibits the post-stress growth of MDA concentration and the process of stress ulcer formation(c21.).

Blocking mitogenic effect:some related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may block both the elevated O2.- and the proliferative and hypertrophic influences of 5-HT on SMCs,quenches O2.- formation by 5-HT, thereby blocking its mitogenic effect(c28.).

Inhibit acute oxygen toxicity:some related mice study proposed ginkgo biloba extract and some other herbs(Panax notoginseng saponines) could effectively prevent acute oxygen toxicity,which were related to their antioxidant activities(c63.).

Inhibit cigarette smoke mutagenicity and toxicity in vivo:certain related ginkgo biloba treated cigarette study proposed and identified analysis results indicated that GBE eliminated up to 30% of free radicals(c88.).

Inhibit acute alcohol oxidation:mice study with subject evaluating acute alcohol induced anti-oxidizing system damaged prevention with flavonoids of ginkgo biloba (96mg/kg bw) proposed its finding that ginkgo biloba flavonoid have some protective effects on the damage of anti-oxidizing system of mice induced by acute alcohol adminstration,aspects included decreased GSH(glutathione) and the activities of GSH-Px(glutathione peroxidase) and SOD(superoxide dismutase),increased MDA(malondialdehyde) of serum and liver in 1hr and recovered to normal level in 4~6 hrs(c72.).some related ethanol-induced oxidative injury in rat testes study proposed GBE at related dosage (4.8,9.6 mg/100g bw per day) proved show protection against ethanol-induced testicular injury,which may be associated with HO-1 activity enhancement, free radicals elimination, lipid per-oxidation reaction inhibition(c75.).

Topical formulation antioxidant and skin protection:some related topical formulations study with different plant derived flavonoids proposed its findings that among the herbs for screening,Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Ginkgo biloba (GB) extracts alone and the formulations containing these extracts showed great antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities while the other extracts studied (mixture of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Symphytum officinale L and Arctium majus root, Nelumbium speciosum and soybean) showed lower activity,suggest that GG and GB extracts may be used in topical formulations in order to protect skin against damage caused by free radical and reactive oxygen species(c70.).

Antioxidant property of ginkgo biloba extract may devote to protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury(c9.),ginkgo biloba extracts at concentration 50 mg kg-1 day-1 contribute to inhibiting preretinal proliferations(c11.),contribute to protection effects on retina, inhibits or reduces the functional and morphological retina impairments observed after lipoperoxide release(c15.),devote to its cardioprotective effects(c25.),contribute to retina protection from ischemic injury(c26.),contribute to protection of the skin against free radicals(c37.).contribute to its cognitive functions and various pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases(c42.).GBLE shows a very strong scavenging action on free radicals, and is thus considered to be useful for the treatment of diseases related to the production of free radicals, such as ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, chronic inflammation, and aging(c45.),protect thermal trauma-induced oxidative damage in hepatic and renal tissues(c74.).

Component identification:related rat liver homogenate study proposed ginkgo biloba extract has stronger antioxidant activities than flavonoids, but terpenoids did not show antioxidant activity in this research.EGb and flavonoids but not terpenoids demonstrated significantly induce the antioxidant enzyme (GCLC), directly scavenge O2*(-), OH* and inhibit rat erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate(c86.).some related in vitro antioxidant study proposed finding a new polysaccharide (GBP50S2) content from ginkgo biloba possess DPPH radical-scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity with an IC(50) value of 0.412 mg/mL and 0.482 mg/mL, respectively(c87.).

Anti-Cancer,Anti-Tumor,Anti-Edema,Canceration Prevention:

Edema prevention:ginkgo biloba extract got find works to prevent some kinds of edema from recent scientific investigations,such like: Ginkgo biloba extract(orally or by intravenous infusion) seems works to treat 10 case Idiopathic cyclic oedema and result 5 cases successful,Idiopathic cyclic oedema is a frequent and often unrecognized condition in young women(d1.),some related pilot study investigation proposed ginkgo biloba extract can be a therapeutic protocol for treatment of vasogenic edema after irradiation of the brain(d2.),certain related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extracts(and other vitamin P such like rutin,anthocyanosides,diosmin) were able to partially improve CP(capillary permeability) and the clinical troubles of Local edemas,for the background,Edema due to increased capillary permeability (ICP) may be diffuse or localized. Local edemas (Quincke edema, angioneurotic edema) are most often allergic or very rarely due to a defect in C1-inhibitor.ICP is a major cause of the symptoms of local edemas(d3.),some related rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(50mg/kg/day, p.o.) and its component Gingkolide B (BN-52021)(2mg/kg, p.o.) has capacity to reduce edema and cell injury following hyperthermia and this effect of the compound is somehow associated with a reduction in cellular stress response as evidenced with a reduction in HSP(heat shock protein) expression(d10.),some related rats hyperthermic brain injury study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may markedly reduced the HO-2 expression, BBB breakdown, brain edema formation and cell damage without attenuating the hyperthermic response,for the mechanism and background,the observations suggest that upregulation of HO-2 representing generation of CO plays important roles in hyperthermic brain injury,oxidative stress seems to be one of the most important signals in inducing HO-2 expression in hyperthermia, not reported earlier(d23.),some 6 rats study with dosage (200 mg/kg body weight in drinking water and an equal amount in peanut butter) proposed ginkgo biloba extract may help prevents the development of early HAPE(high altitude pulmonary edema) in rats(d26.),certain related rats edema formation in models of ischemia study proposed component of ginkgo biloba extract bilobalide strongly and specifically attenuates edema formation in models of brain ischemia in vitro and in vivo,which suggested Bilobalide may be therapeutically effective in brain edema which occurs secondarily to large hemispheric stroke and traumatic brain injury in humans(d32.),

Antitumor/AntiCancer activity:certain ginkgo biloba long-chain phenols got identified with strong antitumor activity,among them one component named 4-Undecylcatechol seems exhibited strong antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 ascites and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia(d4.),some related investigations identified CHCl3 extract of Ginkgo biloba sarcotestas (Ginkgoaceae)phenolic compounds can be seen as Phospholipase Cgamma1 inhibitory principles,also inhibited growth of a number of human cancer cell lines(d5.),certain 32 cases of 48 pancreatic cancer patients study proposed ginkgo biloba extract combined with 5-fluorouracil (CAS 51-21-8, 5-FU) treatment got an effective ratio 68.8% and low toxicity(d8.,some advanced colorectal cancer cases treatment confirmed such a combination(d12.).),some related cerebral microvascular endothelial cells modeled tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-induced adhesion of monocytes (Mon) and neutrophils (Neu) proposed it investigation result that ginkgo biloba extract(1-100 mg.L-1) inhibited the effect of TNF-alpha in a concentration-dependent manner,the mechanism explain that the inhibition of GbE on Mon and Neu adhesion to BCMEC(bovine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells) was mediated through the suppression of E-selection expression(d9.),some mice study proposed Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761) and isolated ginkgolide B (GKB) may exert cytostatic properties and significantly inhibited the nuclear PBR expression in vitro in mice,in adrenal cells and human breast cancer cells,manipulation of PBR expression could be used to control tumor growth,for the background,peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) expression and localization correlate with human breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressive phenotype expression(d11.),some related human bladder cancer cell line study proposed ginkgo biloba leaves flavonoids may induced cellular responses,inhibits DNA damage,augments the "antioxidant status" of the cells via initiates an adaptive transcriptional response(d13.),certain related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract inhibited the in vivo production of TNF-alpha (measured by ELISA) after challenge with LPS(lipopolysaccharide),GBE and quercetin inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p38 MAPK activity, which are important in the post-transcriptional regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA(tumor necrosis factor-alpha),tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine,detailed mechanisms got explained(d14.),certain related study proposed Ginkgo biloba seed polysaccharide (GBSP,high purity with average molecular weight of 1.86 X 10(5)) from ethanol fraction of ginkgo biloba leaves could potentially induce the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells(d16.),some series study proposed standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves shown to inhibit three tumor cell types(including aggressive human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo,human glioma and hepatoma cells in vitro) cell proliferation(d17.),some related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may act in a complementary manner to inhibit several carcinogenesis-related processes(inhibition inducible and endothelial forms of nitric oxide synthase,inhibited the proliferation of a highly aggressive human breast cancer cell line,human bladder cancer cells)(d18.),some related 30 patients with gastric cancer study proposed oral admin Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides (GBEP) capsules proved show inhibition on growth of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells following 24-72 h treatment in vitro at 10-320 mg/L, which was dose- and time-dependent.the mechanism got believed relate to its effects on the expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and c-fos genes, which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and differentiation of tumor cells(d19.),certain related human aortic endothelial cells study identified and proposed ginkgo biloba extract may inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced reactive oxygen species generation, transcription factor activation, and cell adhesion molecule expression(d20.),some related human hepatocellular carcinoma cells(HCC) study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract(1000 mg/L) may significantly suppress proliferation and increase cytotoxicity in HepG2 and Hep3B cells,Additionally,Ginkgo biloba extract can decrease PCNA and increase p53 expression in HepG2 cells(d22.),some related male F344 rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(50 or 500 ppm) and bilobalide (15 or 150 ppm) for 4 weeks may significantly lowered PCNA index in normal-appearing crypts. Feeding with EGb or bilobalide increased activities of CYP as well as GST and QR in the liver.Suggest possible chemopreventive ability of EGb or bilobalide and its mechanisms may understood as through alterations in cryptal cell proliferation activity and drug metabolizing enzymes' activities, in colon tumorigenesis(d24.),some study with 86 patients of the upper digestive tract malignant tumors were treated with GBEP(Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides) capsule preparation taken orally proposed its result that GBEP has some definite therapeutic effects on upper digestive tract malignant tumors of middle and late stage(d25.),oral cavity cancer cells study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract at concentration 250 micro/ml may induces apoptosis of oral cavity cancer cells and caspase-3 is activated in this apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner,suggest it possible chemopreventive application value against oral cavity cancer(d27.),certain related mouse blastocysts study proposed ginkgo biloba extract component ginkgolide treatment of mouse blastocysts induces apoptosis, decreases cell numbers, retards early postimplantation blastocyst development, and increases early-stage blastocyst death(d28.),certain mechanism study with investigation purpose for the role of PBR in cancer proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba extract may opposes this aggressive phenotype by decreasing PBR overexpression, it could be useful in preventing or treating cancer invasiveness and metastasis.for the background,PBR was shown to be overexpressed in certain types of malignant human tumors and cancer cell lines, correlating with enhanced tumorigenicity and cell proliferation rates(d29.).certain related study about human hepatoma G2 cells proposed its findings a component of ginkgo biloba extract named Ginkgolide B at appropriate dosage may aid in decreasing the toxic effects of ethanol(d34.).mechanism study identified and focused on inhibition of angiogenesis,as angiogenesis is a key process in the promotion of cancer,traditional herbs got attentioned for the related purpose(such like Artemisia annua (Chinese wormwood), Viscum album (European mistletoe), Curcuma longa (curcumin), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), resveratrol and proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract), Magnolia officinalis (Chinese magnolia tree), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, Poria cocos, Zingiber officinalis (ginger), Panax ginseng, Rabdosia rubescens hora (Rabdosia), and Chinese destagnation herbs)(d35.,d36.),certain breast cancer study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may work as an ideal herb for preventing and reducing the acute doxorbincin-induced cardiotoxicity,helpful for alleviating the chronic cardiotoxicity(d38.),some pancreatic cancer cell study proposed ginkgo biloba extract component kaempferol effectively inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and induces cancer cell apoptosis, which may sensitize pancreatic tumor cells to chemotherapy,result showing 70 microm kaempferol for 4 days significantly inhibited by 79% and 45.7%,significantly inhibited Panc-1 cell proliferation(d39.).certain mechansim investigations proposed Ginkgo biloba extract exerts anti-angiogenic effects via activation of tyrosine phosphatases,suggested its anti-angiogenesis-based tumour prevention and adjuvant therapy(d40.).certain related human oral cavity carcinoma HSC-2 cells study proposed G. biloba extract may cause apoptotic cell death for its prooxidative nature(d44.).certain oral cavity cancer cells study suggested two components of ginkgo biloba extract(kaempferol and quercetin) may effectively induce caspase-3-dependent apoptosis of oral cavity cancer cells and can be considered as possible anti-oral cavity cancer agents(d45.).certain Wistar rats gastric precancerous lesions study proposed ginkgo biloba extract (0.5 mg/kg/d in the low dose group, 1.5 mg/kg/d in the high dose group) for 20 weeks may increase anti-oxidative activity and inhibit the progression of gastric precancerous lesions via the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis(d46.).some antitumor study proposed GA(ginkgo acid from the seed)'s antitumor mechanism may due to inhibiting the proliferation in a manner of inhibiting division,retarding the progress of cell cycle and inducing apoptosis,making GA a candidate as new antitumor drug(d48.).

Liver Cancer:some Wistar rats hepatocarcinogenesis study proposed ginkgo biloba extract shows effective inhibition to hepatocarcinogenesis induced by AFB1 in rats, which may be related to its antioxidant activity(d43.).

Ovarian cancer:certain Ovarian cancer case study proposed its findings that Ginkgo extract and components(quercetin and ginkgolide A and B)shoed significant anti-proliferative effects ( approximately 40%) in serous ovarian cancer cells,indicated its chemopreventive/therapeutic effects on ovarian cancer(d33.).

Skin cancer prevention:certain systemic study proposed Ginkgo biloba also possess the following additional cancer chemopreventive qualities: (1) promoting apoptosis of cancer cells; (2) an anti-clastogenic effect on chromosomes by repairing and reconstituting broken and damaged chromosomes; (3) a powerful therapeutic effect on the treatment of fibrosis-related cancer; (4) a therapeutic effect on free radical-induced cancer; (5) a therapeutic effect on the treatment of cancer incident to the result of numerous carcinogens; (6) a therapeutic effect on preventing free radical-induced cancer; (7) an enhancing effect on radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer; and (8) a therapeutic effect on reducing the size of cancer tumors. And for its potentiality of this purpose,ginkgo biloba can be suggested as a substitute for treatment of skin cancer instead of calcitriol (1-25 dihydroxycholcalciferol) which high risks at big dosage(d30.).

Antimutagenic:certain related mutagenic induced by mutagens Ofloxacin (15 microg/mL) and acridine orange (5 microg/mL) study proposed plant derived Pycnogenol (5-100 microg/mL) or Ginkgo biloba extract (5-100 microg/mL) at highest concentration of PYC and EGb effectively reduced the mutagenic activity of both ofloxacin and acridine orange by more than 99% (p < 0.001),indicated their dual antimutagenic effects by both antioxidant and physicochemical properties(d37.).Certain mouse bone marrow study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may possesses both direct and indirect antimutagenic potential,as the results showed ginkgo extract at all doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg (po))were significantly (P < 0.05) effective in reducing the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes(d42.).

Combinative Property:certain related rats study proposed co-administration of CDDP(Cisplatin) with ginkgo biloba extract(at concentration 100 mg/kgs) is beneficial to ameliorate CDDP-induced toxicity without attenuation of CDDP antitumor activity(d7.),

Specific component study:related study proposed the anticancer activity of ginkgo biloba extract can be improved by increasing the concentration of the aglycone form of the flavonoid. Terpene trilactones cannot exert the anticancer effects of flavonoids in vivo. Raising the levels of the free radical scavenger enzymes GST, SOD and CAT may be one of the involved anticancer mechanisms(d41.),

Negative study propose:certain study processed among 3069 GEM participants 75+ years of age in 2 groups dosaged with 120 mg Ginkgo extract (EGb 761) or placebo and followed for a median 6.1 years proposed its findings in related site-specific cancers,result showed the GBE group risk of breast (HR, 2.15; 95%CI, 0.97-4.80; p = 0.06) and colorectal (HR, 1.62; 95%CI, 0.92-2.87; p = 0.10) cancer increased , and risk of prostate cancer (HR, 0.71; 95%CI, 0.43-1.17; p = 0.18) reduced(d47.),

Inflammatory,Anti-inflammatory,Sepsis,Toxins,Ulcer Applications:

Inflammatory problems and Anti-inflammatory:certain related mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may act as a potent inhibitor of NO production under tissue-damaging inflammatory conditions.IC50 for inhibition of nitrite production by activated macrophages was about 100 micrograms/mL GBE(e1.),certain mechanism study processed with Raw264.7cells proposed ginkgo biloba flavonoids(bilobetin and ginkgetin) may serve as sPLA2 inhibitors and useful for inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokine and NO production in inflammatory diseases,for the background,Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) regulates eicosanoid and platelet-activating factor production,and also plays an important role in the regulation of critical mediators in inflammatory diseases in which PLA2 activity is significantly enhanced during sepsis and multiple organ failure. Therefore, inhibitors of PLA2 activity offer themselves as target substances in anti-inflammatory(e4.),certain rats acute inflammation induced by carrageenan, formalin or capsaicin model proposed ginkgo biloba extract may works good as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug alone or in conjunction with NSAIDs,tested dosage with GbE (25~50 mg kg(-1), s.c.)(e7.),certain lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo study proposed ginkgo biloba extracts may suppresses the inflammation of EIU by blocking the iNOS protein expression and its anti-inflammatory effect on eye is comparable with the effect of prednisolone used in similar doses.As the test result proved GBE treatment in vivo decreased the concentrations of protein and NO in the aqueous humor of EIU rats,significantly reduced the concentration of PGE2, TNF-alpha and NO production in the medium of RAW 264.7 cells ,significantly decrease expression of iNOS protein(e8.),certain Candida albicans induced fungal arthritic inflammation model proposed and identified terpene(not flavone portion) was responsible for the therapeutic anti-inflammatory effect of GBE,which result suggested blockage of the NO production from the macrophages that infiltrated to the inflamed site may be a possible mechanism for the therapeutic anti-inflammatory effect(e10.),certain related brain of AS rats(atherosclerosis rats) study proposed GbE inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, but up-regulated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and IL-10R in brain, which might be related with its anti-AS actions(e11.),certain whole-body gamma irradiation induced inflammation rats study in a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model proposed its findings administration of ginkgo biloba extract(25 or 50 mg/kg administered subcutaneously daily for 3 days) may further lessened the severity of this inflammatory response in irradiated rats.The mechanism may related in part to the inhibition of GGT activity and MDA production, and partly to augmentation of GSH content in the inflamed paw tissue(e14.),certain specific screening study proposed and identified a component from ginkgo biloba extract named Ginkgetin(a biflavone) show dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity,this compound also inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 6.52 microM.Suggested this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory agents(e15.),certain comparable mechanism study among RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line proposed its findings that a gionkgo biloba extract(with higher concentration of flavanoids and terpenes) inhibits LPS(lipopolysaccharide)-induced iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-alpha expressions through the down-regulation of NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity(e17.),certain related animal model(mouse ear) of chronic skin inflammation and proinflammatory gene expression study proposed a component ginkgetin from ginkgo biloba extract may be beneficial against chronic skin inflammatory disorders like atopic dermatitis,via inhibition epidermal hyperplasia,and suppress the expression of proinflammatory gene(interleukin-1beta),suggest its beneficial uses against chronic skin inflammatory disorders like atopic dermatitis(e18.),certain mechanism study processed among carrageenan-induced inflammatory and hindpaw incisional pain of Adult male Wistar rats proposed findings the ginkgo biloba extracts may dose-dependently alleviates acute inflammatory and surgically induced thermal hyperalgesia and is comparable to diclofenac(a commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug).Indicates ginkgo biloba extract has analgesic potential in acute inflammatory pain(e20.),certain mouse colitis study model proposed its findings that may use ginkgo biloba extracts as a complementary and alternative strategy to abate colitis and associated colon cancer,suggest it may be used to prevent and treat colitis.For the background,Ulcerative colitis is a dynamic, chronic inflammatory condition of the colon associated with an increased colon cancer risk. Ginkgo biloba is a putative antioxidant and has been used for thousands of years to treat a variety of ailments(e21.),certain mechanism study with Mouse asthma model proposed ginkgo biloba extract total flavonoid(FG) one of the anti-inflammation mechanisms might due to its promoting apoptosis of eosinophils(e22.).

Sepsis resistance:certain rats sepsis models study proposed

Arthritis:certain relatd study suggested ginkgetin may be a potential antiarthritic agent having analgesic activity,Ginkgetin (10-20 mg/kg/day) strongly reduced arthritic inflammation in an animal model of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (86% inhibition at 16 days at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day) via intraperitoneal injection(e3.),

Ulcer:certain related Female Wistar albino rats 50% ethanol induced gastric ulcer model study proposed ginkgo biloba extracts may significantly inhibited the ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats,the preventive effect of GbE may be mediated through a componitive mechansim: (1) inhibition of lipid peroxidation; (2) preservation of gastric mucus and NP-SH; and (3) blockade of cell apoptosis(e12.),

Neurotoxicity:case observation proposed a 36-year-old woman taken approximately 70-80 gingko nuts,and showed frequent vomiting and generalized convulsions 4 hours later.Indicated that the ginkgo nuts may cause neurotoxicity and displays convulsion-inducing effect(e5.),

Acetaminophen-induced toxicity protection:certain related mice AAP toxicity(analgesic acetaminophen) study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may protect liver tissues for its antioxidative property against AAP(analgesic acetaminophen) causes oxidative damage in hepatic tissues.For the background,the analgesic acetaminophen (AAP) causes a potentially fatal, hepatic centrilobular necrosis when taken in overdose. It was reported that these toxic effects of AAP are due to oxidative reactions that take place during its metabolism(e16.),certain related study with cultured rat hepatocytes model proposed that G. biloba pretreatment(50 mug/ml) potentiated acetaminophen toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes and ginkgolide A contributed to this novel effect of the extract by inducing CYP3A(cytochrome P450 3A)(e19.),

Cardiotoxicity protection:related Doxorubicin treated animals study proposed G. biloba extract protected mice from doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity,the detailed effects showed as GBE may lowered mortality, ascites, myocardial lipid peroxidation, normalization of antioxidant enzymes, reversal of ECG changes and minimal ultrastructural damage of the heart(e6.),

MSR activity suppressing:certain related 97 CHD patients study proposed ginkgo biloba extract GBE could down-regulate the MSR activity in CHD patients, which was positively correlated with levels of CRP, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. MSR activity could be taken as a monitoring criteria for active degree of vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque(e9.),

ED/FSD treatment,Anti-Estrogenic Property:

ED treatment:Erectile dysfunction affects 50 percent of men ages 40-70 in the United States and is considered an important public health problem by the National Institutes of Health. Consumers are exposed to a plethora of natural products claiming to restore erection and sexual vitality.certain impotence study with human and rabbit corpus cavernosal tissue proposed its finding that NGF(nonginkgolide nonflavonoid fraction) has the most potent relaxing effect on vascular smooth muscle among the fraction of GBE,One of its subfractions of NGF named 304U-1 showed the most potent relaxing effect, can possibly be used as a candidate for intracavernosal injection therapy,result data showed this subfraction 304U-1 showed the most potent relaxing effect (ED50 = 0.74 mg./ml. in human, ED50 = 0.66 mg./ml. in rabbit),the mechanism got explained that 304 U-1 may elicits pharmacological actions on corpus cavernosum smooth muscle via the signal transduction pathway whereby relaxation induced by 304U-1 is mediated by intracellular cAMP and perhaps partially by antagonizing of the adrenergic nervous system. A hyperpolarizing effect via potassium channel opening might also be related to this relaxing effect(f1.),certain related study of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction proposed ginkgo biloba extract with a suggested dosage ranged from 60 mg qd to 120 mg bid (average = 209mg/d) found 84% effective in treating antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction predominately caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, N = 63). Women (n = 33) were more responsive to the sexually enhancing effects of ginkgo biloba than men (N = 30), with relative success rates of 91% versus 76%. Ginkgo biloba generally had a positive effect on all 4 phases of the sexual response cycle: desire, excitement (erection and lubrication), orgasm, and resolution (afterglow).some common side effects got attentioned(gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, and general central nervous system activation)(f2.),certain mechanism study of modern herbs and phytochemicals for management erectile dysfunction proposed tribulus terrestris saponin protodioscin and other herbs(Ginseng, Eurycoma longifolia, Pimpinella pruacen, Muara puama,Ginkgo biloba, Yohimbe) may have inconsistent results for its plantation soil differences(f5.),certain hebs got mentioned by some evaluation study such like arginine, yohimbine, Panax ginseng, Maca, and Ginkgo biloba(f8.),certain related mechanism study with Human recombinant PDE5A1 proposed GBDF(Ginkgo biloba dimeric flavonoids) shown to inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase activity and to promote vasorelaxation,and exert a vasodilating effect through a mechanism independent of NO(nitric oxide) release,proved GBDF inhibition on cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5).The result indicated all biflavones inhibited PDE5A1 in a concentration-dependent fashion, ginkgetin being the most potent (IC50 = 0.59 microM).ability to inhibit the enzyme followed this order: ginkgetin > bilobetin > sciadopitysin > amentoflavone > sequoiaflavone(f11.),

Male copulatory behavior:certain Long-Evans male rat male copulatory behavior study proposed ginkgo biloba extracts(especially at the dose of 50 mg/kg) may enhances the copulatory behavior of male rats and suggest that the dopaminergic system, which regulates prolactin secretion, may be involved in the facilitatory effect of GBE(f12.),

Testicular injury protection:some related testicular ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury study among Wistar Albino rats proposed ginkgo biloba extract 1 month(50 mg/day) has a protective effect on testicular injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR),Malondialdehyde,nitrate and nitrite levels were increased after unilateral testicular torsion(f13.),

ED treatment adverse effect:certain 2 months double-blind antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction study proposed result did Not replicate a prior positive finding supporting the use of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant, especially SSRI, induced sexual dysfunction(f6.),certain antidepressant induced sexual impairment among 24 patients study proposed the ginkgo group(six males and five females on Ginkgo) 6~12 weeks no statistically significant differences, and no differences in side-effects(f10.),

FSD treatment:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is the most common cause of sexual dysfunction in women.Some treatment methods study indicated and suggested herbal ways(Avlimil(R), Arginmax(R), Zestra(R), yohimbine and Ginkgo biloba) and others(f14.),certain study with purpose to prove Sildenafil's beneficial in reversing female sexual dysfunction induced by SSRIs(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors),female orgasmic disorder and sexual desire disorder,suggested herbal ways including ginkgo biloba and others(cyproheptadine, yohimbine, amantadine, granisetron and ginkgo biloba) and sildenafil(f15.),certain sexual dysfunction in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women(202 healthy women complaining of low sex drive) cases study proposed a 2-herbal combination(Muira puama and Ginkgo biloba,named Herbal vX) works good to boost female sex drive,indicative support result attentioned(such like Statistically significant improvements occurred in frequency of sexual desires, sexual intercourse, and sexual fantasies, as well as in satisfaction with sex life, intensity of sexual desires, excitement of fantasies, ability to reach orgasm, and intensity of orgasm). Responses to self-assessment questionnaires showed significantly higher average total scores reach to 65% high(f16.),certain kinds of short-term and long-term sexually dysfunctional women study proposed its findings that administration of GBE alone substantially impacts sexual function in women,Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) facilitates blood flow, influences nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxant effect on smooth muscle tissue,the processes are important to the sexual response in women and,it is feasible that GBE may have a therapeutic effect(f17.),certain FSD herbal alternative treatment in climacteric women study proposed its suggestions which need prove in clinical test,that 8 herbs got attentioned:Ferula hermonis, Angelica sinensis,and Gingko biloba may be suggested for arousal disorder studies. Cimicifuga racemosa, Trifolium pratense, and Vitex agnus-castus may be recommended for several FSD. Humulus lupulus and Tribulus terrestris may help with desire disorder studies.For the background,Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a complex and multifactorial condition,and an increased incidence of FSD is especially associated with the decline of estrogen.Thus, menopause is a critical phase for FSD complaints. In this context, medicinal plants may be a therapeutic option(f18.),

Anti-Estrogenic:certain related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have estrogenic activity and might be suitable as an alternative to HRT(hormone replacement therapy),further study proposed GBE has a biphasic effect on estrogen,can be considered as a potential alternative to HRT with chemopreventive effects on breast cancer.As result show details that "GBE exhibits estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity depending on the E2 and GBE concentration, via estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent pathways;GBE reduced the E2 levels by stimulating the E2 metabolism and inhibiting E2 synthesis, which indicates that GBE can induce antiestrogenic activity via the depletion of E2. Furthermore, GBE might have similar action to selective arylhydrocarbon receptor modulators (SAhRMs), which induce antiestrogenic activity through cross-talk between the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and ER."(f19.),for the background,most climacteric and postmenopausal women appear to have vasomotor symptoms as well as a high risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Although exogenous estrogens can reduce these symptoms, women are reluctant to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) due to its undesirable side effects, such as irregular bleeding and an increased risk of breast cancer.

Testosterone synthesis effects:certain type 2 diabetic rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract 12 weeks treatment may enhances testosterone synthesis and secretion of Leydig cells by reducing the impairment of the testis in type 2 diabetic rats(f20.).

Sperm motility effects:certain related study proposed potent inhibition of sperm motility was seen in St. John's wort unrelated to changes in pH. Furthermore, sperm viability was compromised in St. John's wort, suggesting a spermicidal effect. Metabolic changes were observed in saw-palmetto-treated sperm. High-concentration echinacea purpura interfered with sperm enzymes. Ginkgo did not have an antioxidant effect on sperm motility(f4.),

Adverse effects on reproductive cell:certain herbal combinative study processed on Donor sperm specimens proposed its 2 findings about adverse effects of certain herbal combinations on reproductive cells:High concentrations of SGE(St. John's wort, Echinacea, and Ginkgo) had adverse effects on oocytes. Saw palmetto had no effect. The data suggested that SGE(St. John's wort, Ginkgo, and Echinacea) at high concentrations damage reproductive cells. St. John's wort was mutagenic to sperm cells(f3.),

Premenstrual Syndrome,Postmenopausal,Estrogenic Activities:

Premenstrual Syndrome:certain related study with 165 women aged between 18 to 45(suffering since 3 cycles from congestive premenstrual troubles during at least 7 days per cycle) and 143 available observations,ginkgo biloba extract seems effective against the congestive symptoms of PMS, particularly breast symptoms with a statistical significance. Neuropsychological symptoms were also improved.Indicated ginkgo biloba extract is an alternative of interest to therapeutics already used in treating PMS or can be associated without any inconvenience(g1.),certain related students with PMS study admined with G. biloba L. tablets (containing 40 mg leaf extracts) or placebo three times a day from the 16th day of the menstrual cycle to the 5th day of the next cycle proposed its findings that compare to placebo,G. biloba L. can reduce the severity of PMS symptoms better,supportive result such like the mean decrease in the severity of symptoms(overall severity of symptoms and physical and psychologic symptoms) was significantly more in the Ginkgo group(23.68%)(g5.).

Postmenopausal:certain postmenopausal women (53-65 years old) comparative study with ginkgo biloba extract(120 mg/day, n=15) proposed a result findings ginkgo biloba treatments did Not differ in their effects on the volunteers' ratings of menopausal symptoms, sleepiness, bodily symptoms or aggression. The benefits of Ginkgo on memory and frontal lobe function found in this study are modest but are unlikely to be secondary to major mood changes(g2.),certain postmenopausal women (aged 51-67 years) study with ginkgo biloba extract proposed short term 1 week of treatment with ginkgo improved attention, memory and mental flexibility in post-menopausal women, and followed long term 6 weeks study proposed findings that only significant effects of ginkgo were in the test of mental flexibility,and indicated beneficial effects of ginkgo in long terms were limited to the test of mental flexibility and to those with poorer performance(g4.).

Estrogenic activities:certain estrogenic study with ginkgo biloba extract and its major components (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin) indicated that GBE and its major components had weak estrogenic activities through the estrogen response pathway by an interaction with the ER.Potential estrogenic activities of GBE identified,indicated its useness as an alternative HRP(Hormone replacement therapy) for postmenopausal women(g3.).

Liver Problems,Hepatitis,Liver Fibrosis,Liver Injury Protection:

Hepatitis,Liver Fibrosis:certain related study among 86 patients chronic persistent and active hepatitis B admined with GBE treatment for 3 months,the ginkgo biloba extract got proved effective in arresting the development of liver fibrosis of chronic hepatitis(supportive results such like PIIIP, LN, SOD, MDA significantly decreased after GBC treatment (P < 0.01) and liver fibrosis of patients was partly reabsorbed and had remission)(h1.),certain related CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis study proposed that administration of GbE improved CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis,its mechanism possibly attributed to its effect of inhibiting the expression of TIMP-1 and promoting the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells(h9.),certain related carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis rats study proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba extract may partially protect rat liver from the fibrogenesis induced by CCl4,and the mechanism may come from its effect of inhibiting oxidative stress caused by liver injury and expressions of signal molecules such as TGF-beta1.Indicated that Ginkgo Biloba Extract may thus be of potential help as a medicament or food additive for alleviation of liver fibrogenesis(h12.),some further related research about CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis among groups of rats for 8 weeks proposed and identified ginkgo biloba extract may ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress,and this process may be related to inhibiting the expression of TGFbeta1 and the induction of NF-kappaB on HSC activation(h13.),some experimental liver fibrosis with GBE proposed that ginkgo biloba extract is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress,this process may be related to inhibiting the induction of NF-kappaB on HSC activation and the expression of TGF-beta1(h14.),certain related similar study with the CCI4 induced chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis of rats identified such result and proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may resists oxidative stress and thereby reduces chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in rats with liver injury induced by CCl(4)(h15.),certain related study with diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats proposed ginkgo biloba extract 6 mg/kg gavage once a day for 12 weeks treatment got result that ginkgo biloba extract has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects and can inhibit liver fibrosis in rat of NAHS.(h27.)

Hepatic/Liver damage protection:certain related rats CCl4-induced hepatic damage study proposed 200 mg/kg/day administration for 10 days may proved that ginkgo biloba extract do protect the hepatocytes from carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury(h2.),certain related rat liver mitochondrial damage induced by in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may protects mitochondrial ATP synthesis against anoxia/reoxygenation injury by scavenging the superoxide anion generated by mitochondria(h4.),certain mouse liver study proposed ginkgo biloba extract significantly increased the protein level of GST pi, and bilobalide significantly increased those of GST alpha and GST mu Moreover, EGb-treatment and bilobalide-treatment caused significant elevations in DT-diaphorase activity and in hepatic glutathione contents(h5.),certain paracetamol (Pcml) induced hepatic damage in rats mechanism study proposed ginkgo biloba extract's hepatoprotective nature might due to its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and replenishing the gllutathione level,and the effects of Ginkgo Biloba extract comparable to that of silymarin(h6.),certain mechanism study about aging rats acute lung injury (ALI) induced hepatic function damage proposed Ginkgo Biloba Extract showed a protective effect on ALI and hepatic function damage in this animal model,as supported by result that all test index got significantly attenuated in the GBE + LPS group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01)(h7.),certain related in vitro beta-naphthoflavone induced hepatic microsomes isolated from rats proposed that G. biloba extract may competitively inhibited rat hepatic microsomal CYP1A activity, but the effect was not due to ginkgolides A, B, C, or J, bilobalide,but kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, or the respective flavonol monoglycosides or diglycosides(h8.),certain related 60 male Wister rats carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced chronic liver injury study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract has protective effect on hepatic endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation in rats with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4. The mechanisms may involve its inhibition on ET-1, PAF and lipid peroxidation(h10.),some related test with Two-mo-,5-mo-old,20-mo-old rats proposed its findings that Ginkgo Biloba Extract has protective effects on aging liver,and suggested the possible mechanisms might be its antioxidant activity and inhibition of TIMP-1 expression(h11.),certain mechanism investigation using HSC-T6 cells model proposed ginkgo biloba extract may confers its anti-fibrosis effects through inhibiting HSC proliferation, reducing TGF-beta1 and CTGF expression and consequently suppressing the collagen production and ECM secretion(h16.),certain rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extracts show protective effects of GB on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fulminant hepatic failure,which may due to the free radical-scavenging effects of GB(h18.),certain Wistar rats study proposed and identified hepatoprotective effects of GBP(Ginkgo biloba phytosomes) against CCl4-induced oxidative damage may be due to its antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity(h19.),certain related 25 male Wistar rats CCl4 treated model study proposed ginkgo biloba extract 10 weeks treatment may decrease the portal vein pressure and improve hepatic microcirculation in CCl4 treated rats. The mechanisms of this effect may involve its inhibition on ET-1, PAF, lipid peroxidation, and down regulation of the hepatic iNOS and NO expressions(h20.),certain study about ginkgo biloba extract on oxidative metabolism of valproic acid (VPA) in hepatic microsomes proposed its effects,G. biloba extract decreased hepatic microsomal formation of 4-ene-VPA, 4-OH-VPA, 5-OH-VPA, and 3-OH-VPA, but the effect was not due to the terpene trilactones or flavonol glycosides investigated in this study(h22.),certain (CCl4)-induced liver injury Male Sprague-Dawley rats study with herb extract(Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Schizandra chinensis etc) proposed its findings that high-dose herbal extract improved hepatic antioxidant capacity through enhancing catalase activity and glutathione redox status, whereas low-dose herbal extract inhibited liver fibrosis through decreasing hepatic TGF-beta1 level in rats with CCl4-induced liver injury(h23.),certain Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury study with 40 rats in 4 groups proposed its findings antioxidant molecules such as NAC(N-acetylcysteine) and Ginkgo Biloba Extracts may be useful in preventing postischaemic reperfusion injury in hepatic tissue(h24.),uranium (U)-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 150 mg/kg of body weight In vivo is a potent protector against U-induced toxicity(hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity), its protective role is dose-dependent(h25.),certain CCI4-induced liver injury among male Wistar rats proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may reduce the amount of necrotic areas in the central lobe area, compared to CCl(4)-treated rats(h26.),

Alcohol-induced liver injury protection:certain related study with model of alcohol-induced liver injury in a chronic alcohol plus fish oil gavage model in rats proposed Ginkgo biloba extract protects against alcohol-induced liver injury,findings suggested the mechanism may involve a reduction of lipid peroxidation, prevention of GSH depletion and inhibition of TNF-alpha expression in the liver.For example,at dosage 200 mg/kg, orally can improved the liver injury, blunted the rises of MDA contents and TNF-alpha expression, and restored the GSH content in the liver(h17.),Ethanol-fed (2.4 g/kg) male rats study pretreatment with EGB (48 or 96 mg/kg) for 90 days got found HO-1 upregulation by EGB may enhance the antioxidative capacity against the ethanol-induced oxidative stress and maintain the cellular redox balance,for the background,Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and HO-1 induction is suggested to protect hepatocytes from ethanol hepatotoxicity(h21.),

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis/combinative study:certain herbal combinative study of a TCM recipe named Han-Dan-Gan-Le(a TCM preparation composed of Salvia miltorrhiza, Radix paeoniae, Astragalus membranaceus, Stephania tetrandra, and dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba) with Male Wistar rats CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model,dosaged (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg, p.o., daily for 6 weeks) effective in protecting against liver fibrosis. The mechanisms of the protection appear to be due to its antioxidant properties and the modulation of hepatic collagen metabolism(h3.),

Immune response,Immunity,Immune System:

immune response:certain mice chronic stress study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may significantly improved the function of lymphocytes cells(i1.),Ginkgo biloba pollen in certain north-east asia people study got proved skin reactivity rate to ginkgo pollen is approximately 4.7% in a population of subjects with respiratory allergy,cause clinical symptoms during its pollen season by cross-reacting with the IgE produced in response to other pollens in patients sensitized to multiple pollens(i3.),certain related study proposed and identified a ginkgo biloba component Ginkgolide B(GKB) may directly activate Paf(platelet-activating factor) receptors,and proposed GKB is the first partial agonist of the Paf receptor described so far capable of priming the polymorphonuclear leukocyte function.Supporting test result such like GKB stimulated a Pertussis toxin-sensitive PLD activity assessed by the formation of tritiated phosphatidic acid and choline. By contrast, GKB did prevent the Paf-mediated PLD activity and CL response (IC(50) of 2 microM)(i4.),certain related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract possesses immunological activity in addition to the biological activity reported,application at dosage (100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) to healthy BALB/c mice stimulated the phagocytic activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages,but result show certain degree difference between two kind of GBE origin(Gb 30 from Alban Muller International,Franceand EGb 761 from Schwabe-Germany)(i5.),immunostimulatory properties got observed from a rats hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation model,ginkgo biloba extract(100 mg/kg per day over 7 days) restored both the DTH response to DNFB and the proliferation index(i6.), certain mice study with thymocyte apoptosis and age-related thymic atrophy and on peripheral immune dysfunctions case proposed ginkgo biloba extract may be active in the rejuvenation of degenerated thymus and accordingly the strengthening of the immune system,mechanisms indicated beneficial effects of ginkgo biloba extracts on immune system based on its antioxidant properties as well as the cell proliferation-stimulating effect(i7.),certain mechanism study with human peripheral blood T cells proposed ginkgo biloba extract proposed that the inhibition of AP-1 signaling pathway in T cells by EGb provides a support for its efficacy in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and raises a therapeutic potential for this drug in activated T cell-mediated pathologies(i8.),certain stressed Wistar rats model study proposed ginkgo biloba extract possesses immunostimulatory activity in addition to its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects(i9.),certain apoptosis in human lymphocytes study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at concentration (25-150 microg/ml) decreased the level of apoptosis to a plateau between 8 and 10% of the control values,indicated its anti-apoptotic effect in gossypol-treated human lymphocytes(i10.),as a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist,certain study indicated a component of ginkgo biloba extract named GKB(Ginkgolide B) may primarily induces activation of intracellular signaling events and has the potential to prime cellular functions such as PMN(human polymorphonuclear leukocytes) defense activities(i11.),

Anti-platelet:certain human platelet aggregation study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(composed of flavonoids and gingkoglides) may affect affect metabolism of cAMP, TxA(2) and Ca2+ in platelets,and effective in the inhibition of platelet aggregation, both in PRP and whole blood, and thus may be potentially used as an effective oral anti-platelet therapeutic agent(i12.),certain collagen (10 mug/ml)-stimulated platelet aggregation model identified ginkgolide C (GC) from Ginkgo biloba leaves may act as potent inhibitor of collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation,its inhibition mechanism is understood and explained as by increase intracellular cAMP and cGMP production and MMP-9 activity, inhibit intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and TXA(2) production, thereby leading to inhibition of platelet aggregation(i13.).

Immunotoxic propertie:certain related mouse popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) study model proposed Ginkgo leaf extracts may contain constituents with immunotoxic properties, underlining the need to apply adequate production procedures to guarantee the completest possible removal of these compounds.Since alkylphenols are also present in leaves, potential allergic and other immunological hazards of such preparations have to be carefully controlled(i2.),

Parasite,Microbio,Bacteria,Anti-fungi property:

Pneumocystis carinii inhibition:A sesquiterpene bilobalide extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves got found inhibit Pneumocystis carinii growth,a daily intraperitoneal administration of bilobalide (10 mg/kg of body weight for 8 days) lowered the number of organisms by approximately 2 logs (that is, about 99%).No apparent toxicity either in uninfected HEL 299 feeder cells or in infected and uninfected animals,suggest that the sesquiterpene bilobalide might be useful for therapy of and prophylaxis against P. carinii infections in humans(j1.),

Antimicrobial activity:total methanolic extract of ginkgo biloba leaves got found ctivity against several microorganisms,further fraction found contain substances with strong inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis 31(j2.),certain anti-bacterium activity of ginkgolic acids study proposed some findings that Ginkgolic acid has strong inhibitive effect on G+-bacterium,and show strongest anti-bacteria activity when length of gingkolic acid side chain is C13:0,indicate that the side chain of ginkgolic acid is the key functional group that possessed anti-bacterial activity(j7.),certain specific fraction study of different methanol fraction of ginkgo biloba parts(including leaves,roots, leaf-derived callus, root-derived callus) proposed findings that extracts from both callus types inhibited the growth of K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. All extracts and reference compounds inhibited the growth of S. pyogenes(j8.),.

Intestinal bacteria inhibition:certain related study processed with six intestinal bacteria to evaluate the components of ginkgo biloba extracts proposed its findings of inhibition of bacteria Clostridium perfringens,Escherichia coli,C. perfringens,C. perfringens,E. coli,strong or weak inhibition got obsered with those components kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside) and quercetin 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside);kaempferol 3-O-(2' '-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside;quercetin 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside);kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(6' "-p-coumaroylglucosyl-beta-1,4-rhamnoside);kaempferol 3-O-(2' '-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside; other components(bilobalide, ginkgolides A and B, kaempferol, or quercetin) seems no observed inhibitions,and for those components mentioned works,they did not inhibit Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. adolescentis, or Lactobacillus acidophilus(j5.),

Bacterial translocation:certain screening study with model of intestinal oxidative damage and BT in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced FHF in rats proposed its findings that among 3 candidates,Gingko biloba, vitamin E and melatonin,Only GB treatment attenuated hepatic oxidative damage (p < 0.0001).For the background,Bacterial translocation (BT) has been implicated in the development of infectious complications in many serious clinical conditions such as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).This results suggest that intestinal oxidative damage plays a major role in the development of BT by disrupting the barrier function of intestinal mucosa(j9.),

Antifungal activity:certain antifungal peptide from leaves of Ginkgo biloba, designated GAFP, has been isolated recently,this component found exhibited antifungal activity towards Pellicularia sasakii Ito, Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler, Fusarium graminearum Schw. and Fusarium moniliforme,activities differed among various fungi(j3.),certain novel single-chained antifungal protein named Ginkbilobin(molecular weight of 13 kDa) gotu found exhibited a moderate antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. It suppressed the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the proliferation of murine splenocytes(j4.),some selective study of biflavones components from ginkgo biloba and Taxus baccata proposed its findings of related components antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, Cladosporium oxysporum,result indicated and attentioned to components Bilobetin,ginkgetin and 7-O-methylamentoflavone with their strong inhibition on above metioned fungus,detailed specific inhibition result and concentration got discussed(j6.),

Broad Spectrum of Pathologies:

Certain related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may show broad but cell specific actions that may enhance antioxidant defenses in vitro in cancer cells and modulate neuronal functions in cortex and hippocampus in brain in vivo,affects the activities of the mammalian genome,mechanism indications suggested ginkgo biloba extract may works mediated through it effects on the process of gene transcription which plays a causative role in chronic diseases.For the background,those pathologies got considered include peripheral arterial disorders, cardiovascular and neuronal dysfunctions and resolution of ischemia-reperfusion injuries(k1.),seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (AC) study processed with 60 patients with symptomatic AC proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may exert therapeutic activity in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis,with supportive results such like significant decrease in the appearance of conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival discharge, and chemosis, and significant improvement of subjective symptoms(k2.).

Hair,Bone Applications:

Hair regrowth prootes:certain mice study model with GBE 70% Ethanolic extract proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba extracts may show prompting hair regrowth; and show inhibition on blood platelet aggregation, thrombin activity and fibrinolysis,inhibited the increase of serum the triglyceride level(l1.),

Bone:certain OVx rats(ovariectomized) study with ginkgo biloba extract 100mg/kgs 5 weeks proposed oral administration of Egb 761 restores bone mass in aged OVx rats first time,and the bone conserving property, in serum and bone marrow suggests that kaempferol and quercetin, and not rutin, likely mediate the beneficial actions(l2.),

Lipid parameters,Dietary,Cellulite:

Certain double-blind study with 43 patients of elevated total cholesterol levels(230~390mg/dl) proposed garlic-ginkgo combination(Allium plus or verum) got a better result 35% significant greater improvement rate,further study indicate its effects diplay need a continuous long-term therapy(m1.),

cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibition order:certain related specific study proposed its findings of the ginkgo biloba biflavones in rat adipose tissue,indicating results with below enzyme inhibition order:amentoflavone > bilobetin > sequoiaflavone > ginkgetin = isoginkgetin(m2.),

Cellulite control:certain questioning study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a cellulite cure product named Cellasene with women 2 month course seems only has slightly effects among few tested patients,the Cellasene composed of several components such like Ginkgo biloba, sweet clover, sea-weed, grape seed oil, lecithins and evening primrose oil etc.And Ginkgo biloba among it plays what effect are not studied yet(m3.),

High-fat diet (HFD) induced disorders:certain HFD(high-fat-diet) long-term exposure induced disorder study with rats to explore molecular mechanisms underlying proposed its findings,rats with HFD dosed with GBE for 19 weeks got found reduced the development of fatty liver induced by an HFD and inhibited the commonly observed elevation of serum cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase levels.Exploring identified those genes got modulated by GBE in lover,which covered genes involved in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, vascular constriction, ion transportation, neuronal systems and drug metabolism.Result shows that it repressed a number of genes coding for proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism,repressed Fatty acid biosynthesis,enhanced fatty acid metabolism,thus molecular basis for the pleiotropic effects of ginkgo biloba extract got demonstrated(m4.),

Stress-induced Polydipsia:

Certain rats study 15 days in 2 groups proposed ginkgo biloba extract(100 mg/kg b.wt. in 5% ethanol) may inhibits the development of polydipsia due to the stress of daily handling and intubation(n1.).

Glucose transport and Glycogen synthesis:

certain pig aorta study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at concentration of 0.25 micrograms/ml got maximal effect on glycogen synthesis(o1.),certain impaired rats brain glucose metabolism study proposed its findings of ginkgo biloba extract benefit on this metabolism(o2.).

Kidney/Renal Problems,Diabetic,Kidney protection:

Diabetic retina:certain 6 months 29 diabetic subjects with early diabetic retinopathy double-blind study proposed result seems proved Ginkgo biloba extract benefit on diabetic retina:improvement tendency was evidenced in subjects treated by Ginkgo biloba extract(p1.),certain streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats study proposed administration with ginkgo biloba extract dosage at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg p.o. got results that protective effects of EGb 761 are independent of blood glucose content or of the severity of diabetes and protect against electrolyte shifts directly in retinal cells(p5.),

Diabetic mechanisms:certain 33 alloxan-diabetic Swiss albino rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract 2 months find result significant increase in the amplitude (dB) of 5 Hz frequency for the left and right responses of rats(p2.),some electrical activity of pancreatic beta cells of normal or alloxan-diabetic mice compare study proposed that direct in vitro effect of ginkgo biloba extract(10 and 25 micrograms/ml) on beta cells favors a decrease in electrical activity, indicating that its in vivo action might be indirect,and stimulatory effect on Fs/30 may be attributed to its content of bilobalide(p3.),certain 44 Swiss albino rats study in 4 groups and 10 weeks proposed findings that significant amplitude increase was found in 1-2 and 2-4 Hz frequency bands in diabetic + GbE group compared with control,but no differences were found for other groups(p4.),certain normal glucose tolerant individuals study proposed Ginkgo biloba 120 mg/day at bedtime 3 months may induced increase of the rate of insulin metabolic clearance(p11.),certain non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus study with normal glucose-tolerant individuals proposed that 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba extract daily for 3 months may increase the hepatic metabolic clearance rate of not only insulin but also the hypoglycemic agents,the result is reduced insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and elevated blood glucose(p13.),certain related study streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats proposed Ginkgo biloba extract treatment brings result that NOS I(nitric oxide synthase) as well as NOS III(nitric oxide synthase) expression in the vastus lateralis muscle was down-regulated in diabetes and increased(p14.),certain Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subject study proposed some findings that Ginkgo biloba-induced reduction of both classes of prostanoid metabolites in healthy volunteers, but not in T2DM subjects, may suggest a nonselective inhibition of COX-1-mediated TXA(2) in platelets and COX-2-mediated PGI(2) production by the endothelial cells and perhaps platelet-enriched levels of arachidonic acid or COX-1 activity, or both, in T2DM subjects(p16.),some type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy 25 cases study proposed ginkgo biloba extract 3 months may significantly reduced MDA levels of erythrocytes membranes, decreased fibrinogen levels, promoted erythrocytes deformability, and improved blood viscosity and viscoelasticity, which may facilitate blood perfusion. Furthermore, it effectively improved retinal capillary blood flow rate in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy.For the background and necessity,Abnormal haemorrheological property changes in erythrocyte deformability, plasma and blood viscosity, and blood viscoelasticity may play very important roles in the development of microangiopathies in diabetes mellitus (DM)(p17.),some study with ginkgo biloba extract(120 mg daily for 3 months) proved seems benefit T2DM subjects(type 2 diabetes mellitus) which supported via property of stimulation of pancreatic beta-cell function in T2DM subjects with pancreatic exhaustion(p19.),some related hyperinsulinism-induced hepatic cells study proposed some findings ginkgo biloba extract did not stimulate excessive glucose uptake as it improved glucose tolerance,suggest that ginkgo biloba extract has the potential to prevent insulin resistance and is a promising anti-diabetic herb(p38.),

Diabetic heart protection:certain related study of nondiabetic and diabetic ischaemic and re-perfused rat hearts proposed some findings that ginkgo biloba extract at 25 and 50 mg/kg improved cardiac function in non-preconditioned and preconditioned non-diabetic and diabetic hearts,result data showed that amount of free radicals was reduced approximately by 50 and 70% using 25 and 50 mg/kg of EGb 761, respectively. Ginkgo Biloba extract may improved cardiac function after ischaemia in both non-preconditioned and preconditioned non-diabetic and diabetic rats,suggest that diabetes could abolish the precondition-induced protection(p6.),certain diabetic rats study proposed that treatment of rats with the oxygen radical scavenger Ginkgo biloba extract over 3 months resulted primarily in an increase by 10% of oxidative capacity and in a decrease by 30% of glycolytic capacity.Under diabetic conditions a shift to more glycolytic metabolism was observed by increasing the glycolytic activity by 39% and remaining the oxidative activity(p7.),certain related study with aim to evaluate ginkgo biloba extract on diabetic alterations in rats proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba extract at concentration 100 mg/kg body weight with the drinking water over 3 months results insignificantly altered malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,Creatine kinase (CK) activity etc(p9.),some further study proposed ginkgo biloba extracts can diminish partly interstitial fibrosis and reduce endothelial and muscular basement membrane thickening of the diabetic myocardium. It may contribute to prevent late diabetic complications(p10.),certain rats vascular tension of type II diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia study proposed that ginkgo biloba extracts may capable of reducing serum hyperlipidemia,the concentration of AGEs, thus it can reduce the impairment of the oxidants to endothelium cells of vessels and improve pathological and functional change of artery of diabetes(p23.),certain related diabetic rats study with problems of diabetic cardiomyopathy proposed ginkgo biloba extract appears to be promising as an adjuvant therapeutic drug in diabetics with respect to ischemic myocardium injury. It may contribute to the prevention of late diabetic complications in diabetic cardiomyopathy(p33.),

Diabetic muscles protection:some streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats study proposed some findingd that Ginkgo biloba extract treatment makes enzyme activities were increased mainly in oxidative fibres of diabetic muscles, which was interpreted as protective effect. Generally, the soleus muscle with predominant oxidative metabolism was more vulnerable to diabetic alterations and Ginkgo biloba extract treatment than the extensor digitorum longus muscle with predominant glycolytic metabolism(p8.),

Diabetes-induced diaphragm damage protection:some related 40 SD male rats study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract at concentration 8 mg X kg(-1) x d(-1) 8 weeks improve the glucose metabolism in diabetic rats and reduce the diabetes-induced diaphragm damage. The action mechanism may be related to promote the mRNA expression of GLUT4 in diaphragm and improve the uptake and metabolism of blood glucose(p36.),some related type 2 diabetic rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at concentration 8 mg/(kg x d) 8 weeks may enhance contraction capacity of diaphragm from type 2 diabetic rats by increasing the aerobic oxidation capacity, glycolytic capacity and the function of respiratory chain(p37.),

Diabetic nephropathy:certain early diabetic nephropathy study among Sixty DN patients proposed ginkgo biloba extract injection 4 weeks effective in treating early DN through decreasing urinary albumin excretion rate, regulating blood lipids, improving renal function and hemorheology(p21.),some 68 renal lesions of early diabetic nephropathy (DN) study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract 9.6 mg orally taken 3 times daily may has the protective action on early DN.Supported via result obviously decreased mALB, alpha1-MG, IgG, TF, RBP and NAG(p22.),some related diabetic nephropathy in rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may has protective effects on several pharmacological targets in the progress of DN and is a potential drug for the prevention of early DN(p28.),certain early diabetic nephropathy study with ginkgo biloba extract proposed that ginkgo biloba extract could retard the development of early DN through decreasing the levels of serum sICAM-1(soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1) and sVCAM-1(soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1)(p31.),certain 64 early stage diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients study proposed some findings that ginkgo biloba extract 8 weeks accompanying conventional therapy for diabetes could decrease the plasma level of vWF(von Willebrand factor), raise the plasma NO level and improve the endothelium dependent vascular dilating function in DN patients(p35.),

Nephrotoxicity:certain gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats study proposed that supplementation of Ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 300 mg/kg BW orally 2 days before and 8 days concurrently with gentamicin (80 mg/kg BW) may be helpful to reduce gentamicin nephrotoxicity,changes in blood urea, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance induced by gentamicin were significantly prevented by Ginkgo biloba extract(p12.),some related cisplatin-induced renal failure in rats study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity,its mechanism may through increased XO, AD and MPO activities, as well as MDA and NO levels play a critical role in cisplatin nephrotoxicity(p25.),some adriamycin-induced hyperlipidaemic nephrotoxicity in rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg for 35 consecutive days protection mechanisms may associated with the decrease in the oxidative stress and the total NO levels of renal tissues,supportive results such like significantly attenuated adriamycin-induced renal dysfunction, as assessed by measuring serum lipid profile, serum total protein, serum urea and Ccr (creatinine clearance)(p27.),

Nephrotic syndrome:some related study with hypercholestrolemia in 35 children with primary nephritic syndrome (NS) with treatment by Ginkgo biloba leaf extract for 8 weeks proposed its findings that may lower blood lipid levels and urinic protein in children with NS and improve their clinical syptoms and the renal function,therefore has much clinical value as an adjuvant treatment of steroid therapy in such children(p29.),

TCM findings:certain diabetic screening study proposed some herbs show prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus,via a compositive mechanism such like reduce symptoms related to venous and lymphatic vessel insufficiency, for the prophylaxis and treatment of liver damage caused by metabolic toxins, in chronic degenerative liver conditions, for the therapy of digestive disorders, to increase in the unspecific way the resistance of the organism to various environmental influences, and to stabilize membranes through antioxidant and radical scavenging actions(p15.),some combinative study proposed a remedy named Diabole which composed of dill (Anethum graveolens), nettle (Urtica dioica) and gingko (Gingko biloba) herbal mixture may suitable for reducing blood sugar level significantly in II. type of diabetes mellitus at proper right dosage(p30.).

Renal tissue damage protection:certain 50 healthy male Wistar albino rats study proposed some findings of the ginkgo biloba extract property of renal tissue damage protection,oral extract of 50 mg kg(-1) body wt and combined with vitamine E etc alone or in combination, appears to be beneficial in preventing endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage and therefore shows potential for clinical use,supporting result such like decreased lipid peroxidation, increased antioxidant enzyme activity and also prevented renal tissue damage in experimentally induced endotoxaemic rats(p18.),certain ischemia reperfusion-induced renal injury rats study proposed reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury and ginkgo biloba extract (50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) may exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities,ginkgo biloba extract treatment may reverse all these biochemical indices(such like MDA level, MPO activity and collagen content of kidney tissues,serum BUN and creatinine levels,LDH and TNF-alpha);for the background,reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) in the kidney(p20.),certain renal acute ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may protect rats from renal injuries caused by ischemia-reperfusion(p24.),some rats diabetic and hypoxic damage induced renal damage study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may reduce the relative total SOD activity from 163% in diabetic kidney to 46%. Additional hypoxia-induced ultrastructural damage was also diminished(p26.),

Diabetic cataract prevention:some related study to evaluate high glucose-induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) and the possible molecular mechanisms proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba extract may prevents HLEC from high glucose-induced apoptosis,its molecular mechanism may through inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and decreasing the activity of caspase-3. Indicated that ginkgo biloba extract may has a potential protective effect against diabetic cataract formation(p34.),

Negative findings:some related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at the nontoxic dose used (200 mg kg-1 day-1), failed to modify the diabetes-associated increase in maternal glycemia, decrease in pregnancy rate, decrease in antioxidant enzymes, and impaired fetal development when the rats were treated throughout pregnancy (21 days)(p32.),

Diabetic neuropathy protection:some related study with diabetic rats proposed and find that ginkgo biloba extract,as a radical scavenger,may act as a potent therapeutic adjuvant in diabetics with respect to cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, which may contribute to the prevention of late complications in diabetes.For the background,Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy causes abnormalities in the diabetic heart with various clinical sequelae, including exercise intolerance, arrhythmias and painless myocardial infarction. Little is known about (ultra)structural alterations of the myocardial nervous network. On the assumption that this diabetes-specific neuropathy develops due to permanently increased oxidative stress by liberation of oxygen-free radicals, adjuvant application of antioxidative therapeutics appears promising in preventing or delaying long-term diabetic complications(p39.),

Respiratory System,Lung,Asthma,Antiemetic:

Anti-asthma:certain related study about clinical manifestations of allergic asthma proposed a component BN 52021 isolated from Ginkgo biloba may play as a new specific paf-acether receptor antagonist,.indicate it may play as a potent prophylactic anti-asthma candidate(q1.),certain related study of airway inflammation identified the property of anti-asthma property of Ginkgo leave concentrated oral liquor (GLC),confirmed that this component GLC significantly reduced airway hyperreactivity (P < 0.05) and improved clinical symptoms (P < 0.05), pulmonary functions (P < 0.05) of the asthmatic patients(q3.),some screening study proposed its findings that Ginkgolide B may significantly reversed the increase in activation-associated CD45RA expression, with a trend towards decreased expression of HLA-DR.As this findings suggested that Ginkgolide B and CyA may appear to have differing effects on activated cells, the anti-inflammatory effects of CyA and Ginkgolide B in atopic asthma is potentially additive,indicate a novel therapeutic modalities for asthma treatment(q4.),certain related asthma treatment mechanism study proposed ginkgo biloba extract treatment mechanism on asthma may composed of different effects on T lymphocytes proliferation since the different ingredients and the concentrations in vitro, and it also has different effects between healthy and asthmatic rats. Ginkgolide B got identified as the main active ingredient among them, it can not only inhibit T lymphocytes proliferation but also increase the apoptotic rate(q12.),certain related mechanism study among mouse model of asthma with 35 BALB/c mice,its findings seemingly showed that G. biloba alleviates all established chronic histological changes of lung(including number of goblet cells, mast cells, thicknesses of epithelium, and basement membrane) except smooth muscle thickness.For its background,Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an inflammatory mediator involved in the pathophysiology of asthma, suggesting a therapy antagonizing its effects may play a role in the disease treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of Ginkgo biloba, a PAF antagonist, on lung histology(q13.),

Antiemetic:some related rats study proposed some findings that a phytopharmacon named zingicomb might have antiemetic properties that are comparable to those of metoclopramide,and this zingicomb is a remedy composed of extracts Ginkgo biloba and Zingiber officinale,confirmed its antiemetic properties(q2.),

Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis treatment:certain related study with model bleomycin induced rats pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF) proposed some findings that a preparation of folium Ginkgo biloba (FGB) 1 weeks got positive effect,result NF-kB activity of pulmonary alveola macrophage lowered by 47.3%, and levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression and protein were all decreased (P < 0.05).Confirmed the conclusion that Bailuda definite effect in treating PIF. Its mechanism suggested via inhibiting the activity of NF-kB, decreasing TGF-beta mRNA expression and protein, so as to ameliorate the inflammation and fibrosis(q5.),some related study with 45 patients with pulmonary interstitial fibrosis group study with GBE group at dosage 1g three times daily identified its effective of treatment,supportive results such like clinical symptoms, pulmonary function, arterial partial pressure of oxygen were improved,the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha significantly decreased after treatment as compared. The occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in the treated group than that in the control group (P <0.05)(q9.),some bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in male Sprague-Dawley rats study with ginkgo biloba indicated ginkgo biloba has a potent antioxidant activity in the model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats, and therefore has a potent antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model in rats(q10.),

Acute lung injury:certain study with model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced acute lung injury in rats proposed Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) at dose of 100 mg/kg/day normalize BLM-induced alterations in the measured biochemical markers in the lung tissue,the mechanisms proposed that apparent modulatory influence of EGb 761 on BLM-induced acute lung injury stems, at least in part, from its beneficial free radical scavenging properties that provide the extract with antioxidant activity(q6.),some acute lung injury(ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in aging rats study with control group and GBE group at dosage 8 mg/kg body weight proposed GBE had protective effect on ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS),anti-oxidant activity was decreased in D-gal-induced aging rats(q7.),some related study of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats treatment group of GBE at dosage (100 mg/kg per day) via a gastric tube for 7 consecutive days prior to surgery proposed its findings that ginkgo biloba extract has a protective effect on lung injury induced by II/R, which may be related to its antioxidant property and suppressions of neutrophil accumulation and iNOS-induced NO generation,suggested ginkgo biloba extract seems to be an effective therapeutic agent for critically ill patients with respiratory failure related to II/R.Supporting result such like (1).GBE markedly improved mean arterial pressure and attenuated lung injury, manifested by the improvement of histological changes and significant decreases of pulmonary W/D and PPI (P < 0.05 or 0.01). (2).markedly increased SOD activity, reduced MDA levels and MPO activity, and suppressed NO generation accompanied by down-regulation of iNOS expression (P < 0.05 or 0.01)(q11.),

Ginkgo Biloba:Endocrine system,Pancreatitis:

Acute pancreatitis:certain related Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 100 mg/kg caused significant decrease in serum amylase and lipase levels and histopathologic scores as compared with early and late pancreatitis groups.Indicate Prophylactic application of Ginkgo Biloba Extract exerts highly beneficial influence on the course of acute pancreatitis, and this seems to be related to the oxygen radical scavenger effect of ginkgo biloba extract(r2.).

Allergic problems,Skin problems:

Allergic contact dermatitis:certain analytical study of the Ginkgo biloba L. fruit extract proposed that Ginkgolic acids 1 seem to be the main allergens of Ginkgo biloba L(s1.),certain double-blind versus placebo study with 22 subjects with allergic contact dermatitis with application of a formula composed of ginkgo biloba extract and carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan at dosage 2X daily 2weeks,result showed this formulation of ginkgo biloba/carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan may mitigate against allergic contact dermatitis(s3.),

Adriamycin-induced skin necrosis:certain related rats study proposed some findings about free radicals in the formation of skin necrosis as a cause of adriamycin extravasation and to prevent or decrease the skin necrosis using various free radical scavengers,including ginkgo biloba extract, pentoxifylline, alpha-tocopherol acetate, and alpha-tocopherol succinate(s4.),

Skin flaps survival:certain ralated comparative study of rats skin flaps in 50 rats with four kind of free radical scanvengers(such like vitamin E,vitamin C,deferoxamine,Ginkgo biloba extract) proposed some findings that three of them significantly reduced the necrosed area of flap,as supported by results deferoxamine (p < 0.001), Egb 761 (p < 0.001), and vitamin C (p < 0.05) groups(s5.),

Skin Blood Flow effects:certain related study among 27 healthy middle-aged subjects with treatment dosage 240mg/d ginkgo biloba extract 3 weeks proposed some findings that ginkgo biloba extract has a multi-directional modulating action on blood flow in healthy subjects and support findings of a vasoregulatory role of this extract,details result shows that "following EGb 761 treatment, overall mean skin blood flow was significantly reduced as compared with placebo. Remarkably, the change of skin blood flow after EGb 761 intervention was proportionally related to blood flow after placebo treatment: subjects showed either an increased, decreased or unaltered skin blood flow."(s7.),

Skin penetration:certain related studyon human skin penetration of several cosmetic formulation ingredients proposed some findings that EGCG and quercetin from green tea and G. biloba extracts vehiculated in cosmetic formulations presented good skin penetration and retention, which can favor their skin effects.For the background,Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and Ginkgo biloba extracts in cosmetic formulations have been suggested to protect the skin against UV-induced damage and skin ageing.(s10.),

Anti-inflammatory effects:certain related study with normal human skin fibroblast in vitro proposed Ginkgo L. extracts, especially the flavonoid fractions(quercetin, kaempferol, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin) may increase production of collagen and extracellular fibronectin were documented by radioisotope (2,3-3H-proline) incorporated collagen assay, procollagen type I C-peptide assay and by immunoturbidimetric assay. These proliferative enhancing effects suggest another useful pharmacologic application of Ginkgo L. extracts in addition to their well-known anti-inflammatory effect(s2.),some related in vivo skin inflammation model study proposed ginkgetin from G. biloba leaves down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo and this down-regulating potential is associated with an anti-inflammatory activity against skin inflammatory responses,supportive results such like (1).at total doses of 1,000 microg/site on the dorsal skin (15 mm x 15 mm), ginkgetin inhibited prostaglandin E2 production by 65.6 % along with a marked suppression of COX-2 induction;(2).ginkgetin and the biflavonoid mixture (100 - 1,000 microg/ear) dose-dependently inhibited skin inflammation of croton oil induced ear edema in mice by topical application(s6.),certain related animal model of chronic skin inflammation and proinflammatory gene expression with a biflavonoid from ginkgo biloba leaves named ginkgetin proposed its results indicated ginkgetin may beneficial against chronic skin inflammatory disorders like atopic dermatitis(s8.),certain combinative study on topics of chronic skin inflammation proposed a formula(composed of flavonoid mixtures from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves with an extract of Gentiana scabra Bunge roots) may beneficial for treating chronic skin inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis(s9.),

Vitiligo treatment:certain related double-blind placebo-controlled study with 52 patients proposed G. biloba extract at dosage 40 mg three times daily seem could be a simple, safe and fairly effective therapy for arresting the progression of the disease:limited, slowly spreading vitiligo.supportive ,for its background,for effective treatment of vitiligo, it is as important to arrest the progression of the disease as it is to induce repigmentation. Recently, oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to have antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties(s11.),

Epidermal keratinocytes protection:certain related study proposed Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts can protect normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) from (trichloroethylene)TCE-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which may be associated with the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities.Supportive result such like (1).Pretreatment of EGb at 10-200 mg/l dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of TCE, prevented TCE-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of antioxidant enzyme activities.(2).Similar inhibition by EGb on TCE-mediated NHEK apoptosis was also observed(s12.), Skin protection from TCE irritation damage:certain related hairless mice skin trichloroethylene (TCE) irritation cases proposed ginkgo biloba extract and VE can protect the skin from TCE irritation damage,detailed result data got recorded(s13.),

Body balance problems,Equilibrium disorders,Endurance ability,Mountain problems:

Equilibrium Disorders:certain related study with 70 patients with vertiginous syndrome proposed its findings that Ginkgo biloba extract effects was statistically significant on the intensity, frequency and duration of the disorder,47% of the patients treated were rid of their symptoms(t1.),some related identifiying study with purpose to identify which components terpenes vs. flavonoids among ginkgo biloba extract in supporting brain functional recovery in animal model of vestibular compensation,proposed its findings and indicating that the nonterpenic fraction(ginkgo biloba extract without terpenes) was the most active biochemical constituent in this experimental model of central nervous system (CNS) plasticity(t4.),certain study with 4 patients complaining of vertigo, dizziness, or both with treatment of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) 80 mg twice daily or with betahistine dihydrochloride (BI) 16 mg twice daily for 3 months identified that ginkgo biloba extract and BI may operate at different equilibrium receptor sites and show that ginkgo biloba extract can considerably improve oculomotor and visuovestibular function;for the result from GBE,it confirmed induced a slight decrease of saccadic delay and considerably increased saccadic velocities;improved smooth pursuit gain at 0.4 Hz 40 degrees/s,reduced nystagmus maximum velocity at 40 degrees/s;asymmetrically improved the sinusoidal vestibulo-ocular reflex;improved visuovestibular ocular reflex(t10.),

Vestibular Compensation:some related study in unilateral vestibular neurectomized cats with aim to evaluate Ginkgo biloba extract on vestibular compensation proposed Ginkgo biloba Extract at daily doses of 50 mg/kg IP,result indicates that GBE strongly accelerated postural and locomotor balance recovery,results clearly demonstrate that GBE acts on recovery mechanisms considered as key processes in vestibular compensation.They suggest that this substance would possess neurotrophic and/or neuritogenic properties improving functional recovery after CNS injury(t2.),certain related study with cases patients with vertigo of peripheral origin with the use of gingko biloba extract together with kinezytherapy,result proposed after 30 days of application of gingko biloba extract together with kinezytherapy and without gingko biloba there was vestibular compensation confirmed in electronystagmography but there were disturbances in static and dynamic posturography;and patients treated with gingko biloba extract the improvement was more clear and faster an dynamic posturography. It implies central effect of gingko biloba extract that allows to gain full vestibular compensation sooner(t17.),

Intermittent Claudication:some related clinical trials study proposed walking distance is highly variable of 45% (EGb 761) or 57% (pentoxifylline) in relation to initial values is here found,both are registered as effective substances in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusion (pAO) in accordance with the Federal German Drugs Law(t3.),certain 60 patients with intermittent claudication result indicated compare to control group,treatment with Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 produces a statistically highly significant and clinically relevant improvement of the walking performance in trained patients suffering from intermittent claudication with very good tolerance of the study preparation,supported via several significant result such like advantage of GBE treatment 3 time points with p < 0.0001, p = 0.0003 and p < 0.0001(t5.),certain systemic study proposed and confirmed ginkgo biloba is an effective therapy for intermittent claudication,and left a suspective problem need further inquiry that whether oral ginkgo biloba can be usefully combined with walking exercise?(t6.),certain systemic meta-analysis of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract for intermittent claudication based on 8 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials proposed results suggest that Ginkgo biloba extract is superior to placebo in the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication. However, the size of the overall treatment effect is modest and of uncertain clinical relevance(t12.),certain related placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial proposed treatment with ginkgo biloba extract in peripheral occlusive arterial disease (POAD) patients with Fontaine stage II b is very safe and causes a significant and therapeutically relevant prolongation of the patients' walking distance(t30.),

Acute Mountain Sickness and Vascular Reactivity/Normobaric Hypoxia:some related study among 44 subjects with purpose to evaluate GBE effects on acute mountain sickness (AMS) and vasomotor changes of the extremities during a Himalayan expedition proposed some findings that prophylactic efficacy of EGb clearly demonstrated,ginkgo biloba extract provides an interesting response to the prevention of mountain sickness for moderate altitude (5400 m) with gradual exposure.It also decreased vasomotor disorders of the extremities, as demonstrated by plethysmography (p < 10(-8)) and a specific questionnaire (p < 10(-9))(t7.),certain related study of normobaric hypoxia in humans proposed Ginkgo biloba (120 mg twice daily for 5 days) proposed findings that Ginkgo biloba increases exhaled nasal NO(nitric oxide) output during normoxia and enhances reduced exhaled nasal NO(nitric oxide) output during normobaric hypoxia,suggest that Ginkgo biloba may act to reduce Acute mountain sickness (AMS) through an effect on NO(nitric oxide) metabolism(t21.),some related study compare between Acetazolamide and Ginkgo biloba suggested for AMS prophylaxis proposed its findings that prophylactic acetazolamide therapy decreased the symptoms of AMS and trended toward reducing its incidence thus got identified with its efficacy(Acute mountain sickness occurred less frequently in the acetazolamide group than in the placebo group (effect size, 30%; 95% CI, 61% to -15%)),Yet ginkgo biloba seems got negative result that no evidence of similar efficacy(t22.),certain related study with 36 participants who reside at sea level were transported to an altitude of 3696 m (Ollagüe) in northern Chile proposed and demonstrating that 24 hours of pretreatment with G biloba and subsequent maintenance during exposure to high altitude are sufficient to reduce the incidence of AMS in participants with no previous high-altitude experience,supported result such like marked increased saturation in arterial oxygen,but seems no statistically significant difference in mean arterial pressure or heart rate,arterial oxygen saturation(t27.),certain systemic study proposed a disparate clinical results due to different grade of commercial ginkgo biloba extract standardization and a conclusion seems hard to got(t28.),some other related study with 2 kind GBE source proposed similar findings and concluded that the source and composition of GBE products may determine the effectiveness of GBE for prophylaxis of AMS(acute mountain sickness)(t29.),

Motor function:certain 3 months young hemiplegic rats with dosage of GBE 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days produced an improvement in motor performance,and confirmed efficacy of EGb in hemiplegic rats can be enhanced by an appropriate posology,and in aged rats (26-28 months old) this treatment ameliorated motor performance only after the 10th day of treatment(t8.),

Behavioural Disturbances:some study with 42 elderly dogs (mean age 11.4 years) trial of ginkgo biloba extract at a daily dose of 40 mg/ 10 kg body weight for 8 weeks proposed its findings that Ginkgo leaf extract appears to be an efficacious agent that provides a safe dietary supplement for the elderly dog with age-related behavioural disturbances,which suported by an overall efficacy of treatment as judged by the investigator was good or very good in 79% of the dogs(t25.),

Spatial learning/spatial memory:certain related study in rats with ginkgo biloba extract at dosage 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg proposed findings that Ginkgo appears to enhance neither short-term working memory nor long-term reference memory, but it may promote learning of spatial information(t26.),

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis:certain mice study with ginkgo biloba extract on transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) proposed its findings and identified a gender-specific neuroprotective effect of ginkgo biloba extract in a transgenic model of ALS,seems works better in male rats,suggest that ginkgo biloba extract may be a potential effective treatment in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)(t13.),

Chronic fatigue syndrome:certain mechanism study proposed dietary supplements glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, Ginkgo biloba, and Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) may be beneficial in management CFS via its oxidative stress inhibitions property of these antioxidants(t14.),

Fibromyalgia Syndrome:certain related volunteer subjects with clinically diagnosed fibromyalgia syndrome treatment study with oral doses of 200 mg coenzyme Q10 and 200 mg Ginkgo biloba extract daily for 84 days proposed this works and effective:significant difference from those at the start,matched by an improvement in self-rating with 64% claiming to be better and only 9% claiming to feel worse,Adverse effects were minor(t16.),

Raynaud's Disease:certain related study with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) patients with no apparent, associated condition such as systemic sclerosis admined with ginkgo biloba extract proposed Ginkgo biloba phytosome may be effective in reducing the number of Raynaud's attacks per week in patients suffering from Raynaud's disease.Supportive result such like number of attacks per week prior to treatment with Seredrin reducing to 5.8 +/- 8.3, a reduction of 56%(t18.),

Stimulate Lipolysis:certain related study with aim to evaluate biflavones stimulating lipolysis in adipocytes proposed findings that nearly all biflavones from ginkgo biloba extract except sciadopitysin stimulated lipolysis in a concentration-dependent fashion. Maximal stimulation was observed at 0.1 - 0.5 microM.But seems the dependency varies at higher concentrations the effect diminished progressively and was lost at 100 microM. Only a partial loss of cell viability was observed with biflavones at 10 - 100 microM(t15.),

Acute vestibular dysfunction:some evaluating study to examine the effects of the EGb 761 extract on static vestibular compensation in guinea pig proposed ginkgo biloba extract may be of limited use in the treatment of acute vestibular dysfunction in humans(t11.),

Ear,Acoustic system/Sound damage,Eyes Benefit,Nose:

Ear/Tinnitus:certain related study with 103 tinnitus out-patients 13-month treatment proposed that Ginkgo biloba extract treatment improved the condition of all the tinnitus patients, irrespective of the prognostic factor(u1.), some related animal model of tinnitus study proposed that ginkgo biloba extract resulted in a statistically significant decrease of the behavioral manifestation of tinnitus for doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/ day(u6.),some related study with aim evaluating ginkgo biloba extract in tinnitus treatment among 978 patients in 12 weeks proposed 50 mg Ginkgo biloba extract LI 1370 given 3 times daily for 12 weeks is no more effective than placebo in treating tinnitus(u11.),certain systemic study among 19 clinical trials investigating the effects of tinnitus treatment with Ginkgo biloba special extract proposed tolerability of Ginkgo biloba extract was excellent, and controlled clinical trials revealed little difference between drug-treated and control groups(u13.),certain related study in 60 patients chronic tinnitus aurium with 2 x 80 mg Ginkgo special extract proposed some findings that oral ginkgo biloba extract got effective and safe in alleviating the symptoms associated with tinnitus aurium,supportive result such like secondary outcome measures for efficacy (e.g. decreased hearing loss, improved self-assessment of subjective impairment)(u16.),
certain related study among 21 patients proposed its findings gives no support to the hypothesis that GBE has any effect on tinnitus, although it is possible that GBE has an effect on some patients due to several reasons, e.g. the diverse etiology of tinnitus(u5.),certain related study among adults complaining of tinnitus proposed limited evidence did not demonstrate that ginkgo biloba was effective for tinnitus,and concluded No reliable evidence to address the question of ginkgo biloba for tinnitus associated with cerebral insufficiency(u22.),certain study of 66 adult patients with tinnitus and its meta-analysis proposed its negative findings that ginkgo biloba does not benefit patients with tinnitus(u24.),some related investigation study proposed ginkgo biloba extract are of little more use in the treatment of tinnitus than a placebo,indicated use ginkgo biloba for this purpose it waste money(u25.),Tinnitus is one of the most important symptoms in neurootology after vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss. In most cases, the origin of the tinnitus remains inexplicable. Well-known, however, is that tinnitus may arise in any part of the hearing pathway (i.e., both within the cochlea receptor and in the temporal lobe and projections). Tinnitus also is associated frequently with vertigo, nausea and hearing loss. An age predominance exists, with tinnitus more common among those older than 40 years. From this starting point, a great demand exists today for new ideas and developments in the diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus.

Ear/Sudden deafness:related study with 80 patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss existing no longer than 10 day proposed 2 to 3 weeks treatment comes significant borderline benefit of ginkgo biloba extract (p = 0.06) without any side effects(u3.), related research among 72 patients to compare effects between ginkgo biloba extract and pentoxifylline in treatment of sudden deafness proposed that ginkgo biloba extract seems as effective as pentoxifylline in treatment of sudden deafness,which supported by results such like improvement in hearing and reduction in tinnitus,and no difference return to normal of speech discrimination and reduction of the tinnitus which arose at the same time as the sudden hearing loss,improvement or in return to normal of the auditory thresholds(u15.),

Ear/Cochlear damage protection:some related study with Guinea pigs proposed ginkgo biloba extract has a protective effect on the development of GM(gentamicin) ototoxicity in the cochlea(u7.), some related noise-exposed guinea pigs animal study with blood flow prompting drugs got negative result and proposed None of them has a sustained compensatory effect on cochlear hypoxia,indicated non of them(NaCl, pentoxifylline, ginkgo biloba and naftidrofuryl) has therapeutic effect on NIHL(Noise-induced hearing loss)(u8.),

Ear/Unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss(ISSHL):certain related study processed among outpatients with acute idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) proposed higher dosage of ginkgo biloba extract (oral) appears to speed up and secure the recovery of ISSHL patients, with a good chance that they will recover completely, even with little treatment. This was already observed after one week of treatment. We find it justified to treat patients who have unilateral ISSHL of less than 75 dB and neither tinnitus nor vertigo with 120 mg oral EGb 761 twice daily(u14.),

Acoustic system/Sound damage:certain related study with 114 guinea pigs with ginkgo biloba extract proposed findings that Ginkgo biloba extract it is probably possible to diminish sound damages caused by white noise(u17.),certain related animal acute sound damage study caused by white noise or by pure tone of 4.5 kHz proposed ginkgo biloba fraction can significantly slower recovery of the noise damaged evoked potentials of the acoustic cortex(u23.),certain related test with sound damages caused by white noise or by a pure tone of 4.5 kHz proposed findings that fraction of Ginkgo biloba can be seen by a significantly slower recovery of the noise damaged evoked potentials of the acoustic cortex(u34.).

Ear/Auditory discrimination:certain related study on auditory discrimination learning in Mongolian gerbils proposed ginkgo biloba extract may improves discrimination learning through its effect on the dopaminergic system,and increase the extracellular concentration of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rats(u31.),

Eye/Retinal alterations:some related chloroquine-induced retinopathy in rats study proposed findings that the cause retinal toxicity may be related to a localized inflammation releasing oxygenated free radicals and/or PAF;results indicated ginkgo biloba extract maybe useful preventive treatment for chloroquine-induced retinopathy, and generally for xenobiotic retinotoxicities;which supported by results that after one week of observation, 40% of the patients in each group showed a complete remission of hearing loss(u2.),certain related study proposed ginkgo-biloba and other two(nimodipine,dipyridamole) markedly inhibited angiogenesis in experimental ROP(retinopathy of prematurity). Growth factors were elevated in hypoxic conditions. Treated animals showed significant decreases of PDGF, VEGF, and TGFbeta2 in retinal and vitreous tissues(u35.),

Eye/Glaucoma:related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract potential antiglaucoma values got attentioned,its important effects related include improvement of central and peripheral blood flow, reduction of vasospasm, reduction of serum viscosity, antioxidant activity, platelet activating factor inhibitory activity, inhibition of apoptosis, and inhibition of excitotoxicity(u9.), some patients with normal tension glaucoma(NTG) study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract administration appears to improve preexisting visual field damage in some patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG),supportive result including significant improvement in visual fields indices,corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD) at baseline versus CPSD.and this treatment seems safe and no negative effects(such like No significant changes were found in intraocular pressure, blood pressure, or heart rate)(u19.),certain related rat model of chronic glaucoma study proposed ginkgo biloba extract pretreatment and early posttreatment is an effective neuroprotectant(u21.),certain related study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract has numerous properties that theoretically should be beneficial in treating non-IOP-dependent mechanisms in glaucoma. Its multi-ple beneficial actions, including increased ocular blood flow, antioxidant activity, platelet activating factor inhibitory activity, nitric oxide inhibition, and neuroprotective activity, combine to suggest that GBE could prove to be of major therapeutic value in the treatment of glaucoma(u27.),related study proposed the study fail to support a significant relationship between ginkgo biloba extract use over the past 12 months and having glaucoma,whether ginkgo biloba extract efficacious in treating glaucoma patients remains an issue for future research(u32.),

Eye/visual system:certain related study of ginkgo biloba on visual systems of older healthy adults proposed ginkgo biloba extract seems could increase performance in the normal visual system(u26.),

Eye/age-related macular degeneration:some related systemic study with purpose to evaluate ginkgo biloba extract's value on age-related macular degeneration proposed whether people with age-related macular degeneration should take Ginkgo biloba extract to prevent progression of the disease has not been answered by research to date(u10.),

Eye/ophthalmic:certain related rats study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may significantly retards the progression of lens opacification in vivo,its effects including scavenges reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals and inhibits oxidative modifications that occur to proteins in vitro,enters intact cells and protects them from alloxan-mediated and light-mediated stress, and the nuclear DNA from single strand breaks. It also effectively inhibits chemically induced apoptosis.The related mechanisms are thought from Ginkgo biloba's inherent antioxidant, antiapoptotic and cytoprotective action and potential anticataract ability appear to be some of the factors responsible for its beneficial effects(u18.),

Nose/Anosmia:certain 3-methylindole-induced anosmia mouse model with purpose to evaluate ginkgo biloba on the olfactory injury aggravated by dexamethasone proposed Dexamethasone treatment was associated with further deterioration of olfactory injury by 3-MI and it was recovered by combination treatment of dexamethasone and ginkgo biloba. The antioxidant effect of ginkgo biloba might play a role in restoration of olfactory loss and it was effective only when oxidative stress is maximized by dexamethasone(u29.),some other related study of olfactory dysfunction model(experimentally induced anosmic Young adult CD1 mice) proposed combination treatment of EGb and steroid enhanced the regeneration of the olfactory pathway after olfactory mucosal injury by zinc sulfate. Our study suggests that EGb could be an effective treatment option for olfactory dysfunction(u30.),

Cardiovascular Application:

Originality of the pharmacological properties of Ginkgo biloba extract lies in preferential focusing of its effects on ischaemic areas.systemic studies proposed clinical trials demonstrate that standardized leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba (SGB extract) reduce the symptoms of age-associated memory impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, and may be of benefit in treating intermittent claudication. In addition, preliminary results suggest that SGB extract may be useful in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease (CVD). particularly ischemic cardiac syndrome. Since many patients with cardiovascular disease are already taking anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs, self-medication with SGB extract is not recommended without the advice of their physician. Although SGB extracts look promising for preventing and treating CVD, well-controlled clinical trials are needed before clinical recommendations can be made(v61.),

Anti-thrombotic effects:certain comparative screening study proposed Ginkgo Biloba B and the (A + B)-mixture may present major thromboreductive activity,and prevents local thromboformation in the model(v1.),certain arterial thrombosis study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract administered intravenously or in topical superfusion, inhibit both exogenous- and endogenous-induced thromboformation(v6.),certain related study in normal and thrombosis-induced rats proposed oral combinatory treatment of ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba extract in acute thrombosis model in mice also showed a higher recovery than a single treatment(v28.),

Myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion injury:various models of cardiac ischaemia of rat and guinea-pig hearts study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract provided effective protection against the electrocardiographic disorders induced by ischaemia(v2.),certain rabbit study with subject evaluating ginkgo biloba leaf ext on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury proposed GBE protects hearts by its antioxidant properties and by its ability to adjust fibrinolytic activity,supportive result such like (1).significantly inhibited the increase in lipid peroxidation and maintained total and CuZn-SOD levels in both plasma and tissue during and at the end of reperfusion.(2).the decrease in tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and the increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) caused by ischemia-reperfusion were also significantly suppressed by Ginkgo Biloba Extract(v16.),certain related rat myocardium study proposed ginkgo biloba extracts estimated to be protective against hypoxic damage on myocardial microvessels also in diabetic condition, but the study should be completed by inclusion of a reoxygenation interval(v42.),certain related study of diabetes and additional acute hypoxia of rat myocardium proposed ginkgo biloba extract was protective only after additional hypoxia,after hypoxia the capacity amounted only to 46% of the normal and was improved by ginkgo biloba extract to 53%(v43.),some related study with 35 rabbits ischemia-reperfusion injury model proposed findings that Ginkgo biloba extract and dipyridamole could increase myocardial iNOS expression in transcriptive and translative levels in rabbits after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the combined treatment of them shows a more significant effect(v69.),some related rats myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model study proposed and suggested ginkgo biloba extract(GBE50) may regulate the inflammatory reaction after ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines;supportive result such like the GBE group observed lower inflammatory reaction and MPO activity (P<0.01),decreased the content of IL-6 (P<0.05, P<0.01) and increased the content of IL-4 in myocardium (P<0.05, P<0.01) ,decreased the content of TNF-alpha in myocardium,increased IL-10 but without significant differences(v70.),certain specific study with Sprague-Dawley male rats proposed that ginkgolide B (GB) can partly prevent IR injury in rat heart(v87.),certain mechanism study with rats with acute myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol (ISO) proposed Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) was beneficial to cardiac performance by improving myocardium enzymes and cardiac function in isoproterenol induced myocardial injury in rats(v89.).

Myocardial damage:certain related craniocerebral injured rats study proposed Ginkgo Biloba Extract may possesses the protective effect on myocardial damage after craniocerebral injury,Craniocerebral injury can result in distinct myocardial damage, which is possibly correlated with the lowering of anti-oxidation stress level of myocardial cellular mitochondria(v46.),

Myocardial Stunning:some pig heart study with aim to evaluate effects of GBE in attenuate myocardial stunning in vivo proposed and identified GBE's positive effects to attenuate myocardial stunning following a brief ischemic insult in the in situ pig heart by an effect that involves a decrease in the formation of free radicals,further fraction specific identifying check got result that beneficial action of the extract on myocardial stunning likely involves complementary effects of both its non-ginkgolide and ginkgolide constituents,instead of only only attribute this property to GBK(ginkgolide B)(v58.),

Cardiomyopathy/Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy:ginkgo biloba extract is being used to prevent arrhythmias in ischemic myocardium.Certain related study proposed and suggested might have the same therapeutic potential in Doxorubicin (Dx) related cardiomyopathy,supportive result such like myocardial tissues of Dx + EGb 761 treated group histopathologically were found to have diminished vacuolization and fragmentation(v48.),

Hypoxic myocardium protection:certain related rat myocardium study proposed 3 months ginkgo biloba extract treatment proved show protective effect on the hypoxia myocardium(v17.),certain related acute isobaric hypoxia rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract pretreatment able to diminish hypoxic damage at mitochondrial cristae and matrix and also distension of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during acute hypoxic stress,display its protective effects on the myocardium(v19.),further related study provide evidence that ginkgo biloba extract may protect endothelial cell ultrastructure of myocardial microvasculature against hypoxic alterations,and the mechanism got considered as from its radical scavenging properties(v20.),

Vascular impact:pharmacological study proposed originality of the vascular impact mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract is due to the fact that the product can at the same time combat the phenomena resulting from vascular spasm and with the same efficiency restore circulation in areas subject to vasomotor paralysis(v3.),systemic summary study proposed Ginkgo is mainly used in vascular dementia and peripheral vascular disease,and mentioned some other related herbs(such like garlic and crataegus)(v55.),

Postischemic function:certain related study of ginkgo biloba extract in relation to the recovery of contractile function after global ischemia in the isolated working rat heart proposed some findings that ginkgo biloba extract can improve contractile function after global ischemia in the isolated working rat heart by reducing the formation of oxygen free radicals, and we have shown that this protection is additive to that of ischemia-induced preconditioning(v13.),certain identifying study with aim to evaluate vascular effects of individual composition in the extract of Ginkgo biloba proposed GKB(ginkgolide B) may selectively inhibit serotonin-mediated [Ca (2+)] i mobilization in vascular smc and non-competitively alleviate the vasopressor effect of serotonin in vitro(v54.),

Arteriopathy:some related study of 36 patients with arteritis with Ginkgo biloba extract 65 weeks proposed some positive findings that Ginkgo biloba extract therapy gave significantly greater pain relief and walking tolerance than the placebo after 6 months of treatment, and this improvement continued throughout the whole duration of the study. This symptomatic and measurable improvement was combined with excellent tolerance of the drug(v5.),certain related study of trophic lesions patients with stage-IV chronic obliterating arteriopathy proposed Ginkgo biloba extract with arginine and magnesium can improve the dynamics of cutaneous trophism in lesions caused by diabetic and non-diabetic microangiopathy(v32.),

Arteriolar spasm:certain rat cremaster muscle study with ginkgo biloba extract proposed findings that ginkgo biloba extract treatment can antagonize the vasoconstrictor effect of thromboxane on arterioles. As thromboxane is implicated in many cardiovascular disorders, this property of ginkgo biloba extract may explain some of its beneficial clinical effects in such pathologies;identification studies related proposed counteracting vasospasm may be mediated in part by ginkgolide B, a triterpene constituent of the extract that is an antagonist of platelet-activating factor and in part by an 'NO-like' action of its proanthocyanidin constituents.(v22.),

Vasospastic response:certain related anaesthetized mice test proposed platelet factors can play a significant role in cutaneous vasospasm, ginkgo biloba extract, via an action on the thromboxane pathway, could be useful in treating Raynaud's phenomenon and other vascular disorders which involve increased thromboxane production(v25.),

Inhibition of platelet aggregation:certain related study proposed findings that ginkgolides A,B,C as specific antagonists of PAF-acether displayed potency of inhibition by order:BN 52021 (IC50 = 3.6 X 10(-6) M) greater than BN 52020 (IC50 = 9.7 X 10(-6) M) greater than BN 52022 (IC50 = 37.6 X 10(-6) M)(v7.),certain oxidative stress-induced platelet aggregation study proposed suppressive effect of ginkgo biloba extract is specific on platelet aggregation stimulated by oxidative stress, and that this effect is involved in the mechanism related to its protective effect upon cerebral or myocardial injuries.Ginkgolides A, B and C inhibited platelet-activating factor-induced aggregation, but not oxidant-induced aggregation(v29.),

Chronic occlusive arterial disease:certain study related among 64 men and women patients with stage III chronic occlusive arterial disease of the lower limbs ghot treated with 100mgs ginkgo biloba extract in saline form,detailed observation results got proposed(v8.),

Arteriosclerotic Disorders/atherosclerosis:some comparative study with 24 arteriosclerotic disorders patients proposed ginkgo biloba extract treatment(in form of 250 ml NaCl with 25 ml Ginkgo-biloba-extract) result values returned into normal range in 1 day(v9.), certain related study proposed GBE can inhibit NF-kappaB activation induced by H2O2 and may thus be effective for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis and other disorders related to NF-kappaB activation(v33.), certain related mechanism study proposed ginkgolide A may effectively prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction and molecular changes in porcine coronary arteries,underscores potential clinical benefits and applications of ginkgolide A in controlling homocysteine-associated vascular injury and cardiovascular disease.For the background and clinical relevance,homocysteine is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis(v71.),certain related specific study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may works to activate MMP-9 to increase the intracellular cAMP and cGMP production, inhibit the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and TXA2 production, thereby leading to inhibition of platelet aggregation,which strongly indicate that activated MMP-9 is a potent inhibitor of collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation. It may act a crucial role as a negative regulator during platelet activation.This findings can be considered as one contribution to ginkgo biloba mechanism of treating atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and thrombosis(v78.),

Atherosclerotic nanoplaque:certain related study with cardiovascular high-risk patients admined with Ginkgo biloba extract (2x 120 mg daily, EGb 761) proposed some positive findings that atherosclerosis inhibiting effect is possibly due to an upregulation in the body's own radical scavenging enzymes and an attenuation of the risk factors oxLDL/LDL and Lp(a)(v72.),

Arteriosclerosis Prophylaxis/prevention:some specific study proposed 2 months supply of Ginkgo biloba extract 2 x 120 mg daily,positive result got from blood test results supported(such like upregulated SOD,decreased quotient oxLDL/LDL and lipoprotein(a) concentration etc.),and the explain indicated that atherosclerosis inhibiting effect is due to an upregulation in the body's own radical scavenging enzymes and an attenuation of the risk factors oxLDL/LDL and Lp(a). Furthermore, the significant increase in the vasodilator cAMP and cGMP concentration powerfully supports the maintenance of an open bypass(v76.),

Hypertensive Arteriosclerosis:certain related rats study of case hypertensive cerebral arteriosclerosis and the incidence of stroke proposed it is important to treat hypertension as soon as possible, in order to reduce the occurrence of stroke,oral administration of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in early treatment groups got good result which supported by result such like decreased arteriosclerosis and the blood levels of A I, A II, ALD and ET in this group decreased nearly to normal levels(v51.),

Arterial insufficiency:certain related study of 18 patients with intermittent claudication with ginkgo biloba 120 mg o.d. proposed this treatment "may improves some cognitive functions in elderly patients with moderate arterial insufficiency, whereas the extract did not change signs and symptoms of vascular disease in the patients"(v23.),

Peripheral arterial occlusive diseases:related study with 24 PAOD(peripheral arterial occlusive diseases) patients (12 nondiabetic, ND and 12 diabetic, D) over 48 wk with ginkgo biloab extract(240 mg.d-1, po) proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may gives theraspeutic effects in PAOD patients,supportive result such like gradually decreased ES(erythrocyte stiffness), RT(relaxation time), eta(the blood plasma viscosity), and Cf(plasma fibrinogen concentration);improved PFWD(pain-free walking distance)(v30.),certain related study trial among 74 patients at different dosage proposed Both dosage regimens investigated in this trial led to a clinically relevant improvement of the pain-free walking distance after 24 weeks of treatment. The superiority of the higher dosage over the standard dosage was statistically significant. Both treatment variations were safe and well tolerated(v34.),some related study proposed in the elderly population with hypertension use of gingkgo biloba extract may need to be assessed for effects on heart rate and liver function(v81.),

certain related study of peripheral arterial disease patients 24 weeks proposed some negative findings,that "supervised exercise training combined with ginkgo biloba treatment did not produce greater beneficial effects than exercise training alone in patients with peripheral arterial disease."(v75.),some related study 4 weeks among aged adults with PAD(peripheral artery disease) or risk factors for cardiovascular disease,results showed relatively high dose of Ginkgo biloba combined with 325 mg/day daily aspirin did not have a clinically or statistically detectable impact on indices of coagulation examined over 4 weeks, compared with the effect of aspirin alone(v80.),some other related study with purpose to assess the effect of Ginkgo biloba on walking distance in people with intermittent claudication proposed some negative result that No evidence showed Ginkgo biloba has a clinically significant benefit for patients with peripheral arterial disease,for the background,People with intermittent claudication suffer from pain in the muscles of the leg occurring during exercise which is relieved by a short period of rest. Symptomatic relief can be achieved by (supervised) exercise therapy and pharmacological treatments. Ginkgo biloba is a vasoactive agent and is used to treat intermittent claudication.(v86.),

Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias:some isolated rats heart study proposed some findings that combination of Ginkgo biloba Ext and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase togethor may significantly attenuate both the formation of free radicals and the incidence of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias,indicated its effects on the the incidence of reperfusion-induced VF(ventricular fibrillation) and VT(tachycardia);but SOD or catalase alone significantly reduced the formation of oxygen radicals yet failed prevent the reperfusion arrhythmias development(v11.),

Viscoelasticity,Fluidity of blood,microcirculation effects:some related study of ginkgo biloba on blood fluidity and cutaneous microcirculation proposed remarkable influence on the erythrocyte aggregation observed,a significant decrease by 15.6%; and nail fold capillaries blood flow increased significantly by about 57% in 1 hour(v10.),certain 42 patients with pathological visco-elasticity values trial to evaluate on the microcirculation of the skin (Doppler flowmetry) and the visco-elasticity of whole blood proposed result ginkgo bilova extract(Tebonin) showed dose-dependent significant increase in the microcirculation,but in visco-elasticity this dose-dependence less marked(v12.),certain comparative study with Allium sativum and ginkgo Biloba on blood viscosity among 80 male volunteers proposed dry extract of G. biloba proved to be more effective in reducing blood viscosity than A. sativum(v74.),

Ocular blood flow velocity:certain related glaucoma patients control study with GBE 40mgs 3 times daily for 2 days proposed result Ginkgo biloba extract significantly increased end diastolic velocity (EDV) in the OA(ophthalmic artery) and deserves further investigation in ocular blood flow and neuroprotection for possible application to the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy as well as other ischemic ocular diseases(v31.),

Blood flow/circulation:dog study proposed GBE injection may increase cerebral blood flow and back leg blood flow(v60.),

Arrhythmia:some 32 dogd coronary occlusion and reperfusion induced early arrhythmia study proposed ginkgo biloba extract is effective in preventing early VF induced by coronary reperfusion while ineffective in protecting the ischemic VT and VF,detailed intravenous injection dosage 1 mg/kg applied(v14.),

Cochlear Vasculature:certain related study of cochlear vasculature in guinea pigs proposed 4 to 6 weeks ginkgo biloba extract treatment proposed result findings that ginkgo biloba extract may partly counteracted sodium salicylate-induced decreases in cochlear blood flow (CBF) and enhanced CBF increases induced by hypoxia,indicate that Ginkgo Biloba Extract may help to improve oxygenation in cochleas with compromised blood flow(v21.),

Cardioprotective Effects:certain related rats study with ginkgo biloba extract and its terpenoid constituents(ginkgolides A and B, bilobalide) proposed it composed of significant anti-ischemic effects, indicating improved myocardial functional recovery,the cardioprotective effects appear to involve an inhibition of free radical foormation rather than direct free radical scavenging,the most effective compound being ginkgolide A(v24.),some related subjective isolated rats hearts study proposed combination therapy by using FK506 plus Ginkgo biloba extract synergistically improves postischemic cardiac function, while reducing the incidence of reperfusion-induced VF(ventricular fibrillation) and VT(ventricular tachycardia), which may expand the clinical utility of FK506 and allow therapy with FK506 at lower doses than are currently useful(v35.),some related study wistar rats isolated heart mitochondria under normal and ischemic conditions with GE or ethanol (solvent control) at a dosage of 0.32 mL/kg in drinking water for 10 and 18 days proposed ginkgo biloba extract may exerts cardioprotective effects reducing ischemia-caused impairment of the functions of heart mitochondria(v36.),certain related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract may exerts cardiovascular protection against (diphenyl-picryl hydyazyl)DPPH-impaired cardiac contraction in rabbit isolated heart and endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aortic ring of rabbit in vitro. EGb relaxes porcine basilar artery and enhances the TNS-induced relaxation via a NO pathway(v39.),related model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats hearts proposed terpenoid constituents of ginkgo biloba extract(ginkgolide A; 0.05 microg/ml and ginkgolide B; 0.05, 0.25 or 0.50 microg/ml) and the flavonoid metabolites that are formed after in vivo administration of the extract act in a complementary manner to protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(v41.),certain related rat cardioprotective efficacy study proposed complexation of Ginkgo biloba with phospholipids induces in the rat, even after a short treatment a greater resistance of the heart to ischemia/reperfusion damage in respect to the native extract, due to an increased plasma antioxidant activity(v47.),certain related study among healthy elderly adults proposed ginkgo biloba extract treatment in healthy elderly adults leads to the increase of LAD(left anterior descending coronary artery) blood flow in MDPV(maximal diastolic peak velocity), MSPV(maximal systolic peak velocity) and DTVI(diastolic time velocity integral), and the increased response might relate to the improved endothelium-dependent vasodilatory capacity. This study implies an important future therapeutic strategy of using GBE to counteract the detrimental effects of ageing(v82.),some related wistar rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract displays obvious hypoxia-protective effect oin both young and aged group rats,for the background,Acute hypoxia is a threatening clinical case of emergency and may result in ultrastructural damage, with complete loss of cellular and organ functions(v85.),certain specific rats isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial necrosis study proposed Ginkgo biloba phytosomes (GBP) and Ocimum sanctum extract (Os) oral treatment to ISO-challenged rats demonstrates significant cardiac protection, decreases lipid peroxidation, and restores antioxidant activities. However, the combined treatment failed to enhance cardioprotective activity of either herb when used alone(v88.),

Cardiomyocytes protection:sine specific study of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on cardiomyocytes damaged by H2O2 proposed its findings that GbE protected the cardiomyocyte against H2O2 injury, the protective action was attributed to its antiperoxidative effect, GbE inhibited the increase of LDH leakage and MDA content induced by H2O2(v38.),certain diabetic rats myocardium hypoxia study proposed some findings EGb-treatment seems to improve the hypoxia tolerance of diabetic myocardium concerning ultratructural parameters,partly conflicting immunohistochemical and biochemical results require further investigations(v40.),

Antivasospasmic effect:certain related specific study among 30 Sprague-Dawley rats proposed its findings that Ginkgo biloba extract was effective against vasospasm when administered at a dose of 45 mg/kg per day in an experimental vasospasm model,and this effect disappeared at a dose of 90 mg/kg per day(v84.),

PDE4 inhibition activity compositive cardiovascular effects:certain related study with 5 isolated vascular cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms proposed that inhibition of PDE activity that causes a reduction of agonist-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i) in HUVECs, mainly by inhibition of Ca(2+) mobilization from internal stores. It thus may be that the cardiovascular effects of EGb 761 involve inhibition of PDE4 activity and subsequent modification of Ca(2+) signaling in endothelial cells(v27.),

Hypertension/high Blood Pressure:some hypertensive rats study with 2% GBE diet feed for 20 days proposed GBE has an anti-hypertensive and bradycardiac action, which are time dependent and independent, respectively. Thus, it appears that the chronopharmacological action of GBE may be ascribed not to pharmacokinetic factors, but rather to a circadian susceptibility rhythm to GBE in deoxycorticosterone acetate(DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats(v37.),certain related hypoxic hypertension in wistar rats study with purpose to evaluate ginkgo biloba extract and its mechanisms proposed Ginkgo biloba can reduce chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and relieve the hypertrophy of right ventricle, which is partly related to attenuation of the function of PKC signal channel(v44.),certain related study with healthy young volunteers double blind control case proposed GBE(120mgs) got stress-induced blood pressure rise reduced without affecting heart rate,provide evidence which support that GBE do has an inhibitory action on blood pressure and may influence cortisol release in response to some stress stimuli(v57.),some elderly men and women study with incident hypertension in 3,069 participants (mean age, 79 years; 46% female; 96% white) proposed negative result that G. biloba does not reduce BP(blood pressure) or the incidence of hypertension in elderly men and women,which supported by the statistical data that rate of incident hypertension also did not differ between participants assigned to G. biloba vs. placebo (hazard ratio (HR), 0.99, 95% CI, 0.84-1.15)(v91.).

Vasorelaxation/Vasodilation/Vasodilating actions:some related study with aim to investigate role of K+ channels in the action of EGb and GS to activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity proposed Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and ginsenosides (GS) may regulate nitric oxide release by changing the cell membrane potential in vascular endothelial cells(v45.),some related study proposed and identified principal ingredient of ginkgo biloba extracts producing vasodilation is quercetin,which can activate nitric oxide synthesis and release by increasing [Ca2+]i in vascular endothelial cells;which may give some pharmacological explain of its vasodilation property;Ginkgo biloba extract has been used clinically for improving peripheral vascular diseases(v50.),certain related rats aorta ring strips study with Wistar rats proposed findings that GBE and bilobalide possess a similar characteristic for age-related modification, clinically suggesting the more effective actions of GBE for elder persons.Which supported by detailed result such like GBE had the marked vasodilation at younger ages and further decreased it with developing ages,Bilobalide had the similar age-related actions. The age-dependent attenuation was produced milder by bilobalide than by GBE(v67.),certain related study with Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) admined with diet containing 0.05%-0.5% Ginkgo for 30 days proposed findings that Ginkgo enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and elevation of the endothelial intracellular Ca(2+) level in SHR, resulting in hypotension. Mechanism explain indicated that this accelerative effect of Ginkgo on Ca(2+) mobilization seemed to be associated with restoration of impaired dilatory function induced by acetylcholine in endothelial cells(v68.),

Blood rheology:certain related study with aim to evaluate GBE on viscosity and elasticity, coagulation of blood and aggregation of blood platelets proposed that Ginkgo biloba extract is helpful in reducing viscosity and elasticity of the whole blood, slowing blood coagulation and inhibiting platelet aggregation,supportive data including significantly lengthened the recalcium time, lowered the increase ratios of viscosity and elasticity, and reduced the maximum viscosity and elasticity(v49.),

Restenosis:certain related balloon-injured arteries of cholesterol-fed rabbits study proposed findings that Ginkgo Biloba Extract show inhibitory effects on the intimal response might be attributed to its antioxidant capacity,and ginkgo biloba extract may have therapeutic potential for the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty.Restenosis may develop in response to cytokine activation and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) has been used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases(v52.),

Thrombogensis prevention:some related rat focal cerebral ischemic models study proposed findings Ginkgo Biloba Extract shown to inhibit the thrombogensis of rat common carotid artery stimulated by electrical current in dose-dependent manner,and the experiment indicates that Ginkgo Biloba Extract might have beneficial effects on prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke and thrombogenesis(v53.),

Cerebral Thrombosis prevention/Antithrombotic Effects:some specific related study with purpose evaluating ginkgo biloba extract in hypertensive rats model cerebral blood vessels of stroke-prone,3 weeks dosage 60 or 120mg/kgs proposed results that ginkgo biloba extract may decreases blood pressure and mediates strong antithrombotic and anti-oxidant effects in SHRSP(stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats). These pharmacological activities may contribute to the beneficial properties of ginkgo biloba extract observed in clinical practice(including:reverse age-related blood pressure increase;significantly suppress thrombotic potential;significantly antioxidant property and decrease 8-OHdG;significantly increased Urinary nitrite/nitrate, nitric oxide (NO) metabolites)(v56.),

Ventricular Arrhythmia:some related study proposed ginkgo biloba use may induce entricular arrhythmias,which may be considered as one potential side effect,which can be due to allergic reactions and bleeding(v59.),

Homocysteine/Hyperhomocysteinemia antagonizing effect:certain related study proposed ginkgo biloba leaves extract and its terpenoids can antagonize such stimulatory effect via antioxidation and attenuation of NF-kappaB activation;for the background,homocysteine, at pathophysiological concentrations, stimulates iNOS-mediated NO production in macrophages.Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is mainly expressed in macrophages upon stimulation. Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by iNOS can exacerbate the development of atherosclerosis(v62.),

Cardiovascular diseases/T cells AP-1 signaling pathway inhibition:certain related study proposed that inhibition of AP-1 signaling pathway in T cells by EGb provides a support for its efficacy in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and raises a therapeutic potential for this drug in activated T cell-mediated pathologies.The activation of T lymphocytes contributes to inflammatory process of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Which may indicated a possible compositive mechanism of GBE on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases(v64.),

Cardiovascular diseases/diverse mechanisms:certain mechanisms study proposed for its effects on the cardiovascular system,ginkgo biloba extract may exert its action through diverse mechanisms including "antioxidatant properties, to modify vasomotor function, to reduce adhesion of blood cells to endothelium, to inhibit activation of platelets and smooth muscle cells, to affect ion channels, and to alter signal transduction. In addition, relevant clinical trials with CBE are being carried out, particularly in the treatment of arterial and venous insufficiency and in the prevention of thrombosis."(v65.),some related molecular study with model of endothelial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo proposed some findings that application of ginkgo biloba extract may caused endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production by increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) promoter activity and eNOS expression in vitro,suggested a possible molecular basis explaination mechanism of the GBE property of cardiovascular protective(v73.),certain related disorder investigation proposed Ginkgo Biloba extract may suppresses the oxLDL- and 4-hydroxynonenal-induced production of MMP-1(matrix metalloproteinases-1), probably through the inhibition of PDGFR-beta activation in human coronary smooth muscle cells,for the background,matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and the subsequent occurrence of acute coronary syndrome(v79.),certain related study with 3069 participants over 75 years of age to 120 mg of G biloba EGb 761 twice daily in 6.1 years got some result conclusion that G biloba cannot be recommended for preventing CVD. Further clinical trials of peripheral vascular disease outcomes might be indicated(v90.),

Coronary artery circulation:some related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract treatment in CAD(coronary artery disease) patients led to an increase of LAD(left anterior descending coronary artery) blood flow, which might at least be related partly to the restoration of the delicate equilibrium between NO and ET-1.(v83.),

Anti-ischaemic properties:as evidence from experimental and clinical studies found ginkgo biloba extract may protects tissues from ischaemia/reperfusion damages,certain related study of bilobalide on mitochondrial respiration proposed anti-ischaemic properties of bilobalide and of Ginkgo biloba extract in therapeutic interventions,the mechanism got found that Bilobalide allows mitochondria to maintain their respiratory activity in ischaemic conditions by protecting complex I and probably complex III activities(v66.),

Dyslipidemia(ethanol induced) prevention:certain specific study with model of ethanol induced lipid disorder in rats proposed ethanol results in time-dependent hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and promotes serum lipid peroxidation.Ginkgo Biloba Extract pretreatment prevents hyperlipidemia and ameliorates lipid peroxidation induced by ethanol.For the background,Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) functions as a natural substantial antioxidant and hypolipidemic. Chronic alcohol abuse leads to sustained dyslipidemia characterized by hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation(v77.),

Negative Approve:certain evaluation study of short-term hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects proposed Commonly used doses of Ginkgo biloba do not have any immediate or short-term effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiographic variables in young, healthy volunteers(v63.),

Chronic venous insufficiency,Blood circulation,Microcirculation:

Chronic venous insufficiency:certain specific study proposed the important role of the endothelium alterations in the development of varicose veins and suggest a potential beneficial action of a venotropic drug on the venous wall,and find the mean values of the CEC count in ginkgo biloba group decreased by 14.5% after a 4-week treatment.For the background,one possible mechanism that accounts for the alterations observed in varicose veins is the activation of endothelial cells by ischemia occurring in the leg veins during blood stasis and the cascade of reactions that follows. Because in vitro data suggest that endothelium alteration is a key event in the development of the pathology, it was important to confirm this hypothesis in patients(w1.),certain related study with lower limb chronic venous insufficiency proposed and found combined agent Ginkor Fort(a ginkgo biloba preparation) is feasible for adjunctive therapy in complex treatment of patients with lower limb CVI symptoms,supportive results comes from increased PPG(photo-plethysmography),CEAP class,decrease venous return time (To) and muscular-venous pump capacity (Vo)(w4.),

Blood Circulation Improving:certain combinative study proposed a spice composed of Ginkgo biloba leaves, Crataegus fruits and Leonurus herbs for purpose of improving blood circulation(w2.),

Ocular Blood Flow(negative):certain specific study among 15 healthy male volunteers with purpose to evaluate ginkgo biloba effects on ocular blood flow in 2 days at 240 mgs proposed negative findings that results of this study indicate that a single administration of Ginkgo biloba does not influence ocular blood flow to a relevant degree(w5.),

Vasodilating actions:certain specific study with rat aorta ring strips proposed findings that all constituents of GBE(terpenoids:bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B and C,and flavonoids:quercetin and rutin.) have the concentration-dependent vasorelaxtant effect. The potency of GBE's action was not made simply by addition of those of the constituents. Each constituent itself would contribute to the GBE-induced vasodilation, although the constituents have the complicated interactions with each other(w3.),

Psychopharmacological effects&General Pharmacology Property,Cerebral tissue Research::

Some systemic study proposed ginkgo biloba property effective in patients with vascular disorders, in all types of dementia and even in patients suffering from cognitive disorders secondary to depression,delay deterioration and enable these subject to maintain a normal life and escape institutionalization(x3.),some related europe psychotropic indications generalized article proposed the uses of several herbs including ginkgo biloba and some others(Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Valerian officinalis, and Panex ginseng)(x5.),certain pharmacological study with purpose to evaluate mechanism of GBE for peripheral arterial disorders and in "cerebral insufficiency proposed some positive findings,that pharmacological effects (based on a predetermined 7.5--13.0-Hz alpha frequency band in a computer-analyzed electroencephalogram = CEEG(R)) of EGb on the central nervous system (CNS) are significantly different than placebo, and the high and low doses could be discriminated from each other. The 120-mg, but particularly the 240-mg, single doses showed the most consistent CNS effects with an earlier onset (1 h) and longer duration (7 h)(x8.),certain systemic review herb application literature study mentioned its attention on ginkgo in the treatment of memory impairment caused by dementia(x9.),certain investigation study proposed neuroactive properties of bilobalide may be mediated by a reduction in excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter release,which supported by result in mouse cortical slices,such like Bilobalide significantly reduced both glutamate and aspartate release elicited by potassium or veratridine at concentration 100 microM,also significantly reduced the frequency of NO-711 induced depolarizations at concentration 5-100 microM(x11.),

Anticonvulsant effect:certain mechanism study with animal model proposed anticonvulsant effect of bilobalide is due to elevation of GABA levels, possibly through potentiation of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and enhancement of the protein amount of 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase by bilobalide(x18.),

Certain related study with 8 healthy female volunteers for psychological test proposed No statistically significant changes observed on CFF(critical flicker fusion), CRT(choice reaction time) or subjective ratings,but memory as assessed using the Sternberg technique was found to be significantly improved following treatment with G.B.E. 600 mg and results suggested a localized effect on the serial comparison stage of the reaction process(x1.),

Central beta-adrenergic system effects:certain related study with rats proposed effects of ginkgo biloba extract on the central beta-adrenergic system might be involved in its therapeutic actions,which supported via results from short term and long term test,such like biphasic effect on normetanephrine (NMN) content of cerebral cortex(initial decrease followed by a marked increase that was evident after 14 days),decreases in the density of 3H-dihydroalprenolol binding (after 27 days or 2 months) and in isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity (after 2 months) of the cerebral cortex(x2.),

Cellular cyclic AMP levels:certain specific study with rats triethyltin (TET) toxicity proposed some findings,which support its results that some beneficial effects of EGB might be due to its modulating influences on cellular cyclic AMP levels via activation of membrane-bound PDE(x4.),

Synaptosomes effects:certain specific study proposed free radical scavenger trolox C (0.1 mM) and the Ginkgo biloba extract(10 micrograms/ml) may prevent the decrease binding of the dopamine uptake inhibitor [3H] GBR 12783,and prevent mice striata Synaptosomes' ability to take up [3H] dopamine which associated with the binding effects(x6.),

Post-ischaemic injury protection:certain rats brain study proposed findings that preischaemic administration of ginkgo biloba extract (150 mg kg-1, p.o.) could normalize the SOD activity of the rat brain,other benefit including reduce the lipid peroxide and phospholipids contents of the mitochondrial rat brain,which its beneath mechanism could be explained on the basis of the antioxidant property of ginkgo biloba extract and suggests its beneficial role in the protection against post-ischaemic injury(x7.),certain rabbits ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury among 27 New Zealand white rabbits study proposed some findings that protective effects of the ginkgo leaf extracts against spinal cord injury induced by IR may be related to scavenging oxygen free radicals, reducing lipid peroxidation injury and inhibiting apoptosis(x13.),

Brain MAO A and B inhibition:Negative result,certain related study with 10 subjects human brain at dosage 120mgs/day for 1 months proposed Ginkgo biloba administration did not produce significant changes in brain MAO A or MAO B suggesting that mechanisms other than MAO inhibition need to be considered as mediating some of its CNS effects; whcih challenge the traditional positive result fro rats brain(x10.),

Platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists:certain related study identified 7alpha-chloro ginkgolide B,as a ginkgolide B derivatives with modifications at the 7-position,got identified as the most potent nonaromatic ginkgolide derivative described to date with a K(i) value of 110 nM as PAF receptor antagonists(x12.),

Antihypoxidotic activity:certain study with hypoxia animal model proposed non-flavone fraction of EGB carries the antihypoxidotic activity,which supported via results such like non-flavone fraction increased LCBF in the majority of 35 examined brain regions; a similar effect could be seen after EGB-treatment, while the flavone fraction caused only minor alterations of LCBF(x16.),

Arteriolar spasm:certain related rabbits vasospasm study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract intravenously inject and oral admin brings almost complete disappearance of spasm similarly(x17.),

Negative results:certain related unprevented ischemia-induced fever study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(EGb761) has no significant effect on brain infarct size whether acute or chronic treatment(x14.),certain related study with patients PAD(peripheral artery disease) proposed findings that GBE group and placebo group has no significant differences,and proposed results data (such like Ginkgo biloba produced a modest but insignificant increase in maximal treadmill walking time and flow-mediated vasodilation) do Not support the use of Ginkgo biloba as an effective therapy for PAD, although a longer duration of use should be considered in any future trials(x15.),

Psychopharmacological effects:Cerebral Ischemia Property.

Cerebral Ischemia Preventive Activity/Anti-ischemic effect/Neuroprotective:some rats brain study proposed Ginkgo biloba leaves extract pretreatment partially suppressed embolization effects,an improvement of the flow in the ischemic areas associated with an improvement of the energy metabolism explain the decreases of the edema(xa1.),certain related study with long evans rats proposed that ginkgo biloab extract pretreatment may improve survival rate and dopamine synthesis without marked changes in cerebral blood flow,which related to increased brain cell activity in spite of hypoxia due to carotid ligature(xa4.),certain related study with gerbil-stroke model with purpose to evaluate anti-ischemic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract,proposed a 14 d treatment with 50 or 150 mg/kg/d EGb 761 dosage proposed ginkgo biloba extract further accelerates AA reincorporation, potentially reducing neurotoxic effects of prolonged exposure of brain to high concentrations of AA(arachidonic acid) and its metabolites(xa9.),certain ralted rats study of ischemic/reperfused rat hearts 10 days pretreatment with various doses (25,50,75,100mg/kg/day) proposed ginkgo biloba extract may work directly acts as an NO(nitric oxide) scavenger and concomitantly inhibits the expression of iNOS mRNA,Indicated Ginkgo Biloba Extract may act as a potent inhibitor of NO production under the condition of ischemia/reperfusion, improving the recovery of postischemic cardiac function(xa13.),certain similar study with model of cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbil with ginkgo biloba extract (Ph-Gb 37.5-150 mg/kg) 15 days pretreatment proposed similar result that its neuroprotective effects due to an inhibitory action on nitric oxide formation(xa16.),certain similar study with rats isolated heart model proposed similar result that ginkgo biloba extract directly acts as an NO scavenger and concomitantly inhibits the expression of iNOS mRNA. Thus, EGb 761 may act as a potent inhibitor of NO production under the condition of ischemia/reperfusion, improving the recovery of postischemic cardiac function(xa33.),some related mechanism investigation with rats to investigate its effec on CBF and ischemic brain damage with middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) proposed that Ginkgo extract contains a substance which increases normal CBF and reduces ischemic brain damage(xa14.),certain mechanism study with rats cerebral global ischemia and reperfusion computerized EEG analysis using GBE at dosage 100mg/kg over 24 hours 5days before/after cerebral ischemia reperfusion proposed its finding that whether before or after the control group result slow waves percentage always significantly high than ginkgo biloba group,which may indicate ginkgo biloba effective,For the background,Ginkgo biloba extract known as a free radicals scavanger and a PAF--antagonist,the Free radicals and platelet activating factor (PAF) have been implicated as important mediators in neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and, particularly, in postischemic hypoperfusion(xa15.),some related study of Wistar rat noncraniotomy models of SAH(subarachnoid hemorrhage) proposed Increase of ET-1 is an important factor leading to ischemic brain damage after SAH. GBE exerts its protective effect by antagonizing pathological increase of ET-1(endothelin-1)(xa19.),certain other occluding bilateral common carotids induced cerebral ischemia model proposed and proved the effectiveness of ginkgo biloba extract pretreatment(xa20.), certain related combinative study with 51 miceproposed prophylactic use of selegiline and ginkgo biloba extract could increase the brain's resistance to mild ischemic injury.Brief cerebral ischemia is reported to cause selective neuronal necrosis, apoptotic cell death, silent infarcts and, when recurrent, cognitive decline. Acute administration of selegiline and EGb 761 have been shown to have anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemia.Details of daily dosage got discussed briefly and identified accordingly(xa21.),certain related repeated ischemia-reperfusion injury walking mice model proposed ginkgo biloba extract has highly protective effect against repeated ischemia-reperfusion injury, the mechanism might be related with its action on anti-lipid oxidatin, improve the activity of antioxidase and inhibit the producing of PGE2(prostaglandin E2)(xa22.),certain mechanism study with male adult mice ischemic brain injury model and purpose to investigate whether ginkgo biloba extract modulates Bcl-2 family proteins or not proposed finding that ginkgo biloba extract may prevents cell death against ischemic brain injury and GBE neuroprotection is affected by preventing the injury-induced increase of Bad and Bcl-X(L) interaction(xa23.),certain related systemic study proposed and identified ginkgo biloba extract may protects the retina and the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion damage via its free radical-scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative properties and its regulation of mitochondrial respiratory function(xa24.),some related focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats model with group amount 44 and 58,110 animals based on model of transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by MCA(middle cerebral artery),proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may protected against transient and permanent focal cerebral ischemia and effective after a prolonged reperfusion period even when therapy is delayed up to 2 hr. This neuroprotection may be at least partially attributed to the beneficial effects of selectively improved LCBF(Local cortical blood flow) in the area at risk of infarction(xa25.),some related ischemic injury model of gerbils proposed its finding that ginkgo biloba extract and its component bilobalide protect against ischemia-induced neuronal death in vivo and glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro by synergistic mechanisms involving anti-excitotoxicity, inhibition of free radical generation, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, and regulation of mitochondrial gene expression(xa26.),certain mechanism study of longer period cerebral ischemia proposed ginkgo biloba extract may protect Na,K-ATPase isoenzymes,disturbances of Na,K-ATPase activity are implicated in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia(xa27.),certain related rats model study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract could protect damaged neurons by keeping the balance of inhibitory/excitatory aminoacids, enhancing the free radical scavengers system, and inhibiting the effect of glutamate on [Ca(2+)]I(xa28.),some related gerbils chronic pretreatment study proposed 8 days treatment of ginkgo biloba extract(100mg kg(-1) day(-1)) show its neuroprotective effects(xa30.),certain related study with acute cerebral ischemia rats model proposed positive effects and declared "GbE could prevent and treat acute cerebral ischemia. The effectiveness was more satisfactory when GbE was used preventively"(xa32.),certain rats model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury proposed that ginkgo biloba extract may protect damaged neurons through keeping the balance of inhibitory/excitatory amino-acids, enhancing free radicals scavengers system, and inhibiting the effect of glutamate to [Ca2+]i(xa35.),some related brain ischemia study with Mongolian Gerbil proposed Ginko Biloba might protect neurons of the frontal cortex from both necrotic and apoptotic death in this model of ischemia(xa37.),certain gerbils focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion study proposed some positive findings that preservation of cellular energy metabolism during cerebral ischemia and after restoration with reperfusion may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract and FK506( a calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin inhibitor)(xa40.),certain related study based on rabbit spinal cord ischemia model proposed and confirmed the protective effect of ginkgo biloba extract against ischemia/reperfusion damage in the rabbit spinal cord(xa45.),some related male Wistar rats study proposed that prophylactic oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract in the dose 40 mg/kg/day during the 7 days protects the most vulnerable CA1 pyramidal cells against 20 min of ischemia(xa46.),certain related study proposed Ginkgolides injection has the protective effects on focal cerebral ischemia, and its mechanism may be relative to its inhibition of platelet-dependent thrombosis and amelioration of hemarheological partments(xa48.),some related gerbil ischemic brain study proposed long-term pre-treatment of GBE administered either alone or in combination with drugs significantly effective neuroprotection on infarct volume in gerbil ischemic brains(xa49.),some other related study based on model of Wistar rats proposed GBE may exerts protective effects on secondary cerebral ischemic injury after SAH(subarachnoid hemorrhage) via the promotion of the expression of VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor)(xa51.),some other ischemic brain injury model proposed GBE may prevents cell death due to brain injury and that GBE protection is affected by preventing the injury-induce decrease of Akt phosphorylation(xa52.).

Some related combinative study proposed co-administration of ginkgo biloba extract and selegiline produces significant neuroprotective effects via suppression of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction without affecting neurological function(xa39.),some related study based on rats cerebral injury model proposed that ginkgo biloba extract can markedly reduce the injury of nerve cell in the transitional zone, alleviate rat cerebral injury, and decrease ICAM-1 and mRNA expression and neutrophils infiltration. The protection may be related with its inhibition on ICAM-1 and mRNA expression(xa42.),some related rabbits study proposed that GBE has protective effects against spinal cord I/R injury, and the mechanism may be that it can scavenge oxygen free radicals and inhibit the apoptosis of neural cells(xa43.),some other related study proposed combination of ginkgo biloba extract and Se have significant neuroprotective effects on I/R injury in rats via suppression of oxidative stress(xa50.),

Cerebral vasospasm protection:certain SAH(subarachnoid hemorrhage) rats model with aim to evaluate protective effects of ginkgo biloba extract on cerebral vasospasm and neural damage proposed Ginkgo biloba extract may relieves cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemic damage by reversing the pathological alteration of nitric oxide,and Decrease in serum nitric oxide and increase in brain tissue nitric oxide are important factors leading to cerebral vasospasm and neural damage(xa18.),certain related study based on wistar rats SAH(subarachnoid hemorrhage) model of cerebral vasospasm and microcirculatory perfusion proposed Ginkgo Biloba Extract by antagonizing the overproduction of endo- thelin-1, partly reverses cerebral vasospasm and improves microcirculation, and thus relieves secondary ischemic brain injury after experimental SAH(xa38.).

Cerebral ischemia induced learning impairment:some related study of mice proposed GBE dosage 50 and 100 mg/kg given p.0.1 hr before the 10-min occlusion of the carotid arteries in mice there was significant improvement in memory,p.o. admin of ginkgo biloba flavonoids showed high step-through latency on scopolamine-induced amnesia. All these findings indicate that GbE is beneficial for clinical use in amnesia accompanied with cerebral vascular disease(xa10.),certain related study proposed GBE is effective in reducing, at least partially, both the cognitive impairments and hippocampal damage after TGCI in rats, and suggest that its effect on behavioral recovery may be dissociated from the neuroprotective effect on the hippocampus(xa47.).

Ischemia-induced impairment of the Na,K-ATPase activity protection:some related study proposed ginkgo biloba extract(110mg/kgs) daily for 10 days to animals before ischemia got positive result and protect Na,K-ATPase activity and expression,the mechanism explain noted that free radical scavenger properties of EGb 761 are a potential mechanism by which Na,K-ATPase injury and lipoperoxidation are prevented(xa12.).

Cerebrovascular Pathology prevention:certain related study in abnormalities and deformity of brain major arteries model with ginkgo biloba extract dosage 40 mg on a three-times daily schedule proposed positive effects such like increase in blood serum antioxidant activity was recorded as was a positive transformation of vegetative indices and improvement of cognitive functions.Indicated ginkgo biloba extract useful in the postoperative complex of rehabilitative measures in patients with cerebrovascular ischemia secondary to developmental anomalies and deformities of brain major arteries.For the background,Cerebrovascular pathology is one of the chief causes of death(xa11.),certain related model of rats subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) study proposed findings that ginkgo biloba extract relieves SAH-induced brain ischemic damage by reversing the pathological alterations of NO(xa29.),

Cerebral Microembolization and Brain Edema:some related rats brain unilateral embolization study proposed ginkgo biloba extract pretreatment may partially suppressed the effects of the embolization. An increase in the blood flow associated with normalization of cellular energy metabolism explained the decrease in brain edema(xa2.),

Antiaggregative activity:certain rabbits venous platelets study proposed ginkgo biloba extract capable to partially antagonize these effects in the venous microcirculation(xa3.),

Hypoxia protective effect:certain related study among 8 males proposed possible hypoxia-protective effect of standardized ginkgo biloba glycosides after subchronical administration,the results could be explained as a hypoxia-protective phenomenon--supporting the therapy of cerebral insufficiency(xa5.),certain rodents hypoxia/ischemia brain study based on rodents animal such like Mongolian gerbils and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats proposed results are important in light of an attenuation of the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress in ischemia and recirculation injury,which supported via results such like enhanced nitric oxide production, the occurrence of apoptosis, and an attenuated redox regulatory system contribute to the development of delayed neuronal death(xa34.),some related study with rats model proposed ginkgo biloba extract could exert its neuroprotective effects by improvement of Cx43 expression and GJIC induced by hypoxia/ischemia-reoxygenation/ reperfusion injury(xa41.),

Synaptosomal uptake of 5-hydroxytamine increase:related mice cortex study proposed Ginkgo biloba extract added to a synaptosomal fraction prepared from mice cerebral cortex modified [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) uptake in a biphasic manner. Between 4 and 16 micrograms mL-1 EGb 761 increased significantly the [3H]5-HT uptake (maximum + 23%),some further identifying study of fractions proposed Cp 202 extract (corresponding to the EGb 761 devoid of terpenic substances and containing mostly flavonoid substances) increased [3H]5-HT uptake,and further test proposed among the flavonoids quercetin has been tested and had No effect on the [3H]5-HT uptake,some other fraction,which means the working flavonoid substances may majorly be those flavnoid other than quercetin(xa6.).

Acute Ischaemic Stroke:certain study with 55 patients of acute ischaemic stroke in two groups proposed some findings,40 mg Ginkgo biloba extract at 6 hourly intervals administration proved significant improvement in Mathew's scale score after 2~4weeks,and trial of Ginkgo biloba extract within 6 hours of stroke in a larger dose and in larger sample could be beneficial clinically in patients of cerebral ischaemic infarct, and needs further study,no contraindication or adverse effect of ginkgo biloba in acute ischaemic stroke got identified(xa7.).

Cerebral Vasorelaxation/Vascular dysfunction:some study with aim to investigate vascular functions of GBE(ginkgo biloba) and GS(ginsenosides) on a porcine basilar arteries model proposed positive findings EGb and GS relaxed the basilar artery in a concentration-dependent and partly endothelium-dependent manner,and EGb appeared to be more potent than GS.further mechanism study proposed nitric oxide plays a primary role in TNS-induced relaxation as well as in EGb- and GS-enhanced relaxation within the cerebral vasculature. In addition, our data support the potential of these compounds as therapeutic strategies in cerebral ischaemia and other related vascular dysfunctions.Extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and ginsenosides (GS) have been reported to be effective at increasing vascular relaxation(xa8.).

Cerebral Microvascular Flow:certain related study with model of 20 normotensive rats and 24 SHR rats proposed some result that ginkgo biloba extract may be used to regulate hypertension and to protect the cerebral microcirculatory function(xa17.).

Chronic Cerebral Insufficiency:some related study with rats chronic cerebral insufficiency model followed a 80 days + spatial memory and motor functions test proposed findings that Ginkgo Biloba Extract improved spatial memory from the second week after operation,delayed deterioration of motor functions from the fifth week after operation(xa31.).

Lipid peroxidation (LP) and brain edema:some related head injury study proposed mexiletine and combination with Ginkgo Biloba Extract may work as a cerebroprotective agent in this model of experimental head injury(xa36.).

Ischemia/reperfusion - induced oxidative stress:some related study with model of pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) proposed that ginkgo biloba extract has potent antioxidant activity and could play a role to attenuate the IRI-induced oxidative protein modification and lipoperoxidation in the neuroprotective process(xa44.).

Ginkgo Biloba:Psychopharmacological effects:Anti-Depressive,anxiolytic effects,Anti-Stress:

Anxiolytic effects:some related study proposed and confirmed anxiolytic effects of a combination made of zingiber officinale and ginkgo biloba,which suggested its mechanism of anxiolytic-like effects may related to 5-HT antagonistic property,especially for 5-HT3 receptors(xb1.),some anaylitical study proposed some conclusions that a component group named Ginkgolic acid conjugates (GAC) (6-alkylsalicylates, namely n-tridecyl-, n-pentadecyl-, n-heptadecyl-, n-pentadecenyl- and n-heptadecenylsalicylates) isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba Linn may be the active constituents of Ginkgo biloba responsible for the anxiolytic activity(xb2.),certain further related inhibitory avoidance learning study with Wistar rats proposed this combination of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba extracts can facilitate performance on a learning task, indicating promising clinical applications(xb7.),some related analytical study identified the anxiolytic-effect of ginkgo biloba extract and its four triterpenoid components(ginkgolide-A, ginkgolide-B, ginkgolide-C, and bilobalide),which results suggested the component ginkgolide-A is most likely responsible for this effect,but has relatively weak tendency to produce benzodiazepine-like side effects,which means safe(xb10.),some combinative study of of Ginkgo biloba and Zingiber officinale combination with arms proposed this works and anxiolytic-like effects of ZC regard to the known antiserotonergic action of ginger and Ginkgo biloba(xb27.),

Winter depression (WD)/Negative:some related study with 27 SAD patients(seasonal affective disorder) proposed findings that ginkgo biloba extract seems unable to prevent the development of the symptoms of winter depression(xb3.),

Antidepressant-like:certain mechanism rats study proposed ginkgo biloba extract injection( devoid of terpene trilactones (CP 205), and three terpene trilactone constituents of the extract (ginkgolides A and B, bilobalide)) got identified certain antidepressants in vivo effects at behavioral level which attributed to components extract, ginkgolide B, and bilobalide(xb4.),some other related mice study proposed that short term anti-stress action of GBE may hypothetically attributed to an inhibition of monoamine oxidase,and long terms effects may comes from induced reductions in MAO activity,reduce age-induced increase in cerebral MAO activity,which may give some explain of its long term mechanism(xb5.),some behavioral model study,forced swimming test (FST) in rats and tail suspension test (TST) in mice,seems identified that GBE may exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models,supportive result such like EGB markedly shortened immobility time in the TST(tail suspension test) after acute inter-peritoneal treatment at a dosage of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight(xb19.),some rodent model of depression and stress study proposed some identifying result that intact carboxylic acid groups containing 6-AS(6-alkyl salicylates) are the bioactive components of the lipophilic extract of Ginkgo leaves with antidepressant and antistress activities,but these dihydroxy phenols as well as the favorable 6-AS are removed during enrichment of flavonol glycosides and terpenic lactones of commercial Ginkgo Biloba Extract(xb21.).

Anti-Stress:some related animal model study proposed some negative findings that MAO inhibition was not the mechanism primarily responsible for ginkgo biloba extract anti-stress activity,which previously as a hypothesis supposed responsible for it(xb6.),certain specific study with model of mammals and wild-type worms to detect molecular mechanism proposed oxidative stress, a major determinant of life span, as well as other types of stress, can be successfully counteracted by the Ginlkgo biloba extract,some further analytical research proposed purified flavonoid from GBE named tamarixetin showed the most dramatic effect that is may extended the median life span by 25%(xb8.),some further study proposed a possible mechanism that support the hypothesis GBE augments the natural antistress system of C. elegans, thus increasing stress resistance and life span,which result showed GBE may decreases cellular stress resulting from exogenous treatments, therefore leading to a decreased transcriptional induction of the reporter transgene(xb9.),certain mechanism study proposed G. biloba extract (14 mg/kg p.o.) restored restraint stress-induced elevation in whole brain levels of catecholamines (NE, DA), 5-HT and plasma corticosterone to near normal levels(xb12.),certain comparative study with rats chronic and comprehensive stress depression model proposed GBE combined with venlafaxine enhances the protection of neurons and decreases damage to the brain, while relieving the side effects of synthetic antidepressants,for the background,chronic stress may give rise to brain damage, which is related to the genesis of depression(xb15.),some related mechanism study with model of organism Caenorhabditis elegans proposed GBE work beneficial impact on resistence to thermal stress and lifespan in C.elegans is at least partially due to its ability to relieve oxidative stress,supportive result such like (1).expression of the stress-inducible glutathione S-transferase 4 was shown to be reduced by Ginkgo Biloba Extract under physiological conditions as well as under oxidative stress,(2).Ginkgo Biloba Extract also led to a decrease in transcription of the stress-inducible catalase genes(xb20.),some related stress model of rodents proposed that GBE did not affect performance in the passive avoidance task or alter the animals' response to electric shock, suggesting that the effects observed in the learned helplessness procedure were not due to impaired memory or reduced shock sensitivity(xb22.),some anti-stress study using model of rats proposed that ginkgo biloba extract can facilitate behavioral adaptation despite adverse environmental influences, a property that supports its clinical use in treating cognitive impairment, especially in elderly patients,supportive result including (1).suppress stress-induced detrimental changes in both discrimination learning and plasma;(2).GBE may display less effective increasing the percentage of efficient lever presses in old than in young rats, but more effective in decreasing the number of inefficient lever presses and reaction time in the older animals(xb24.),some related specific study with model of sub-chronic cold stress on the functioning of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors in old isolated rats proposed positive result that administration of EGb 761 (50 mg/kg per os/14 days) could prevent the stress-induced desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors.Result concluded that mechanisms these results clearly indicate that 5-HT1A receptors are desensitized by stress and point out the reduced capacity of old rats to cope with the adverse effects of a chronic stressor. EGb 761 appears to restore the age-related decreased capacity to adapt to a chronic stressor(xb25.),some mechanism study proposed find one underlying reported anti-stress and anxiolytic activities of GBE as MAO(monoamine) inhibition,and seems Both MAO-A and -B types were inhibited to a similar extent,the inhibitory agent in GBE for this seems heat stable with low molecular weight(xb26.),some mechanism study with purpose to analyze the effect of EGb 761 and one of its components, Ginkgolide B on the biosynthesis and secretion of CRH and AVP, the hypothalamic neurohormones that regulate the pituitary-adrenal axis proposed confirm that the administration of EGb 761 and Ginkgolide B reduces corticosterone secretion. In addition, these substances act also at the hypothalamic level and are able to reduce CRH expression and secretion. However the latter effect appears to be complex and may depend upon both the nature of stress and substance (Ginkgolide B or other compounds of EGb 761).For the background,the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids during exposure to various stressors may induce or worsen pathological states in predisposed subjects. Therefore it is of interest to evaluate drugs able to reduce glucocorticoid secretion. It has recently been shown that chronic administration of a Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits stress-induced corticosterone hypersecretion through a reduction in the number of adrenal peripheral benzodiazepine receptors(xb30.).

Anti-Stress/Post-stress memory dysfunctions:some related study with purpose to evaluate GBE in prevention and treatment of the post-stress memory dysfunction proposed findings that some result identified:GBE improved spatial and nonspatial memory in Morris water maze and object recognition test, Preventive doses of EGB 761 (100 mg/kg) normalized cognitive deficits, seen in rats chronically stressed or treated with corticosterone in object recognition test, and improved memory processes in these rats measured by Morris water maze test(xb16.),certain related post-stress memory dysfunction study proposed Preventive doses of EGB 761 (100 mg kg(-1)), given 30 min before each restraint stress episode or corticosterone injection, abolished cognitive deficits seen in unprotected rats. There was no influence of stress, corticosterone, and EGB 761 on the acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses (CARs)(xb18.),

Anti-Stress/Negative:some related study with 48 rats with 150mg/kgs dosage instead of 50mg/kgs proposed some findings that GBE significantly prevented a corticosterone stress response after inescapable shock exposure (P<.0001) without any beneficial behavioral effect on active avoidance(xb11.).

Anti-Stress/Comparative:some related comparative study for stress management between ginkgo biloba and panax ginseng on acute stress and chronic stress processed in rats proposed some findings,that G. biloba is more effective in AS(acute stress), whereas for CS(chronic stress), P. ginseng will be a better option. Hence these extracts possess significant anti-stress properties and can be used for the treatment of stress-induced disorders(xb13.).

Emotional Well-being:some related study with 66 health elderly between 50~65 with no age-related cognitive impairment proposed finding some positive effect of ginkgo biloba extract on the subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons,supportive result such like VAS mental health and quality of life,SIS Mood(Subjective Intensity Score Mood), the variables(depression, fatigue, anger and SDS(Self Rating Depression Scale)) all seems come in statistically significant difference,the daily dose of GBE set as 240 mg(xb14.).

Fear conditioning:certain related study proposed find first evidence that GBE may enhance fear memory formation rather than serve as an anti-stress buffer,study result showed that administration of GBE 30 min prior to the conditioning facilitated acquisition of conditioned fear in a dose dependent manner(xb17.).

Sleeping time:some related study proposed Ginkgo Biloba Leaves aqueous extract may shortened the sleeping time induced in mice by anesthetics,two terpenoids responsible got identified as bilobalide and ginkgolide A(xb23.).

Anti-aging,Longevity:some related aged Swiss mice study proposed findings of GBE on enhancing effects on training and performance(xb28.),some related male Fischer 344 rats study proposed positive result such like cognitive performance enhancement,continuous learning and delayed nonmatching to position tasks(xb29.),

:

Brain Function:

Ginkgo extract.Ginkgo Biloba extract.CAS.NO.090045-36-6.Ginkgo Biloba Leaf extract.24/6,Flavone 24% Lactone 6%HPLC.Extract of maidenhair tree; Ginkgo extract; Ginkgo biloba, ext photo picture image
In order for the brain to function properly, it needs to be bathed in a constant supply of oxygen and nutrient rich blood. Any malfunction that interrupts the blood flow can have a profound effect on mental function. If allowed to occur chronically over many years due to atherosclerosis, the result is often the familiar loss of cognitive function and dementia, including memory lapses, loss of concentration, decreased intellectual ability, impaired vision, anxiety, loss of equilibrium and dizziness. Impaired blood flow can also be an underlying factor of headaches, depression, confusion and , in the most severe cases, stroke. The special bioflavonoids in Ginkgo have a stronger biological activity than most other bioflavonoids and seem to have a specific affinity for the capillary beds of the brain. Their function includes: Dilation of blood vessels resulting in improved flow of blood to and from tissues all over the body, especially the brain. Increasing the oxygen content of the blood. It has been shown that oxygen-rich blood enhances the memory. Improved cellular transmission. All neural functions of the brain are achieved by neural transmitters. These are the chemi-cals that allow one neural unit to communicate with another. The better the neural transmission, the more effectively memory and other brain functions work. Ginkgo biloba both increases the amount of neural transmission and increases the number of receptor sites for neural transmission. Again, this dramatically improves brain function.

Improved cognitive function:

In a random, double blind, placebo controlled German study conducted in the mid 1980s, 40 people (aged 60-80 years) diagnosed with slight to moderate dementia received either Ginkgo biloba extract or a placebo for three months. By week four, the group taking Ginkgo biloba extract was performing significantly better than the placebo control on standard clinical geriatric tests. They also showed marked improvement in their mental capacity, alertness, sociability and mood and continued to improve as the study progressed. The placebo group did not change at all over the 12 weeks of the study.

Inhibiting Platelet Activating Factor:

(PAF) A common trend in heart disease, strokes and peripheral vascular disease (e.g., intermittent claudication or painful walking), is the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within the circulatory system. Underlying these clots is an excess of platelet activating factors (PAFs), which induce platelet aggregation, neutrophil degranulation and oxygen free radical production. As a result, excess PAFs are at least partly responsible for thrombosis, bronchoconstriction (as occurs in asthma), shock reaction (cardiogenic and anaphylactic) and organ transplant rejection. PAFs can be stimulated by chronic stress, a diet high in processed hydrogenated fats and exposure to allergens. Numerous studies have confirmed that Ginkgo biloba extract is an extremely effective agent for inhibiting PAFs.

Blocking Asthma Attacks:

Inhibiting PAFs with Ginkgo biloba extract may help some patients with asthma. Some studies have shown that PAFs play an important role in causing airway inflammation. Chinese physicians have known about the beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba for asthma patients for thousands of years. In a preliminary trial conducted in Belgium, six out of ten children with severe asthma were found to improve "dramatically" within the first three to four days of taking Ginkgo biloba extract. Three other children improved "very substantially", but still occasionally required other therapy.

Special Note:
While studies show Ginkgo biloba extract may be effective in preventing some asthma attacks, it is probably not effective for treating an acute attack. As with any medical condition, one should consult with a health care professional for immediate relief.

Improved cerebral metabolism:

Treatments with Ginkgo biloba extract have been shown to result in improved cerebral metabolism and a reduced risk of hypoxic damage to the brain.10 In a 12 week study, 24 patients hospitalized with a form of dementia due to occluded cerebral arteries were treated with Ginkgo biloba extract (120 mg/day) or a placebo. The patients treated with Ginkgo biloba extract were found to improve significantly on all measurements, including EEG finding, reaction time and concentration. Using the venous microembolic index (VMI), a measurement of platelet aggregation, the researchers found that platelet aggregration declined progressively in the treated patients from a high of 3.6 at baseline to 1.3 at week 12. There was no change in the VMI of the placebo group.

Fighting Free Radicals:

Bioflavonoids have long been considered great antioxidants, specifically for protecting the microcirculation in small blood vessels. Ginkgo is an extraordinary free radical scavenger that is particularly effective against the superoxide anion (-02 ), a dangerous free radical that has been directly or indirectly implicated in cell damage.Numerous studies have demonstrated that Ginkgo biloba extract is very effective in blocking lipid peroxidation, thus protecting cell membranes which are primarily composed of lipids.This is extremely important in brain cells which contain a higher content of lipids than any other cells in the body. Beyond brain cell protection, other clinical studies suggest a wide range of clinical benefits beyond its life enhancing antioxidants such as:

Radiation induced chromosomal damage protection.Because of its powerful effect, Ginkgo biloba extract was given to Chernobyl recovery workers. After two months, it was determined that it completely protected them from further chromosomal damage.

Ischemia induced spinal cord injury protection:

Ischemiainduced lipid peroxidation is one of the main factors that produces tissue damage in spinal cord injury. When Ginkgo biloba extract was given to rats subjected to experimental spinal cord injury, they were protected from the paraplegic effects of the injury to a significant degree.

Heart muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury protection:

Heart muscle is extremely sensitive to the lack of oxygen (ischemia) caused by heart attacks and blood vessel restrictions or clots. However, just as damaging is the sudden rush of restoration oxygen which can carry with it a rush of free-radicals, as occurs following coronary bypass surgery. Ginkgo biloba extract, because of its anti-oxidant activity, has shown its ability to protect heart tissue when exposed to these insults.

Protection against Retinal Damage.Eye problems:

Damaged, leaking or injured delicate retinal cells is a common cause of blindness in people with diabetes and other macular problems. Numerous studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract reduces the susceptibility of these cells to injury.
The flavonoids found in ginkgo may help halt or lessen some retinal problems (that is, problems to the back part of the eye). Retinal damage has a number of potential causes, including diabetes and macular degeneration. Macular degeneration (often called age-related macular degeneration or ARMD) is a progressive, degenerative eye disease that tends to affect older adults and is the number one cause of blindness in the United States. Studies suggest that gingko may help preserve vision in those with ARMD.

Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease:

Ginkgo is widely used in Europe for treating dementia. The reason that ginkgo is thought to be helpful for preventing or treating these brain disorders is because it improves blood flow in the brain and because of its antioxidant properties. Although many of the clinical trials have been scientifically flawed, the evidence that ginkgo may improve thinking, learning, and memory in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been highly promising.
Clinical studies suggest that ginkgo provides the following benefits for people with AD:
Improvement in thinking, learning, and memory
Improvement in activities of daily living
Improvement in social behavior
Fewer feelings of depression
As more than 300 studies demonstrate, ginkgo facilitates better blood flow through out the body, most notably the brain, where it both protects and promotes memory and mental function, even for people with Alzheimer's disease. It also offers a wealth of possibilities in the treatment of many other common ailments.

Intermittent Claudication:

Because ginkgo.Ginkgo Biloba Extract is reputed to improve blood flow, this herb has been studied in people with intermittent claudication (pain caused by inadequate blood flow [atherosclerosis] to the legs). People with intermittent claudication have difficulty walking without suffering extreme pain. An analysis of eight published studies revealed that people taking ginkgo tend to walk roughly 34 meters farther than those taking placebo. In fact, ginkgo has been shown to be as effective as a leading medication in improving pain-free walking distance. However, regular walking exercises are more beneficial than ginkgo in improving walking distance.

Memory Impairment:

Ginkgo.Ginkgo Biloba Extract is widely touted as a "brain herb" and is commonly added to nutrition bars and fruit smoothies to boost memory and enhance cognitive performance. Researchers recently reviewed all of the high-quality published studies on ginkgo and mild memory impairment (in other words, people without Alzheimer's or other form of dementia), and concluded that ginkgo was significantly more effective than placebo in enhancing memory and cognitive function. Despite the encouraging findings, some researchers speculate that more high-quality research, involving larger numbers of people, is needed before ginkgo can be recommended as a memory enhancer to otherwise healthy adults.

Tinnitus:

Given that nerve damage and certain blood vessel disorders can lead to tinnitus (the perception of ringing, hissing, or other sound in the ears or head when no external sound is present), some researchers have investigated whether ginkgo relieves symptoms of this hearing disorder. Although the quality of most studies was poor, the reviewers concluded that ginkgo moderately relieves the loudness of the tinnitus sound. However, a recent well-designed study including 1,121 people with tinnitus found that ginkgo (given 3 times daily for 3 months) was no more effective than placebo in relieving symptoms of tinnitus. Given these conflicting findings, the therapeutic value of ginkgo for tinnitus remains uncertain. In general, tinnitus is a very difficult problem to treat. Talk to your doctor about whether a trial of ginkgo to alleviate this frustrating symptom may be safe and worthwhile for you.

Depression:

Patients suffering from varying degrees of vascular insufficiency also noted an improvement in mood while taking ginkgo biloba extract. This has prompted a surge of interest in its use as a treatment for depression, especially in the elderly. Many people have found GBE to enhance other depression treatments and to often even prevent the need for pharmaceutical treatments in mild cases of depression. Those under the age of fifty may also benefit from ginkgo biloba's antidepressant effects. So far though, the greatest level of improvement has been noted with older patients.

Antioxidant Properties:

Although oxygen is essential for life, it can have adverse effects on your body. Unstable oxygen molecules can often be created during our body's normal break down and use of oxygen or can form in response to external factors and pollutants. These unstable molecules, called free radicals, can damage cells and structures within cells. If the genetic material in cells is affected and not repaired, it can replicate in new cells, contributing to cancer and other health problems. These free radicals may also weaken artery walls, allowing fatty deposits that can lead to hear disease. As an antioxidant, ginkgo biloba combats free radicals and repairs molecular damage. A great deal of research suggests that antioxidants such as GBE may play important roles in preventing or delaying heart disease, cancer and other ills. Antioxidants may even halt the damage to cells, thereby slowing the effects of aging.

Impotency:

Another use for ginkgo biloba is in the treatment of impotency. The main cause of male impotence is poor circulation and impaired blood flow through the penis, which is often the result of atherosclerosis. Since ginkgo biloba increases blood flow, it's been found to help up to fifty percent of patients after six months of use.

Raynaud's disease:

Raynaud's disease is believed to be caused by blood vessels that over react to the cold and spasm, reducing blood flow and there by depriving extremities of oxygen. Ginkgo biloba may help this condition by widening the small blood vessels, which would keep these spasms from completely blocking the blood flow.

Parkinson's Disease:

The lack of dopamine is believed to produce the progressive stiffness, shaking and loss of muscle coordination typical in Parkinson's disease. Doctor's theorise that along with other treatments, Ginkgo biloba may help symptoms by increasing the brain's blood flow and there by allowing more of the depleted dopamine to be circulated to the areas that need it most.

Strokes:

Scientists continue to study the prevention and treatment benefits to stroke patients that are attributed to GBE. It's believed that by preventing blood clots from developing and increasing the blood flow to the brain, ginkgo biloba may help stop strokes from occurring. It's also believed that the herb inhibits free-radical damage of brain cells after a stroke.

Multiple sclerosis and Organ transplant:

GBE also appears to have an anti-inflammatory action that may make it valuable in the future for conditions such as multiple sclerosis and organ transplants.

Other Uses of Ginkgo biloba:

Although Ginkgo biloba is known as one of the most important herbs for the brain, its action and benefits are not exclusively for the brain. Other uses for which ginkgo biloba extract is often recommended include depression, diabetes related nerve damage and poor circulation, allergies, vertigo, short-term memory loss, headache, atherosclerosis, tinnitus, cochlear deafness, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and PMS.
The ginkgosides it contains work as an herbal antioxidant throughout the entire body.
The microcirculation of all capillary beds throughout the body will be enhanced.
Ginkgo.Ginkgo Biloba Extract can help all organs that have a rich blood supply including the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen.
Ginkgo.Ginkgo Biloba Extract has been clinically shown to provide appropriate benefit for such conditions as ringing in the ear (tinnitus), headaches, vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, depression, allergies, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, eczema, glaucoma, impotency, retinitis and neuralgia, as well as the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Indicated for: Acrocyanosis, allergies, Alzheimer's and Mental Function, asthma, cerebral atherosclerosis and/or insufficiencies, cochlear deafness, cramp from walking, dementia, depression, diabetes related nerve damage and poor circulation, diabetic retinopathy, erectile function, headaches, impotency, improving circulation to the brain in the elderly, improving deafness, improving long-distance vision and possibly reversing damage to the retina, intermittent claudication, leg ulcers, macular degeneration, menopause, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, peripheral and cerebral circulatory stimulation, peripheral vascular disease, PMS, poor circulation, Raynaud's disease, senile dementia, short-term memory loss, sinusitis, strengthening memory, strokes, tender or painful breasts, thrombosis, tinnitus, varicose veins, vertigo, white finger and spontaneous bruising.

Ginkgo Biloba Cosmetic Uses:

Ginkgo extract Cosmetic Uses increase circulation, prevent capillary fragility and helps to boost collagen formation and create fibroblast In cosmetic or skin care products,gingko biloba helps to increase circulation, prevent capillary fragility and helps to boost collagen formation and create fibroblast, which makes it ideal to use in rejuvenating skin care products.Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is an extract of the leaf of Ginkgo biloba. It is classified as a biological product and is used as a miscellaneous skin-conditioning agent. It is also known as extract of maidenhair.Ginkgo biloba leaves having components that are effective as an anti-inflammatory and an aid in collagen production; ginkgo also has antioxidant properties.

The Benefits of gingko biloba and its mechanism work in skin care products can be briefed as below:

The therapeutic properties of this herb in skin care is that of being a vasodilator, increasing circulation, improving sebaceous secretions, decreasing capillary hyper-permeability, improving tissue irrigation and activating cell metabolism (especially in the cortex, by increasing glucose and oxygen uptake). It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties.

Ginkgo Biloba furthermore increases the creation of fibroblast, collagen and extracellular fibronectin, while also exhibiting good anti-oxidant qualities.

Ginkgo Biloba contains diterpenes, including ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, plus ginkgolide J, the sesquiterpene bilobalide; Flavonols, including kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin; Flavones, including luteolin and tricetin; Biflavones, mainly bilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin and sciadopitysin, catechins, proanthocyanidins; Sterols and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid.

The constituents can be divided into two main groups - that of flavonoids and diterpenes. The flavonoids are about 20 flavonol glycosides of kaempferol and quercitin and biflavones: Amentoflavone, bilobetol 15-methoxybilobetol, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin and sciadopitysin. Flavanols and proanthocyanidins are also present and the diterpenes, which are ginkgosides A, B, C, J and M, have a specific hexacyclic structure.

From the above, it becomes apparently clear why it is an excellent ingredient to include in anti-aging and rejuvenating skin care, especially because it stimulates the formation of fibroblast and collagen - both required if you are looking to achieve a smooth and healthy young-looking complexion.

Ginkgo extract Cosmetic Uses increase circulation, prevent capillary fragility and helps to boost collagen formation and create fibroblast Ginkgo Extract is a powder extract derived from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba,this extract improves mental alertness and enhances overall vitality levels. It has powerful antioxidant properties and protects the body from free radical damage, which contribute to premature ageing and dementia. Antioxidants also protect the eyes, cardiovascular system and central nervous system.

Circulation Speedup:Ginkgo biloba is believed to be an effective medicinal herb for supporting circulation throughout the body and the brain and for helping improve memory.Not recommended for pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Mental Alertness:Ginkgo is the worlds most used herb for memory loss.Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to function by increasing the production of energy at a cellular level, thus increasing the brain's metabolism of glucose for energy.To get a combinative good effect of memory aiding,normally Ginkgo biloba works with Vitis Vinifera,Panax ginseng,Centella asciatica etc works great.The Alertness tea can be designed as an aid to assisting in improving concentration, memory and energy levels. It is perfect for students or people with poor memory.

Reference:

What is Ginkgo Biloba? What is Ginkgo Biloba Extract or GBE?

This article written and edited via herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional. They run a range of online descriptions about this herb,including general information related and summarized updating discoveries from findings of professional scientisits this field related.Describe style aimed to form a useful detecting literature space where the intertwined threshold and related questions raise out and visualize themselves.

♣ last edit date:16th,Dec.2010.

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Name:Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Serie No:S-011.
Specifications:flavone glycosides24%,terpene lactones6%HPLC.
INCI Name:GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT
EINECS/ELINCS No.:289-896-4
CAS:090045-36-6
Chem/IUPAC Name:Ginkgo Biloba Extract is a plant material obtained from the leaves of the maidenhair tree,Ginkgo biloba,Ginkgoaceae

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Ginkgo extract.Ginkgo Biloba extract.CAS.NO.090045-36-6.Ginkgo Biloba Leaf extract.24/6,Flavone 24% Lactone 6%HPLC.Extract of maidenhair tree Ginkgo extract Ginkgo biloba ext

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