Dendranthema Flower and applications.Dendranthema Flower Extract.

Contents

• Basic Botanical Bata of Chrysanthemum.Dendranthema.
• Description of Chrysanthemum.Dendranthema.
• Narrative meanings of Dendranthema.
• Other interest of Chrysanthemum.Dendranthema.
• Actions and Applications of Chrysanthemum.Dendranthema.
• Dosage,Safety and suggestions.
• Content Components and Phytochemical Constituents.
• Varieties of Chrysanthemums.
• Research Update:Flos Chrysanthemi Indici.
• Photo Gallery of Dendranthema Flower.

Research Update:Flos Chrysanthemi Indici.:

   Endothelium-dependent and direct relaxation induced by ethyl acetate extract from Flos Chrysanthemi in rat thoracic aorta.:

 The aims of the present study were to investigate the vasoactive effects of ethyl acetate extract from Flos Chrysanthemi (FCE) and its mechanisms on the rat thoracic aorta. FCE (9.4-150 mg/L) caused a concentration-dependent relaxation on endothelium-intact rings precontracted with phenylephrine (PE, 10(-6)M) or a high level of K+ (6x10(-2)M). By removal of endothelium, the effect was not abolished but reduced significantly. N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (10(-4) M), methylene blue (10(-5) M) significantly inhibited the effect of FCE. Meanwhile, NO synthase of aorta in FCE group was markedly elevated versus the control. However, indomethacin did not influence FCE effect. SKF-525A combined with l-NAME had the same effect as l-NAME. Tetraethylammonium, BaCl2, 4-aminopyridine, 5-HD and propranolol also did not influence the vascular effect of FCE, but glibenclamide significantly attenuated its vasodilation. FCE did not reduce PE-induced transient contraction in Ca(2+)-free medium, but inhibited PE-induced contraction in K(+)-free solution or Ca2+ caused contraction after PE induced a stable contraction in Ca(2+)-free solution. It is concluded that FCE induced both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation. NO and cGMP-mediated pathway are likely involved in the endothelium-dependent relaxation, whereas inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel, receptor-operate Ca2+ channel and activation of K(ATP) contribute in part to the endothelium-independent relaxation

   Comparing identification of 3 kinds of flos chrysanthemi on surface morphology:

 Objective: To identify 3 kinds of commodities of famous traditional Chinese medicine flos chrysanthemi (FD) from different habitats. Method: The surface morphology of each part of Hangbaiju produced in Zhejiang province was studied and compared with other 2 kinds of FD. RESULT: The intricate morphology characters of each part of Hanbaiju were found. There are differences in very few characters though Hangbaiju, Gongju and Ganju are very similar in the surface morphology. Conclusion: The result would be useful to identify flos chrysanthemi.

   Anti-oxidation effect of water extract of Flos chrysanthemi on heart and brain in vivo and in vitro:

 This paper reported the effect of water extract of Flos Chrysanthemi on lipid per-oxidation (LPO) of heart and cerebral homogenate from rats incubated in 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C, of heart and cerebral homogenate from mice induced by .OH, of heart and cerebral mitochondria member induced by .OH, which was compared with Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The results showed that the inhibition effect of water extract of Flos Chrysanthemi on above-mentioned LPO was equal to Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. It was concluded that water extract of Flos Chrysanthemi could restrain the produce of free radicals and LPO induced by free radicals.

   Aldose reductase inhibitors and three new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols A, B, and C, from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.:

 The methanolic extract from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, was found to show inhibitory activity against rat lens aldose reductase. By bioassay-guided separation, the active components, such as flavone and flavone glycosides, were isolated from the extract together with three new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols A, B, and C. The structures of kikkanols A, B, and C were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included application of the modified Mosher's method.

   Inhibitors of nitric oxide production and absolute stereostructures of five new germacrane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols D, D monoacetate, E, F, and F monoacetate from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.:

 The methanolic extract and ethyl acetate-soluble portion from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, were found to show inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Five new germacrane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols D, D monoacetate, E, F, and F monoacetate, were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble portion. Their absolute stereostructures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included application of the modified Mosher's method. The effects of fifteen principal components from the ethyl acetate-soluble portion of this medicinal flower against NO production were examined and, among them, acetylenic compounds and flavonoids were found to show potent inhibitory activity.
 
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   Molecular evidence for multiple polyploidization and lineage recombination in the Chrysanthemum indicum polyploid complex (Asteraceae).:New Phytol. 2006;171(4):875-86.Yang W, Glover BJ, Rao GY, Yang J. College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

 The Chrysanthemum indicum polyploid complex comprises morphologically differentiated diploids, tetraploids and hybrids between C. indicum and C. lavandulifolium. The relationships between species and cytotypes within this complex remain poorly understood. Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), intersimple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and chloroplast SSR markers were used to elucidate the genetic diversity and relationships of the C. indicum polyploid complex. Molecular analysis of three diploid and nine tetraploid populations provided strong evidence for recurrent origins and lineage recombination in the C. indicum polyploid complex. The high similarity in molecular marker profiles and cpDNA haplotypes between the diploids and tetraploids distributed in the Shen-Nong-Jia Mountain area of China suggested an autopolyploid origin of the tetraploids, while the tetraploids from other populations may have originated via allopolyploidization. Lineage recombination was revealed by the extensive sharing of chloroplast haplotypes and genetic markers among the tetraploid populations with different origins. Multiple differentiation and hybridization/polyploidization cycles have led to an evolutionary reticulation in the C. indicum polyploid complex, and resulted in the difficulties in systematic classification.

   Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts from the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct 3;101(1-3):334-7.Cheng W, Li J, You T, Hu C.Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

 Chrysanthemum indicum Linne (CI) has a long history for the treatment of inflammation, hypertension and respiratory diseases in China. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of the inflorescence or bud of CI extracts. The ethanol extract of CI (CIEE) was fractionated to a petroleum ether soluble fraction (CIPF), an ethyl acetate soluble fraction (CIEF), a butanol soluble fraction (CIBF) and a water soluble fraction (CIWF) successively. CIBF (150 mg/kg, p.o.) caused a significant inhibition on the auricle edema in mice. CIBF (150, 300 mg/kg, p.o.) not only significantly increased the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction induced by 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB) but also significantly enhanced antibody generation by splenic cells of mice and IgG and IgM levels in mice sera in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced mice. Furthermore, CIBF (150, 300 mg/kg, p.o.) obviously potentiated the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system in CP-induced mice. The above results reveal that CIBF possesses anti-inflammatory, humoral and cellular immunomodulatory and mononuclear phagocytic activities, probably due to the presence of flavonoids.

   Study on spectral properties of Chinese herbal medicines additives in cosmetic.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2004 Dec;24(12):1649-51.Huang C, Ouyang YD, Fang YW, Yu YP, Lin SH. Department of Physics, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.

 Chinese herbal medicines as additives in cosmetic can both keep the properties of cosmetic and have maintaining, health protection and remedial effect. Some of the Chinese herbal medicines can absorb ultraviolet and cure sunburn. This article mainly studies the spectral properties of several kinds of Chinese herbal medicine additives in cosmetic by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer, and analyses the ultraviolet absorption of the Chinese herbal medicine additives. It was shown that gynostemma pentaphyllum can absorb ultraviolet very well. It can be a promising natural additive in the health protection cosmetic. Codonopsis pilosula, floss chrysanthemum indicum, radix scutellariae and radix glycyrrhizae can absorb ultraviolet. They can also be the additives, while ligusticum wallichii can't absorb ultraviolet, so it can not be used as the sunburn protection additive.

   Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Chrysanthemum indicum.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan 4;96(1-2):151-8.Shunying Z, Yang Y, Huaidong Y, Yue Y, Guolin Z. College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China. zhu_shunying@163.com

 Three essential oils from three samples: fresh, air-dried and processed flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum, obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by GC-MS. The results show that major constituents of the three oils were 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol and bornyl acetate, but the percentage of these compounds varied greatly because of the processing of flowers. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils from air-dried and processed flowers was evaluated against 15 microorganisms including three yeasts and seven clinical isolated strains using disc paper and broth microdilution methods. Our results show that both essential oils possessed significant antimicrobial effect, however, some difference in antimicrobial activity between two oils was observed for several microorganisms, which was attributed to the variation in percentage of the components. With higher percentage of camphor, the oil of the processed flowers exhibited, in many cases, greater bacteriostatic activity than that of the air-dried ones.

   Studies on the antilipid peroxidation of nine sorts of Chinese herbal medicines with the function of protecting liver.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1997 Dec;20(12):624-6.Jiang H, Huang X, Yang Y, Zhang Q. Zhejiang Medical University, Hanzhou 310031.

 The antilipid peroxidation of nine sorts of Chinese herbal medicines with the function of protecting liver, including Salivia miltiorrhiza, Hypericum japonicum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Callicarpa cathayana, Chrysanthemum indicum, Paeonia latiflora, Lysimachia christinae, Ligustrum lucidum (L1), Patrinia villosa (Pv) on hepatic homogenate of rat were tested. It was found that all tested medicines showed inhibition with dose-effect relationship, the inhibitory rate of L1 and Pv were lower than the other's. All results showed that these Chinese herbal medicines have strong antilipid peroxidation and are natural oxidation inhibitor. It was suggested that their function of protecting liver and others have relationship with the antioxidation.
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   Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils.:Arch Pharm Res. 2002 Dec;25(6):860-4.Aridogan BC, Baydar H, Kaya S, Demirci M, Ozbasar D, Mumcu E. Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. aridogan@sdu.edu.tr

 In this study the composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained from Origanum onites, Mentha piperita, Juniperus exalsa, Chrysanthemum indicum, Lavandula hybrida, Rosa damascena, Echinophora tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare were examined. To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activities of these eight aromatic extracts; their in vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by disk diffusion testing, according to the NCCLS criteria. Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853 were used as standard test bacterial strains. Origanum onites recorded antimicrobial activity against all test bacteria, and was strongest against Staphylococcus aureus. For Rosa damascena, Mentha piperita and Lavandula hybrida antimicrobial activity was recorded only to Staphylococcus aureus. Juniperus exalsa, and Chrysanthemum indicum exhibited antibacterial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. We also examined the in vitro antimicrobial activities of some components of the essential oils and found some components with antimicrobial activity.

   Medicinal flowers. VI. Absolute stereostructures of two new flavanone glycosides and a phenylbutanoid glycoside from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.: their inhibitory activities for rat lens aldose reductase.:

 Two new flavanone glycosides, (2S)- and (2R)-eriodictyol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acids, and a new phenylbutanoid glycoside, (2S, 3S)-1-phenyl-2,3-butanediol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. cultivated in China together with eight flavonoids. The absolute stereostructures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Both of the new flavanone glycosides were found to show inhibitory activity for rat lens aldose reductase.

   Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by some Chinese medicinal plants used to treat gout..:J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov;73(1-2):199-207.Kong LD, Cai Y, Huang WW, Cheng CH, Tan RX. Institute of Functional Biomolecule, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.

 The enzyme xanthine oxidase catalyses the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid, which plays a crucial role in gout. A total of 122 traditional Chinese medicinal plants, selected according to the clinical efficacy and prescription frequency for the treatment of gout and other hyperuricemia-related disorders, have been evaluated for the enzyme inhibitory activity. Among the 122 methanol extracts derived from these species, 69 were shown to be inhibitory at 100 microg/ml, with 29 having greater than 50% inhibition. As to the equal amount of water extracts, 40 were disclosed to be active at 100 microg/ml, with 13 possessing more than 50% inhibition. At 50 microg/ml, 58 methanol and 24 water extracts exhibited inhibitory activity, with 15 of the former and two of the latter showing greater than 50% inhibition. The most active was the methanol extract of the twig of Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae) (IC(50), 18 microg/ml), which was followed immediately by those of the flower of Chrysanthemum indicum (Asteraceae) (IC(50), 22 microg/ml) and the leaves of Lycopus europaeus (Lamiatae) (IC(50), 26 microg/ml). Among the water extracts, the strongest inhibition of the enzyme was observed with that of the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae) (IC(50), 38 microg/ml). The IC(50) value of allopurinol used as a positive control was 1.06 microg/ml. The study demonstrated that the effects for these medicinal plants used for the gout treatment were based, at least in part, on the xanthine oxidase inhibitory action.

   Medicinal flowers. II. Inhibitors of nitric oxide production and absolute stereostructures of five new germacrane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols D, D monoacetate, E, F, and F monoacetate from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.:

 The methanolic extract and ethyl acetate-soluble portion from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, were found to show inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Five new germacrane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols D, D monoacetate, E, F, and F monoacetate, were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble portion. Their absolute stereostructures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included application of the modified Mosher's method. The effects of fifteen principal components from the ethyl acetate-soluble portion of this medicinal flower against NO production were examined and, among them, acetylenic compounds and flavonoids were found to show potent inhibitory activity.

   Medicinal flowers. I. Aldose reductase inhibitors and three new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols A, B, and C, from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.:

 The methanolic extract from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, was found to show inhibitory activity against rat lens aldose reductase. By bioassay-guided separation, the active components, such as flavone and flavone glycosides, were isolated from the extract together with three new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, kikkanols A, B, and C. The structures of kikkanols A, B, and C were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included application of the modified Mosher's method.
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   Application of 2D NMR techniques in the structure determination of chrysanthetriol.:Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1992;27(3):191-6.Yu DQ, Xie FZ, He WY, Liang XT. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.

 Chrysanthemum indicum L. is a Chinese traditional drug used for antifebrile, detoxication and hypotensive purposes. In continuation of our efforts to search for the active principles of this species, a new sesquiterpene compound, named chrysanthetriol was isolated from the more polar fraction of the title plant. Chrysanthetriol is a colorless oil, [alpha]D20-31.8 degrees (c 0.3, MeOH). HRMS showed the molecular formula to be C15H26O3. The structure and stereochemistry of chrysanthtriol was elucidated as I by the use of 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY, 1H-13C COLOC 2D NMR spectroscopy.

   Effects of Chrysanthemum indicum Linn. on coronary, vertebral, renal and aortic blood flows of the anesthetized dog.:Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1987 Feb;285(2):288-300.

 The hemodynamic effects of the water extract of flower of Chrysanthemum indicum Linn. (CIL) and adenosine were examined in anesthetized open-chest dogs by measuring simultaneously and continuously coronary (CBF), vertebral (VBF), renal (RBF) and aortic blood flows (AoF). Intravenous administration of CIL (5-20 mg/kg) as well as adenosine (10-50 micrograms/kg) produced decreases in aortic blood pressure (AoP) and RBF, and increases in AoF, VBF, CBF and left ventricular dP/dt (LVdP/dt). Calculated coronary, vertebral and total peripheral resistances were decreased by CIL or adenosine in a dose-dependent manner. The ratio (1.69 +/- 0.27) of decrease in coronary vascular resistance to that in total peripheral resistance by CIL (10 mg/kg) was apparently smaller than that (4.03 +/- 0.48) by adenosine (10 micrograms/kg). After beta-adrenergic blockade, increases in AoF and LVdP/dt were inhibited, but decreases in AoP and coronary, vertebral and total peripheral resistances and increase in renal vascular resistance were not changed. These results indicate that CIL directly and uniformly produces coronary and systemic vasodilation with renal vasoconstriction, and that adenosine directly produces vasoconstriction in renal vasculature and vasodilation which is more potent in coronary vasculature than in systemic ones.
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Reference:

• 1.Dendranthema Flower and applications.Dendranthema Flower Extract.

Article Information:

♥The article and literature was edited by herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional.It runs a range of online descriptions about the titled herb and related phytochemicals,including comprehensive information related,summarized updating discoveries from findings of herbalists and clinical scientists from this field.The electronic data information published at our official website www.mdidea.com and www.mdidea.net,we tried best to update it to latest and exact as possible.
♣ last edit date:Dec 25th 2012 at 14:30