Phytochemical info of Atractylodes lancea Rhizome(Cang Zhu) and Rhizoma Atractylodes Macrocephalae (Bai Zhu)..
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Definition:Atractylodes lancea Rhizome are majorly composed of
Chemical information disclosed as following table:
Research Update:Atractylodes lancea Rhizome(Cang Zhu) and Rhizoma Atractylodes Macrocephalae (Bai Zhu).
The history and differentiation of raw Atractylodes commodity in successive ages.:Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi. 2007 Jan;37(1):15-8. Chinese.Peng HS, Wang DQ.School of Pharmacy, Anhui College of TCM, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
The term "Zhu" in Sheng nong ben cao jing probably includes many medicinal plants of Atractylodes. The differentiation between Rhizoma Atractylodes and Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephalae was found in the clinical practice of the Han Dynasty. The original drug of both and the genuine sites of production were formed in the Song Dynasty when the latter was readily differentiated into various commodities, while most modern commodities were combined as Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephalae. On the contrary, there was only a single commodity of Rhizoma Atractylodes in ancient times. It was not until the modern times that this drug was differentiated into multiple commodities. The differentiation of commodities of Atractylodes reflected the unity and dialectical law, which is embodied in its clinical application.
Effects of intercropping peanut with medicinal plants on soil microbial community.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2007 Mar;18(3):693-6. Chinese.Xie H, Wang XX, Dai CC, Chen JX, Zhang TL.Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biology Technology of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China. xhaa174@sohu.com
With pot experiment, this paper studied the quantitative variations of bacteria, actinomyces, mould and yeast in soils of peanut intercropped with medicinal plants, aimed to test if such an intercropping pattern could remove the obstacles of peanut's continuous cropping. The results showed that Atractylodes lancea and Euphorbia pekinensis had the strongest inhibitory effect on mould. Compared with CK (mono-cropping peanut), the CFU of mould in the treatments intercropped with A. lancea and E. pekinensis was decreased by 53.87% and 29.59%, respectively during flowering-pegging stage of peanut, but increased after harvesting, which was in favor of substance circulation and nutrient returning. The CFU of bacteria in treatments intercropped with A. lancea, E. pekinensis and Pinellia ternate was all increased, and that of yeast in all five intercropping treatments was increased during the flowering-pegging stage of peanut. No familiar pathogens were found in the treatments intercropped with A. lancea, E. pekinensis and Diosoren zingiberebsis. Peanut intercropped with medicinal plants could regulate soil microbial community effectively.
Study on the volatile oil by SFE-CO, from crude and processed rhizoma atractylodis by GC-MS.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2007 Jan;30(1):16-20. Chinese.Xu LY, Tian LQ, Li K, Chen SW, Mao Y.Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the chemical constituents of the volatile oil by SFE-CO2 from Rhizoma Atractylodis and its roasted products. METHODS: The chemical constituents of the volatile oil extracted by SFE-CO2 were separated and identified by GC-MS. RESULTS: 33 kinds of constituents were identified from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. and its roasted products. The relative contents of 12 kinds of constituents from the processing products were descended and 7 kinds were ascended; 30 kinds of constituents were identified from Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. and its roasted products. The relative contents of 10 kinds of constituents from the roasted products were descended and 11 kinds were ascended. CONCLUSION: In the processed products, the relative contents of some low boiling point constituents are descended but some high are ascended.
Application of HATR-FTIR spectroscopy to the analysis of quality mensuration of rhizoma Atractylodes.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2007 Feb;27(2):283-6. Chinese.Hong QH, Cheng CG, Cheng ZF, Li DT.College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Jinhua College of Profession and Technology, Jinhua 321017, China.
The present paper used many kinds of mensuration of FTIR spectroscopy to determine traditional Chinese drugs--rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae. Comparing the horizontal attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectra (HATR-FTIR) of xylem and outer layer parts of cuticle indicates that there are more butenolide and its derivatives in outer layer parts of cuticle. Much more chemical materials could be found in fresh sample than in drying sample, possibly due to the decreased amount of naphtha in the drying sample. The HATR-FTIR of xylem of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae and its confusable varieties were transformed into second derivative FTIR to make sure whether the peak location is consistent. As a result, the difference is significant.
Toxicity of Atractylon and Atractylenolide III Identified in Atractylodes ovata Rhizome to Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.:J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;Kim HK, Yun YK, Ahn YJ.School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
The acaricidal activity of materials derived from rhizome of Atractylodes ovata (Atractylodes macrocephala) toward adult Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was examined using fabric-circle residual contact and vapor-phase toxicity bioassays. Results were compared with those of the currently used acaricides: benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate, and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet). The active principles of A. ovata rhizome were identified as the sesquiterpenoids, atractylenolide III (1) and atractylon (2), by spectroscopic analysis. In fabric-circle residual contact bioassays with adult D. farinae, atractylenolide III (LD50, 103.3 mg/m2) and atractylon (136.2 mg/m2) were five and four times more toxic than Deet and 1.7- and 1.3-fold more active than dibutyl phthalate, respectively, based on 24 h LD50 values. These compounds were less toxic than benzyl benzoate (LD50, 45.8 mg/m2). Against adult D. pteronyssinus, atractylenolide III (LD50, 73.8 mg/m2) and atractylon (72.1 mg/m2) were eight times more active than Deet and 2.5-fold more toxic than dibutyl phthalate. These compounds were slightly less effective than benzyl benzoate (LD50, 46.0 mg/m2). In vapor-phase toxicity tests with both mite species, atractylenolide III and atractylon were effective in closed but not in open containers. These results indicate that the effect of these sesquiterpenoids was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Naturally occurring atractylenolide III and atractylon merit further study as potential house dust mite control agents or leads because of their great activity as a fumigant. Keywords: Botanical acaricide; natural fumigant; Dermatophagoides farinae; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; Atractylodes ovata; atractylenolide III; atractylon.
Simultaneous determination of polyacetylene components in Cangzhu by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.:Se Pu. 2007 Jan;25(1):84-7. Chinese.Chen Y, Chou G, Wang Z.Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Chinese Material Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China.
In traditional Chinese medicines, atractylodes rhizome ("Cangzhu" in Chinese) is used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, mild diarrhea, night-blindness. According to the Pharmacopoeia of China (2005 Edition), Rhizoma Atractylodis is the dried root of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. or Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. Polyacetylenes is one group of the most important active components in Cangzhu. A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two main polyacetylene components including atractylodin and atractylodinol in Cangzhu. The chromatographic analysis was carried out using a Polaris-C18 column and the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water with the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 340 nm, and column temperature was set at 25 degrees C. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 0.069 and 0.016 microg for atractylodin and atractylodinol, respectively. The recoveries of the two polyacetylene components were found in the range of 97.4% - 104.6%. Thirteen samples collected were determined which includes three species of atractylodes rhizome, A. lancea, A. chinensis, and A. japonica. This rapid and accurate method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the two polyacetylene components in Cangzhu.
Inhibition of melanogenesis by selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one isolated from Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Apr;30(4):719-23.Chang YH, Kim C, Jung M, Lim YH, Lee S, Kang S.Personal Care Research Center, LG Household & Healthcare Ltd, Korea.
To develop effective skin-lightening agents, we tested medicinal herbal extracts for their melanogenic-inhibitory activities. We isolated a sesquiterpenoid compound from the extract of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba using the bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified it as selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one (compound 1) with spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 dramatically reduced melanin synthesis of melan-a cells without any apparent cytotoxicity. Compound 1 did not inhibit cell-free tyrosinase activity but decreased tyrosinase activity in melanocytes. These effects were attributed to reduced expression of melanogenic enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2). These results suggest that compound 1 may be an effective skin-lightening agent that regulates expression of melanogenic enzymes.
Identification of rhizoma atractylodes based on FTIR spectra and radial basis function network.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2006 Dec;26(12):2210-3. Chinese. Jin WY, Cheng CG, Wu XH.College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
In order to recognize the atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (rhizoma atractylodes) and its confusable varieties, three kinds of models of radial basis function network(RBF), nonlinear-linear, linear-linear, and nonlinear-nonlinear model, were used combined with their Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Rhizoma atractylodes models were collected by Fourier transform infrared spectra, 36 samples were gathered as a training target, and 27 samples as a test set, then their supervision training was performed using three models each. When the summation of error square of the training target was selected as 0. 01, the correct rate for recognition of Fourier transform infrared spectra using each RBF was 100% for the training set, but was different for the test set, which depended on the number of mode in hidden layer, S1. It was found that with the increase of S1, the correct rate would decrease oppositely. This may be caused by the high degree of the nonlinearity of the networks, so that the models of networks were not fit for the training of this kind of sample set. When using linear-linear model of RBF, the correct rate varied with S1 to some extent, but was generally about 85%. Recognizing ability obtained using nonlinear-linear model of RBF was the best. Its correct rate of recognition was >97%. When S1 =3, and so this method can be used to recognize atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (rhizoma atractylodes) and its confusable varieties simply, rapidlly and accurately.
Atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha and NO production in macrophages.:Phytother Res. 2007 Apr;21(4):347-53.Li CQ, He LC, Jin JQ.School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
In order to clarify the mechanism involved in the antiinflammatory activity of atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III from the rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, their effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) production in peritoneal macrophages were examined. Atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III decreased the TNF-alpha level in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, their IC(50) values were 23.1 microm and 56.3 microm, respectively. RT-PCR analysis indicated that they inhibited TNF-alpha mRNA expression. Furthermore, they inhibited NO production in LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages, the IC(50) value of atractylenolide I was 41.0 microm, and the inhibition ratio of 100 microm of atractylenolide III was 45.1% +/- 6.2%. The activity analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) indicated that they could inhibit the activity of iNOS, their IC(50) values were 67.3 microm and 76.1 microm, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III attenuated LPS-induced synthesis of iNOS protein in the macrophages, in parallel. These results imply that the antiinflammatory mechanism of atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III may be explained at least in part, by the inhibition of TNF-alpha and NO production. Atractylenolide I showed more potent inhibition than atractylenolide III in the production of TNF-alpha and NO in LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages. So, atractylenolide I could be a candidate for the development of new drugs to treat inflammatory diseases accompanied by the overproduction of TNF-alpha and NO.
Analysis of the sesquiterpenoids in processed Atractylodis Rhizoma.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2007 Jan;55(1):50-6.Wang KT, Chen LG, Yang LL, Ke WM, Chang HC, Wang CC.
School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
In Asia, processed Atractylodis Rhizoma, the dried rhizome of Atractylodes ovata De Candolle (Compositae), is widely used as a tonic agent in herbal diets; stir-frying with soil is the most common processing method. In this study, we focused on determining variations in the function and concentrations of sesquiterpenoids in processed Atractylodis Rhizoma. Raw Atractylodis Rhizoma was processed by stir-frying it with different assistant substrates (i.e., red soil and burnt clay). The results indicated that there was less atractylon in stir-fried materials than in raw materials. However, there were higher levels of atractylenolides II and III in stir-fried materials than in raw materials. We also found that the heavy-metal content in burnt clay exceeded regulations set by the Taiwanese government. Moreover, commercial Atractylodis Rhizoma in Taiwan exhibited great differences in concentrations of the active components. In addition, atractylon showed stronger cytotoxicity than atractylenolides II and III in various cell lines. Therefore, we suggest that the toxic effects of atractylon are reduced following atractylon degradation to atractylenolides II and III. In conclusion, the toxicity of Atractylodis Rhizoma is reduced through processing.
Process mechanism of Atractylodes macrocephala and conversion of sesquiterpenes.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Oct;31(19):1600-3. Chinese.Li W, Wen HM, Cui XB, Zhang KW.Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
OBJECTIVE: To research the process mechanism of Atractylodes macrocephala and conversion of sesquiterpenes from it. METHOD: The contents of atractylenolide I, II and III in the different processed herbal medicines were determined by HPLC. The conversion of the sesquiterpenes was proved by the separation of oxides of atractylone. RESULT: The contents of atractylenolide I and III increased after frying, and at high temperature the content of atract ylenolide III decreased. After oxidation, atractylone converted to atractylenolide I, III and biatractylenolide, and atractylenolide III converted to atractylenolide II after dehydration when heated. CONCLUSION: Atractylone can convert to atractylenolides during process of A. macrocephala, and the contents of each component are related to the level of process.
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on growth and essential oil of Atractylodes lancea.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Sep;31(18):1491-6. Chinese.Guo LP, Wang HG, Huang LQ, Jiang YX, Zhu YG, Kong WD, Chen BD, Chen ML, Lin SF, Fang ZG.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on cultivated Atractylodes lancea. METHOD: Pot experiment of A. lancea, with (code as AM) or without (code as CK) Glomus mosseae (GM) was conducted 5 times respectively, then the biomass, essential oil, and soil nutrition, soil organism, soil microbial were detected after A. lancea were harvested. RESULT: (1) Mycorrhizal dependency of A. lancea was 245%, and height of individuals, numbers of leaves, leaf area, biomass of A. lancea were all higher in AM than in CK (P < 0.05). (2) GC-MS analysis with cluster analysis and principal components analysis showed that there were no differences in essential oil of A. lancea between AM and CK. (T3) Total N, available N, available P and available K in AM soil were all lower than in CK soil. (4) GC-MS analysis showed organic matters changed differenly in AM soil and CK soil, components 5,6 in AM soil were higher than that in CK soil, but component 9, 10, 11 were lower in AM soil than that in CK soil. (5) Biolog detect showed AWCD of AM soil microbe were higher than that of CK soil throughout the incubation, and AWCD of the former was 0.66, and the later was 0.46 after 192 h incubation. and t-test showed, Shannon seven indices and McIntosh'seven indices were same both at 72 h and 192 h, and diversity indices of Shannon and McIntosh were also same at 72 h, but AM soil microbe were higher than CK soil microbe at 168 h (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: AM could promote nutrition uptake, improve the function diversity and activity of microbe in rhizosphere of A. lancea, influence the composition of the organic matter, that lead the growth of A. lancea, but not to the quality.
Stimulating effects on mouse splenocytes of glycoproteins from the herbal medicine Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.:Phytomedicine. 2007 Jun 27;14(6):390-395. Epub 2006 Nov 3. Lee JC, Lee KY, Son YO, Choi KC, Kim J, Kim SH, Chung GH, Jang YS.Laboratory of Cell Biology in Department of Orthodontics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Korea; Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Korea; Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Korea.
A traditional herbal medicine, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AMK), has long been used as a digestive and tonic. Recent investigations have suggested its potential ability in stimulating immune responses, although a scientific basis for this activity has not yet been elucidated. Based on previous results showing that the activity might be due to proteins, we purified protein samples from an original sample preparation of AMK and examined the stimulating ability of the protein samples on mouse splenocytes. The sample treatment markedly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine secretion in mouse splenocytes. In particular, the samples showed the ability to induce the preferential stimulation of Th1 type, rather than Th2 type T lymphocytes. Stimulating activity of the samples was associated closely with glycoprotein(s) with molecular weights of around 30kDa, especially with carbohydrate moiety rather than with protein residues of the glycoprotein(s). Our findings suggest that the glycoprotein(s) might play critical roles in modulating immune-response induction, and could potentially be used as medicinal and pharmacological agents.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of atractylenolide III in rats.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Aug;29(8):807-9. Chinese.Li CQ, He LC, Deng T.School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
OBJECTVIE: To establish an HPLC method for the analysis of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of atractylenolide III in rats. METHODS: The biological samples were extracted with ether. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Hypersil ODS column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) was used. The mobile phase was methnol/warter (67 : 33) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min under the column temperature of 25 degrees C, and the detection wavelength was set at 220 nm. RESULTS: The recovery of the method was 85.12% (RSD = 5.57%). The linear range was 0.2 microg/ml - 18.5 microg/ml (r = 0.9996) in rat plasma. The Lowest Limit of detection was 0.10 microg/ ml (S/N > 3). The within-day and between-day precision were from 0.98% to 6.19% and 12.95% to 15.48%, respectively. After oral administration of atractylenolide III (100 mg/kg), the concentration-time profiles of atractylenonlide III fit a two compartment model. In main effect tissues, the atractylenolide III concentration was followed as in order C(lung) > C(cerebellum) > C(heart) > C(cerebrum), and that was C(spleen) > C(liver) > C(kidney) in eliminated tissues. CONCLUSION: The method is accurate, stable and reliable, and can be used for the investigation of atractylenolide III in plasma and tissues of rats.
Analysis of amino acid contents between wild plant QiBaiZhu and YunnanBaiZhu.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Jul;29(7):679-80. Chinese.Hu XQ, Hu CY, Zhang HC.Biology Department of Huangshan University, China.
Amino acid contents between in the root of wild plant QiBaiZhu (Atractylodes macracephala Koidz) and YunnanBaiZhu were analyzed. The results showed that the content of essential amino acid in QiBaiZhu was 3.5 times as much as that of YunnanBaiZhu, especially the content of Arg was very rich (1.61%) and was 53.6 times as much as that of YunnanBaiZhu. Wild plant QiBaiZhu has very good development and utilization value in nutrition and medicinal.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following microwave distillation and headspace solid-phase microextraction for fast analysis of essential oil in dry traditional Chinese medicine.:J Chromatogr A. 2006 Nov 10;1133(1-2):29-34. Epub 2006 Sep 6.Li N, Deng C, Li Y, Ye H, Zhang X.Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
In this paper, a novel method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following microwave distillation-headspace solid-phase microextraction (MD-HS-SPME) was developed for the determination of essential oil in dry traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM is dried before being preserved and used, there is too little water to absorb microwave energy and heat the TCM samples. In the work, carbonyl iron powders (CIP) was added and mixed with the dried TCM sample, which was used as microwave absorption solid medium for dry distillation of the TCM. At the same time, SPME was used for the extraction and concentration of essential oil after MD. The dry rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC was used as the model TCM, and used in the study. The MD-HS-SPME parameters including fiber coating, microwave power, irradiation time, and the amount of added CIP, were studied. To demonstrate the method feasibility, the conventional HS-SPME method was also used for the analysis of essential oil in the TCM. Experimental results show that more compounds were isolated and identified by MD-HS-SPME than those by HS-SPME. Compared to conventional HS-SPME, the advantages of the proposed method are: short extraction time and high extraction efficiency. All experimental results show that the proposed method is an alternative tool for fast analysis of essential oils in dry TCMs.
Preparative isolation and purification of atractylon and atractylenolide III from the Chinese medicinal plant atractylodes macrocephala by high-speed counter-current chromatography.:J Sep Sci. 2006 Jul;29(11):1630-6.Zhao C, He C.Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
The medicinal plant Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu in Chinese) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for energy and stomach complaints, treatment of dyspepsia and anorexia, anti-inflammation, anticancer and for increasing assimilation. A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for the preparative separation and purification of two main bioactive components, namely, atractylon and atractylenolide III from A. macrocephala by using light petroleum (60-90 degrees C)-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (4:1:4:1 v/v) as the two-phase solvent system in dual-mode elution. Compared with the separation using the normal-mode elution, the dual-mode HSCCC can be achieved with shorter elution time. Atractylenolide III (32.1 mg) at 99.0% purity and 319.6 mg atractylon at 97.8% purity could be obtained from 1000 mg crude sample in a single run. The recoveries of atractylenolide III and atractylon were 95.4 and 92.6%, respectively.
Study on tissue culture and rapid propagation of Atractylodes macrocephala.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Mar;29(3):212-3. Chinese.Zhu YQ, Xia GH, Fang HG, Fu SH, He FJ.Faculty of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
A study was conducted by tissue culture on the explant of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.. The result showed that NAA was a leading factor for induction of callus from leaf blades and the petiole as well as bud differentiation. MS + BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.3 mg/L + GA3 0.2 mg/L was an optimal medium for induction of callus from leaf blades and the petiole and for the bud differentation also. MS + BA 3.0 mg/L + IBA 0.5 mg/L was suitable for the proliferation of axillary buds, with an induction rate of 95%. 1/2MS + IBA 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L was optimum for rooting, with a rooting percentage more than 90%. The survival rate of transplanted plantlets was more than 90%.
Study on the extraction of the active component in Atractylode macrocephala with ultrasonic wave technology optimized by the response surface method.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Apr;31(7):549-52. Chinese. Lu SY, Qian JQ, Zou XM.Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
OBJECTIVE: To create Atractylode macrocephala inspissation decoction pieces. The effect of ultrasonic wave on extraction of the active components in A. macrocephala was studied in a water solution. METHOD: The factors including the ratio of material to liquid, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, soaking time, particle size etc, were studied. The best extraction method was found through the response surface method. RESULT: The best extraction method was found as follows: the granularity of material 0.1 mm, the repetition times of ultrasonic process 3 times, the soaking time before the ultrasonic process 30 min, the ratio of liquid to material 10:1, the soaking time after the ultrasonic process 2.6 h, the time of the ultrasonic wave 15.5 min, the power of the ultrasonic wave 531 W, the rate of reservation of active components 88.5%, the rate of inspissation 1.6. CONCLUSION: The ultrasonic wave can used in the extraction of the active components in A. macrocephala and a model equation that can be used to predict the experiment was get through the response surface method.
Establishment of the model of white blood cell membrane chromatography and screening of antagonizing TLR4 receptor component from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.:Sci China C Life Sci. 2006 Apr;49(2):182-9.Li C, He L.School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
A model of white blood cell membrane chromatography (WB-CMC) was established to screen active component from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. The component can antagonize Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inhibit inflammatory reaction. In the model of WB-CMC, cell membrane stationary phase (CMSP) was prepared by immobilizing the rabbit white blood cell membrane (WBCM) onto the surface of silica carrier and taxinol was used as a model molecule. The active component which can act on WBCM and its receptor (such as TLR4) as an effective target in A. macrocephala was determined by using a replacement experiment. The anti-inflammatory effects of the active component were tested by using pharmacological methods in vivo. The results indicated that the retention characteristics of atractylenolide I as active component was similar to that of taxinol in the model of WB-CMC. And so, atractylenolide I acted on the WBCM and TLR4 and its anti-inflammatory activity was related with antagonizing TLR4. Therefore, the interaction between the active component and WBCM and its receptor can be simulated by the model of WB-CMC in vitro. This model can be used to screen active components and to study effective characteristics for acting on definite targets.
Medical benefits of using natural compounds and their derivatives having multiple pharmacological actions.:
The multiple pharmacological actions of a unique compound are a prerequisite for classifying drugs as highly efficacious, because the multiple pharmacological actions offer the possibility of treating various symptoms of chronic diseases as described below. 1) Sustained hyperglycemia induces macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Antihyperglycemic medication and the control of postprandial hyperglycemia are essentially important for normalizing plasma glucose level. Gymnemic acid IV isolated from Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) leaves has antisweet, antihyperglycemic, glucose uptake inhibitory, and gut glycosidase inhibitory effects. Most of these pharmacological effects may synergistically contribute to alleviating type 2 diabetes-related symptoms. 2) Diabetic skeletal and vascular smooth muscles are hypersensitive to chemical transmitters, cytokines and autacoids. The sensitivity of neuromuscular synapses is enhanced in diabetes, which seems to be closely associated with neuropathy as one of the diabetic complications. beta-Eudesmol found in Atractylodes lancea rhizome has a desensitizing channel blocking action to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, anti-angiogenic action in vascular endothelium, and neuronal differentiation actions. These multiple pharmacological actions are favorable for treating angiogenic diseases possibly including the complications of diabetes, namely, retinopathy and nephropathy, and cancer. 3) Nipradilol is clinically utilized as a topical antiglaucoma drug. The ocular hypotensive effects of this compound are brought about by its alpha1 and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking actions, and nitric oxide (NO) releasing action. NO directly activates cyclooxygenases. All these pharmacologic effects are beneficial for treating glaucoma. The selectivity and specificity of drug action are required for treating acute diseases, infections or for acting as useful reagents. The pleiotropic actions of natural compounds and their derivatives serve as important clues for developing new drugs for various chronic diseases.
Identification of medicinal Atractylodes based on ITS sequences of nrDNA.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Feb;29(2):315-20.
Dried rhizomes of five species of Atractylodes (A. japonica, A. macrocephala, A. lancea, A. chinensis, and A. koreana), Compositae, have been used as crude drugs mainly for the treatment of stomach disorders and for their diuretic properties in Chinese traditional medicines. The identification of the botanical origins of these crude drugs is generally difficult from their morphological and chemical features only. In this study, for identification with more reliable, nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of five species of medicinal Atractylodes were sequenced. As a result, specific ITS genotypes were recognized by each species. The four species (A. japonica, A. macrocephala, A. lancea, and A. chinensis) prescribed in Chinese Pharmacopoeias as botanical origins of crude Atractylodes drugs could be distinguished by their ITS sequences because they had difference genotypes on the ITS sequences. However, the genotype of A. koreana was the same as that of A. chinensis. Additionally, hybrids between A. lancea and A. chinensis were also recognized as nucleotide additives on their ITS sequences. In this study, several morphological characteristics were researched by their genotype, too. As this result, the hybrids recognized from the genetic analysis had intermediate morphological characteristics between A. lancea and A. chinensis. It was also recognized that A. lancea and A. chinensis except for their hybrids were significant differences. It is therefore suggested that ITS sequences of nrDNA would be useful for the identification of the crude drugs derived from Atractylodes species and their interspecific hybridizations.
The status and changes of soil nutrients in rhizosphere of cultivated Atractylodes lancea.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Oct;30(19):1504-7. Chinese.Guo LP, Huang LQ, Shao AJ, Lv DM, Wu ZG.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To find the status and changes of the soil nutrients in rhizosphere of Atractylodes lancea. METHOD: Total nitrogen (total N), available K, available P, organic matter (ORG), available nitrogen and pH in rhizosphere soil of the wild growing A. lancea in 3 sites, MS, LT and MFS, and the cultivated ones with different ages in LT were detected. RESULT: The contents of total nitrogen (total N), available K, available P, organic matter (ORG), available nitrogen and pH value in rhizosphere soil were significant different between MS, LT and MFS (P < 0.01). The results of the 6 detected parameters in MS were the lowest, in MFS were the highest and in LT were in the middle. The total N, ORG and available N in the cultivated A. lancea were lower than that in the wild ones (P < 0.01) and available P and pH value in the cultivated A. lancea were higher than that in wild ones (P < 0.01) and there was no difference in available K between the wild and cultivated ones in LT (P > 0.05); 3 available P in rhizosphere soil of the two years old A. lancea were higher than of the one year old A. lancea (P < 0.01) and there were no difference of total N, ORG, available N, available K and pH value in rhizosphere soil of A. lancea between one year and two years plant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is indicated that the growth of A. lancea in Mt. Mao is faced nutrient stress.
A new acetylenic compound from the rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis and its absolute configuration.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2005 Dec;53(12):1580-1.
A new acetylenic compound "atractyloyne", (3S,4E,6E,12E)-1-isovaleryloxy-tetradeca-4,6,12-triene-8,10-diyne-3,14-diol (1) was isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis (Compositae) together with a known compound (4E,6E,12E)-3-isovaleryloxy-tetradeca-4,6,12-triene-8,10-diyne-1,14-diol (2). These structures were determined on the basis of the spectroscopic data and chemical evidence, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by the modified 2-methoxy-2-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA) method.
Effects of lactone I from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz on cytokines and proteolysis-inducing factors in cachectic cancer patients.:Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005 Oct;25(10):1308-11. Chinese. Liu Y, Ye F, Qiu GQ, Zhang M, Wang R, He QY, Cai Y.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. liuyi.jiaotong@163.com
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of lactone I from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (LAMK I) on the cytokines and proteolysis-inducing factors (PIF) in cachectic cancer patients. METHOD: Sixty-four cachectic cancer patients were randomized into two groups, namely LAMK I group and FOE (fish oil-enriched nutritional supplementation) treatment group. The appetite, body weight changes, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and KPS scores were recorded 3 and 7 weeks after the treatment. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the changes in the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and Western blotting employed to examine the changes of PIF after the treatment. RESULTS: The patients' appetite and MAMC in LAMKI group was better than those of patients in FOE group, and the serum IL-1 and TNF-alpha levels and urine PIF level were significantly lower than those of FOE group. Body weight and serum IL-6 level were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Lactone I from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz can be beneficial for treating cancer cachexia.
Use of crude drugs in "PiWeiLun" in comparison to those used in "NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun.:
PiWeiLun is a traditional Chinese medical formulary written in the 13th century that discusses endogenous disease. For curing endogenous diseases caused by functional deficiency of pi- and wei qi, PiWeiLun was recommended for QingShuYiQi-Tang, Ban-XiaBaiZhuTianMaTang and BuZhongYiQiTang, which are described in NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun.A characteristic of PiWeiLun is that it discusses combining the use of Phellodendri Cortex with sweet Qi-tonics as Ginseng and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome for improving false heat syndrome due to yin-deficiency. In PiWeiLun Cimicifugae Rhizome, Angelicae Radux and Atractylodes Rhizome are more frequently used than in NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun.The use of drugs presented in PiWeiLun may be useful to devise new crude drug formulations good for modern deficiency syndrome experienced by persons having post-operative complications.
Suppression of Th2-type immune response-mediated allergic diarrhea following oral administration of traditional Korean medicine: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.:Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2005;27(2):331-43.Kim SH, Jung HN, Lee KY, Kim J, Lee JC, Jang YS.Division of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea.
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) is well-known as a digestive and tonic material and is widely used in traditional Korean herbal medicines. Previously, we found that protein samples obtained from the medicines could induce a preferential stimulation of type 1, rather than type 2, helper T lymphocytes (Th) immune responses in vitro. Since immune response induction is controlled by the balanced activation between Th1- and Th2-type immune responses, we tested to see whether or not the AMK protein sample could inhibit the ovalbumin (OVA)-mediated allergic diarrhea, whose induction has been known to be mediated by the Th2-type immune responses. The sample treatment markedly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine secretion in vitro, showing a preferential stimulation of Th1-type immune responses. In particular, oral administration of the AMK sample suppressed the OVA-mediated allergic diarrhea in mice. The sample treatment also suppressed the OVA-mediated enhanced levels of total immunoglobulin (Ig) E, as well as OVA-specific IgE, which are closely associated with Th2 cell stimulation in mice. Furthermore, the oral treatment of the sample significantly increased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by lymphocytes, isolated from spleen and large intestine of the mice, that had been systematically challenged with OVA. Consequently, the oral administration of AMK protein sample suppressed the OVA-mediated allergic diarrhea by preferential stimulation of the Th1-type immune responses.
Syntheses of beta-(1-->6)-branched beta-(1-->3)-linked d-galactans that exist in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC.:Carbohydr Res. 2005 Sep 5;340(12):1949-62.Li A, Kong F.
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
Effective syntheses of galactose hepta-, octa-, nona-, and decasaccharides that exist in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC were achieved with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (1), 4-methoxyphenyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (2), 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (5), 4-methoxyphenyl 6-O-acetyl-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (22), and 4-methoxyphenyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (26) as the key synthons. Coupling of 2 with 1, followed by oxidative cleavage of 1-OMP and subsequent trichloroacetimidate formation gave the beta-(1-->6)-linked disaccharide donor 4. Condensation of 2 with 5 and subsequent selective deacetylation by methanolysis produced the beta-(1-->6)-linked disaccharide acceptor 7. Reaction of 7 with 4, oxidative cleavage of 1-OMP, and trichloroacetimidate formation produced the tetrasaccharide donor 9. The penta- (15), the hexa- (17), and the heptasaccharide donor 19 were synthesized similarly. Meanwhile, treatment of 1 with 22 yielded beta-(1-->3)-linked disaccharide 23 and alpha-(1-->3)-linked disaccharide 25. Oxidative cleavage of 1-OMp of 23 followed by trichloroacetimidate formation produced the disaccharide donor 24. Coupling of 26 with 24, again, gave beta-linked 27 and alpha-linked 29. Selective 6-O-deacetylation of 27 afforded the trisaccharide acceptor 28. TMSOTf-promoted condensation 28 of with the tetra- (9), penta- (15), hexa-(17), and heptasaccharide donor 19, followed by deprotection, gave the target compounds.
Habitat characteristics for the growth of Atractylodes lancea based on GIS.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;30(8):565-9. Chinese.Guo LP, Huang LQ, Yan H, Lv DM, Jiang YX.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the habitat characteristics for the growth of Atractylodes lancea. METHOD: The leading factors for the growth of A. lancea are determined after stepwise regression, and the limiting factor are determined by field study, literature search,and weather records. The mean values of leading factors and the limiting factors of A. lancea for 30 years were applied to do spatial interpolation using IDIRIEIW softwares. An overlay was prerformed using data obtained in Mt. Maoshan and the general habitat of A. Iancea. RESULT: It was found that precipitation is one of the dominant climate factors that affects the quality of A. lancea. High temperature was one of the limiting factor which influences the living of A. lancea. The best habitat was determined to be: annual mean temperature more than 15 degrees C, monthly mean minimum temperature between - 2- -1 degrees C, monthly mean maximum temperature about 32 degrees C, lowest tolerable temperature - 17- -15 degrees C, drought season 1 - 2 months, annual mean precipitation between 1000 - 1160 mm. CONCLUSION: Mt. Maoshan was characterized by having high temperature, short drought season and adequate precipitation. The growth of A. Lancea is a result of environmental stress.
Antiangiogenic activity of beta-eudesmol in vitro and in vivo.:Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 11;512(2-3):105-15.
Abnormal angiogenesis is implicated in various diseases including cancer and diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we examined the effect of beta-eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol isolated from Atractylodes lancea rhizome, on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proliferation of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was inhibited by beta-eudesmol (50-100 microM). It also inhibited the HUVEC migration stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the tube formation by HUVEC in Matrigel. beta-eudesmol (100 microM) blocked the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 induced by bFGF or vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, beta-eudesmol significantly inhibited angiogenesis in subcutaneously implanted Matrigel plugs in mice and in adjuvant-induced granuloma in mice. These results indicate that beta-eudesmol inhibits angiogenesis, at least in part, through the blockade of the ERK signaling pathway. We considered that beta-eudesmol may aid the development of drugs to treat angiogenic diseases.
The renoprotect effect of shenhua recipe on 5/6 renal ablation rats:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Mar;30(5):377-81. Chinese.Li JJ, Chen XM, Gu Y, Wei RB, Shi SZ, Yin Z.
Department of nephrology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reno protective effect of Shenhua recipe on the experimental model of 5/6 renal ablation. METHOD: 5/6 renal ablation rats were underlying this experiment. They were administered Shenhua, irbesartan respectively by gavage during 12 weeks. Body weight, systolic blood pressure, proteinuria, Scr, BUN, total protein, albumin, Glycero and cholesterol were measured. Histologic glomenular and tubulointerstitial damage scores were measured at 12 weeks. RESULT: The treated groups showed significantly less histologic glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage scores at 12 weeks. The plasma albumin were higher ( P < 0.05), urine protein excretion rates, serum cholesterol and creatinine were lower than in nontreated group, but arterial blood pressure was not significantly different in the three Shenhua treated groups compared with nontreated group. CONCLUSION: Shenhua can retard the progression of chronic renal injury in the 5/6 renal ablation without changes in systolic blood pressure.
Identification of Panax species in the herbal medicine preparations using gradient PCR method.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Apr;28(4):671-6.Shim YH, Park CD, Kim DH, Cho JH, Cho MH, Kim HJ.College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
In order to identify the existence of Panax species in herbal medicine preparations, the Ginseng specific marker primer was selected and created based on the sequence of Korean ginseng DNA fragment, 359 bp. The gradient PCR was performed on 40 types of the herbal medicines including the 7 types of Araliaceae that are in the same family with the Panax ginseng using the created Ginseng maker primer. As result, Panax notoginseng (Chinese), Panax japonicus and Panax quinquefolius (American), along with Panax ginseng (Korean) were the only ones amplified. However, in the case of Atractylodes lancea, one of the herbal medicines not categorized as Panax species, the DNA was prominently amplified by the Ginseng marker primer. The sequence of the amplified DNA of Atractylodes lancea was identified, resulting in enabling the differentiation from the Panax species by the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) method. In addition, the results of the gradient PCR performed on the herbal medicine preparations that consists of Panax ginseng showed that 290 bp size of the original DNA fragments of Panax ginseng was amplified on the herbal medicine preparations containing Panax ginseng. Therefore, these results suggest a possibility of creating a new testing method for identifying specific herb medicines using the gradient PCR, a molecular biological method not only on Panax ginseng, but also on other herbal medicines and herbal medicine preparations.
Spectrophotomatric determination of antioxidative activity of extractives of Chinese traditional medicine by supercritical fluid CO2 extraction technology.:Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2004 Sep;24(9):1103-5. Chinese. Zhang LW, Wang JS, Jiang CQ.Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, China.
Applying supercritical CO2 fluid extraction technology, flavonoids were extracted from Chinese traditional medicine asarum heterotropoides, atractylodes macrocephala, and rheum palmatun. Using the method of autoxidation pyrogallol (known as 325 nm method), the superoxide radical scavenging effect of the extraction was carried out in the buffer solution of HCl-tris (pH 8.2). With spectrophotometry, hydroxyl radical created by the system Co2+ + H2O2 in the reaction like Fenton reaction was eliminated by alizarin violet as the color developing agent in the buffer solution HCl-tris (pH 9.0) and the reaction condition was investigated. Result showed that these extractions are elimination agent for these radicals. Asarum heterotropoides is the best of the three.
Study and application of herbal disinfectants in China.:Biomed Environ Sci. 2004 Dec;17(4):492-8. Review.Chen ZB.Shenzhen Nanshan District Sanitary and Anti-epidemic Station, Shenzhen 518054, Guangdong, China.
Disinfection means killing or removing pathogenic microorganisms in media to realize a harmless process. A disinfectant, which is also referred to as a disinfection medicine in relevant regulations, is the medicine used to kill microorganisms for the purpose of disinfection. The disinfectants prepared from plants (including traditional Chinese herbal medicines) and the extracts thereof are called herbal disinfectants. China has a long history of using herbal disinfectants. As early as in 533 A.D., the use of Cornel to sterilize well water was recorded in Necessary Techniques for Qi People by Jia Enxie of the Beiwei Dynasty. During the Dragon Boat Festival, people often use fumigants made of traditional Chinese herbal medicines like Chinese Atractylodes, Argy Wormwood Leaf and Red Arsenic Sulfide to smoke their houses, so as to ward off plagues and drive away evils. In fact this is now a kind of disinfection practice.
Studies on chemical constituents in essential oil from wild Atractylodes lancea in dabie mountains.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2004 Aug;27(8):571-4. Chinese.Jia C, Mao D, Zhang W, Sun X.Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry, Zhengzhou.
The chemical constituents in essential oil of wild Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains were studied. The essential oil was extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction equipment and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. 49 compounds were identified and they represent 92.49% of the total peak aeras. The extraction method and solvent selection of the essential oil were studied. The oil yields and major constituents from Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains were contrasted to that had been reported. The results showed that Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. from Dabie Mountains had more essential oil (10.14%) and there were more constituents in it. The main constituents in the essential oil were hinesol, beta-eudesmol, 1H-cyclopropa (a) naphthalene, 1a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-octaphdro-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-, [1aR-(1a. alpha, 7. alpha, 7a. alpha,7b. alpha-)] -and gamma-eudesmol. Both the major constituents and contents were different from that had been reported.
The experimental research of Atractylodes macrocephala and Poria cocos on the meridian tropism theory in animals.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Nov;29(11):1076-9. Chinese.Wang SR, Wang X, Hu S.Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China. wangshr@sdutcm.edu.cn
OBJECTIVE: The research was designed to study the meridian tropism theory of traditional Chinese drug through experiments in animals. METHOD: We used the mouse model of deficient spleen as the object. After administering Atractylodes macrocephala and Poria cocos respectively, we measured the indexes of MDA, SOD, NO to observe the effects of the drugs on various organs and compared the results with the traditional meridian tropism theory. RESULT: The two drugs had selective effects on the quantity or activity of MDA, SOD, NO in the organs for the normal group and the model group. CONCLUSION: The selective influence of the two drugs has close relativity with the traditional meridian tropism theory.
Reactive oxygen species mediation of baizhu-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Feb 10;97(1):21-9. Epub 2004 Dec 15.Huang HL, Chen CC, Yeh CY, Huang RL.Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
Baizhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz) has traditionally been used as an important ingredient of several Chinese herbal medicines, which have been used for abdominal pain and gastroenterology diseases for thousands of years. Despite its popularity in herbal therapies, little is known about the anticancer effect of Baizhu. In this study, the anticancer potential of Baizhu on human hepatoma and leukemia cell lines was evaluated. Baizhu methanol extract induced apoptosis in human lymphoma Jurkat T cells, leukemia U937, and HL-60 cells. This was confirmed by several methods, including hypodiploid cells detection using flow cytometry, the examination of apoptotic bodies containing cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and hypodiploid cell population inhibition using the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD. Finally, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and superoxide anion (O(2)(-)), were found to be elevated after treatment of these cells with Baizhu extracts. Antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) pretreatment almost completely inhibited Baizhu-induced apoptosis, suggesting that ROS are the key mediators for Baizhu-induced apoptosis. All these data indicate that Baizhu is a possible anti-tumor agent that induces apoptosis of human leukemia cells through ROS generation.
Determination of the effectiveness of components of the herbal medicine Toki-Shakuyaku-San and fractions of Angelica acutiloba in improving the scopolamine-induced impairment of rat's spatial cognition in eight-armed radial maze test.:J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Sep;96(1):33-41. Epub 2004 Sep 4.Hatip-Al-Khatib I, Egashira N, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Iwasaki K, Kurauchi K, Inui K, Ikeda T, Fujiwara M.Department of Pharmacology, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
The improving effects of various components of Toki-Shakuyaku-San (TSS) and fractions isolated from Angelica acutiloba Radix (Toki) on scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment were investigated in eight-armed radial maze. The scopolamine-induced memory impairment was characterized by prominent increase of error choices in addition to decreased correct choices. Toki, Cnidium officinale Rhizoma (Senkyu), Poria cocos Hoelen (Bukuryo), Alisma orientale Rhizoma (Takusha), and Atractylodes lancea Rhizoma (Sojutsu) increased the correct choices, while only the Toki, Sojutsu, and Takusha decreased the error choices. No effect was produced by Paeonia lactiflora Radix (Shakuyaku). Investigation of effects of fractions isolated from Toki revealed that its activity mainly resided in the butanol layer and its contents of N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide and amines. Moreover, the alkaloid, internal and external solutions (containing poly-, di-, and monosaccharides) obtained by dialysis with Visking cellophane tubing also improved the memory. However, no improving properties were detected for methanol and hexanol layers, L-(-)-tryptophan, L-arginine, L-(-)-lysine, and choline chloride. The results showed that the TSS components could improve the reference and working memory impaired by scopolamine. The improving effect of TSS is produced greatly by the Toki component, the activity of which was greatly produced by the fraction extracted by butanol.
Experimental studies on antianimia effect of shengxuesu.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jun;28(6):544-7. Chinese.Piao JH, Zhang L, Zhang H, Gao TH, Li XH.Pharmacology Department, Shanxi Institute for Drug Control, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China. Marypaio@263.net
OBJECTIVE: Using animal anemia models to observe the antianemia effect of Shengxuesu, and to afford an experimental basis for preventing and treating anemia. METHOD: Rat model of iron deficiency induced by denutrition and mouse model of nemorrhagic anemia by blood lefting were established. Indices of hemoglobin(HB), red blood cell count(RBC), hematocrit(HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin count(MCHC), serum iron(SI), serum ferritin (SF) and total iron-binding capacity(TIBC) were monitored. RESULT: A dosage of Shengxuesu 0.5-2 g.kg-1 was given to the rat model of hypoferric anemia by gavage for 15 days, and to the mouse model of hemorrhagic anemia by gavage for 7 days. The result shows that HB, RBC, HCT, MCHC in blood and iron, ferroprotein in serum were elevated significantly; but total bounding iron in serum was decreased. Meanwhile, diet amount, diet consumption and general activity of the model rats were increased.
Chemical pattern recognition in the Rhizoma of Atractylodes macrocephala.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Feb;28(2):143-6. Chinese.Tian L, Bi KS, Sun WJ, Zhao SC, Wu GF, Lu Y.Hebei Institute for Drug Control, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China.
OBJECTIVE: To establish chemical pattern recognition method for the identification and evaluation of Atractylodes macrocephala. METHOD: The chemical constituents in methanol extract of 32 samples of A. macrocephala were determined by HPLC. The fingerprints were obtained and were handled by hierarchical clustering analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: According to the result of classification, all samples collected were devided into three Grades--the superior, the ordinary and the fake. Chemical pattern recognition method was established. It may be of practical value for the quality control of A. macrocephala.
Atractylodes japonica suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Mar;27(3):324-7.Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim YJ, Kim CJ, Kim Y, Kim EH.Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoigi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, Korea.
Atractylodes japonica has traditionally been used for the treatment of pain and arthritis. The effect of Atractylodes japonica against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation was investigated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nitric oxide detection, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) immunoassay in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. The aqueous extract of Atractylodes japonica suppressed nitric oxide production and PGE2 synthesis by inhibition of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated enhancement of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that Atractylodes japonica exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects probably by suppression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions.
Structure of oligosaccharide side chains of an intestinal immune system modulating arabinogalactan isolated from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC.:Carbohydr Res. 2004 Mar 15;339(4):763-70.
An intestinal immune system modulating arabino-3,6-galactan (ALR-5IIa-1-1) has been found in rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. [Planta Medica 1998, 64, 714-719; Carbohydr. Polyms. 2001, 46, 147-156], however other arabino-3,6-galactans from Larix and Acacia failed to express the modulating activity. Degradation of the galactosyl side chains in Araf-side chain-trimmed ALR-5IIa-1-1 (AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1) with an endo-beta-D-(1-->6)-galactanase remarkably decreased the activity of AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1. Structural analysis indicated that the major endo-beta-D-(1-->6)-galactanase-digestable side chains in ALR-5IIa-1-1 are composed of beta-D-(1-->6)-galactopyranosyl oligosaccharides having d.p. 1-8. Because degradation of the beta-D-(1-->3)-galactan backbone in AF-ALR-5IIa-1-1 also significantly reduced its activity, some of these galactosyl side chains attached to beta-D-(1-->3)-galactan backbone are suggested to be responsible for expression of the activity of ALR-5IIa-1-1.
Correlation research on plant descriptions of Atractylodes macrocephala.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2003 Oct;26(10):695-7. Chinese.Fu S, Chen B, He F, Wu J.Zhejiang Forestry College, Lin'an 311300.
In the investigation of Baizhu (Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz.) cultivated population in Zhejiang Province, the plant descriptions and the influence of different sits on plant growth, as well as the relationship between the descriptions and commercial class of rhizome were studied. The results showed that the differentiation within a population was large; the correlation between each character was obvious; the commercial rhizome class was significant with some descriptions. And those will provide basic data for improving the variety of Baizhu
Comparative pharmacokinetic behavior of glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizic acid and Gancao-Fuzi-Tang.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Feb;27(2):226-8.Gao QT, Chen XH, Bi KS.School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110-016, Liaoning Province, P.R. China.
Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of glycyrrhetic acid (GA), glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and Gancao-Fuzi-Tang (KF) after oral administration of GL and KF were studied. Plasma samples taken from rats were acidified with acetic acid and GA was extracted with isopropanol-ethyl ether (1 : 1). Separation of GA was performed on a C(18) column with the detection wavelength set at 254 nm. The mobile phase was methanol-acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (58 : 18 : 24 : 1 v/v). The results showed that the mean residence time and area under the curve of GA in KF-administered rats were 27.6+/-1.5 h and 122.8+/-46.7 microg.h/ml respectively, which were significantly different from those in GL-administered rats (15.0+/-2.0 h and 40.9+/-9.6 microg.h/ml, respectively). The results suggest the increased effect of GA after oral administration of KF in comparison with GL.
Glycosides of Atractylodes ovata.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2003 Sep;51(9):1106-8.
A new coumarin glycoside and a new glycoside of an acetylene derivative were isolated from the water-soluble portion of the methanolic extract of Atractylodes ovata rhizome together with eight known compounds. Their structures were characterized as scopoletin beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and (2E)-2-decene-4,6-diyne-1,8-diol 8-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, based on chemical and spectroscopic investigations. A comparison of the polar constituents among Atractylodes japonica, Atractylodes lancea, and A. ovata is led to the conclusion that A. ovata is distinguishable from A. lancea and A. japonica, as also shown by phylogenetic analysis.
Biomimetic synthesis of biatractylolide and biepiasterolide.:Org Lett. 2003 Aug 21;5(17):3049-52.Bagal SK, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Marquez R, Cowley A.Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
The biomimetic synthesis of the bisesquiterpenoids biatractylolide 1 and biepiasterolide 2 is reported.
An experimental study on the prevention and treatment of postburn intestinal injury and bacterial translocation by Sijunzi decoction in scalded rats.:Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2003 Apr;19(2):89-93. Chinese.Guo L, Dong ND, Xiong AB, Liu ZY, Liu CR, He XC.Department of Burns and plastic Surgery. Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Provine P.R. China.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Sijunzi decoction on amelioration of postburn intestinal injury in scalded rats. METHODS: One hundred and eighty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e. scald and treatment (T), scald control (S) and normal control (C) groups. The rats in T group were gavaged with the decoction consisting of tangshen, tuckahoe, largehead atractylodes rhizome, glycyrrhizia and rhubarb in a dose of 2 ml twice daily, while the rats in C group were just gavaged with the same amount of distilled water. The rats were sacrificed according to the scheduled postburn observation timepoints. The contents of TNF, NO, MDA and ATPase activity in rat plasma and the intestinal mucosa and the S-IgA content in the intestinal mucus were determined respectively. The changes in histopathology of intestinal mucosa were observed. The samples from internal organ tissue and blood were obtained for bacterial culture. RESULTS: The contents of TNF, NO and MDA in the intestinal mucosa tissue and the rat plasma in scalded rats were lowered significantly by Sijunzi decoction. Furthermore, S-IgA secretion from intestinal mucous cells was maintained by Sijunzi decoction. T cell count was recovered and intestinal mucous barrier injury were lessened, and the bacterial positive rate in the internal organs was decreased. CONCLUSION: Traditional Chinese herbal medicine Sijunzi decoction might be helpful in alleviation of postburn intestinal injury and in the prevention of intestinal bacterial translocation.
Glycosides of Atractylodes lancea.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2003 Jun;51(6):673-8.
Five sesquiterpenoid glycosides (two guaiane-type glycosides and three eudesmane-type glucosides) and a glucoside of an acetylene derivative were newly isolated from the water-soluble portion of the methanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea rhizome together with 26 known compounds. Their structures were characterized as atractyloside A 14-O-beta-D-fructofuranoside, (1S,4S,5S,7R,10S)-10,11,14-trihydroxyguai-3-one 11-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, (5R,7R,10S)-isopterocarpolone beta-D-glucopyranoside, cis-atractyloside I, (2R,3R,5R,7R,10S)-atractyloside G 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and (2E,8E)-2,8-decadiene-4,6-diyne-1,10-diol 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic investigation. The presence of six characteristic guaiane-type glucosides in both rhizomes of A. lancea and Atractylodes japonica suggested a close chemotaxonomic relationship between them.
The naphtha composing characteristics of geoherbs of Atractylodes lancea.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Nov;27(11):814-9. Chinese.Guo LP, Liu JY, Ji L, Huang LQ.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To find the chemical diversity and characteristics of A. lancea on two levels--individuals and populations, and to discover the chemical essentials for forming geoherbs. METHOD: 47 rhizomes of A. lancea were collected in 7 populations, and 6 naphtha components (1. elemol, 2. hinesol, 3. beta-eudesmol, 4. atractylone, 5. atractylodin, 6. atractylenolid I) in the rhizomes were determined by GC-MS combination. Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis were carried out by SPSS. RESULT: Cluster Analysis of the 6 main components indicated that the chemical components of geoherbs were different from those of the non-geonerbs of A. lancea. Other analysis showed as follows: 1. The general oil of geoberbs were lower than that of non-geoherbs(P < 0.01), but components yielding more than 1% (% of the total oil) were more than non-geoherbs(P < 0.01); 2. Hinesol mixing beta-eudesmol was more in non-geoherbs, which atractylodin mixing atractylone was more in geoherbs(P < 0.001); 3. Principal Component Analysis implied that atractylone was the most important component to discriminate geoherbs and non-geoherbs of A. Lancea. CONCLUSION: The naphtha composing characteristics of geoherbs was the special proportionment sale, viz. atractylone: hinesol: beta-eudesmol: atractylodin being(0.70~2.00):(0.04~0.35):(0.09~0.40):1.
The influences of inorganic elements in soil on the geolism of Atractylodes lancea.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Apr;27(4):245-50. Chinese.Guo LP, Huang LQ, Yan YN.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of inorganic elements in soil on the geolism of Atractylodes lancea. METHOD: The concentrations of 15 kinds of inorganic elements of regional A. lancea and their correspondingly soils were determined, and the data were analysed with the SPSS10.0 software. RESULT: The mean concentration of Ni in geoherbs of A. lancea was 3 times higher than that in the non-geoherbs. The accumulation of Ca is high in geoberbs. There is no relationship between the concentrations of inorganic elements in A. lancea and those in their corresponding soil. CONCLUSION: A. lancea adjusts the concentration of inorganic elements mainly by active absorption, and there are good relationship between the accumulation of Fe and Cr, Fe and Hg, Hg and Cr, As and Pb, Co and Sr.
Effects of Atractylodes macrocephala seeds coated with SCF on field diseases.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2002 Apr;25(4):230-1. Chinese.Yu X, Wang Z, Sheng S, Xu J.Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029
The field plot experiments were designed with L9(3(4)) orthogonal comparison to study the effects of Atractylodes macrocephala seeds coated with SCF on field diseases. The results showed that the treatment 2 was the best SCF to control field diseases. The treatment of seed-coating with thiophanate methyl reduced the percentage of field diseases significantly.
Glycosides of Atractylodes japonica.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2003 Feb;51(2):152-7.
From the water-soluble portion of the methanol extract of the fresh rhizome of Atractylodes japonica, five new sesquiterpenoid glycosides, including a compound having a secoguaiane skeleton, and a new aromatic compound glycoside were isolated together with ten known compounds. Their structures were clarified by spectral investigation.
Gastrointestinal inhibitory effects of sesquiterpene lactones from Atractylodes macrocephala.:Zhong Yao Cai. 1999 Dec;22(12):636-40. Chinese. Zhang Y, Xu S, Lin Y.Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275.
Atractylenolide I (8,9-dehydroasterolide, B), 4,15-epoxy-8 beta-hydroxyasterolide (C) and atractylenolide III (8 beta-hydroasterolide, D) from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, 28.0, 56.0 mumol/L, inhibited the spontaneous movement of rat isolated ileum with contractile force decreased obviously (P < 0.001), but the rest force not affected (P > 0.05). B, C and D inhibited the spasm enhanced by Ach and His to rat ileum, rightly shifted the dose-response curves and reduced the maximal response (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with B, C or D 28.0, 56.0 mumol/L Ver 0.28 mumol/L significantly antagonized CaCl2-induced contraction of rat isolated ileum. Co bathing of B, C or D 56.0 mumol/L with Atr 0.19 mumol/L weakened the response of ileum to Ach. B, C or D 56.0 mumol/L restrained the spasm of ileum mediated by Neo 2.15 mumol/L. The modified Phenol Red Paste Model demonstrated that B, C or D in dose of 28.0 mg/kg inhibited the gastrointestinal prochoresis of mice significantly. These results suggested that B, C and D inhibit the gastrointestinal movement of rat and the spasm induced by the agonists. Their activities are related to the inhibition of cholinergic system and Ca2+.
Supercritical fluid extraction of beta-elemene under lower pressure.:Se Pu. 2001 Mar;19(2):179-81. Chinese. Chen SL, You J, Wang GJ.Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
A method has been developed for the extraction and analysis of the active component beta-elemene from Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae by supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 containing ethanol. The article discusses some factors such as pressure, temperature and modifier that affect the selectivity. Class-selective extraction has been performed by varying the pressure. beta-Elemene could almost be extracted completely at lower pressure (12.0 MPa) and its relative amount was raised from 4.8% under higher pressure to 8.0% for lower pressure.
Methodological studies on quantitative determination of beta-eudesmol in Atractylodes lancea (thunb.) DC.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2000 Nov;25(11):680-1. Chinese.Fu MH, Wang JH, Zhang Y, Wang YS, Xue BY, He XR, Wang ZM, Wang L, Zhang JX.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To establish methodologically a method for quantitative determination of beta-eudesmol in Atractylodes lancea. METHOD: GC, column: 3 mm x 2 m; stationary phase; 15% QF-1; support: Chromosorb WAW(60-80 mesh); detector: hydrogen flame ionization detector; injection chamber temperature: 210 degrees C; column temperature: 174 degrees C; carrier gas: N2:50 ml.min-1, air: 49 kPa, H2:58.8 kPa; sensibility range: 10(2) x 64; chart speed: 2.5 mm.min-1. RESULT: Average recovery ratio is 100.7% (n = 5). CONCLUSION: This method can be used to control the quality of A. lancea.
GC-MS analysis of essential oils from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. and A. chinensis (DC.) Koidz.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2001 Mar;26(3):182-5.Ji L, Ao P, Pan JG, Yang JY, Yang J, Hu SL.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the constituents from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis in essential oils. METHOD: GC-MS method was used. RESULT: 32 and 29 compounds were identified respectively. CONCLUSION: The main constituents in the essential oils from the rhizome of A. chinensis are beta-eudesmol or a mixture of beta-eudesmol and atractylone, whereas from that of A. lancea are hinesol, a mixture of beta-eudesmol and atractylone, and atractylone.
A preliminary study on relationship between Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis as analyzed by RAPD.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2001 Mar;26(3):156-8.Guo LP, Huang LQ, Wang M, Feng XF, Fu GF, Yan YN.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700.
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between A. lancea and A. chinensis by RAPD analysis. METHOD: Using 10 random primers, RAPD of seven Atractylodes samples was performed. The result was analyzed by RAPDistance Package Version 1.04. RESULT: A total of 60 polymerphic loci were amplified. It appears that the Atractylodes samples tend to cluster in relation to their habitats, and A. lancea has close phylogenetic relationship with A. japonica. CONCLUSION: A certain correlation among the chemical composition, genetic diversity and geographic distribution has been revealed. It is reasonable to separate A. lancea from A. chinensis according to their habitats.
Effect of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and its constituents on the delay of gastric emptying.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jan;84(1):51-5.
The effect of rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea on gastric disorders, in particular, the delay in gastric emptying induced by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine in rats, was investigated. Intragastric treatment with an aqueous extract (250 mg/kg) and its lipophilic fractions (4 mg/kg) significantly improved delayed gastric emptying. The major constituents of the lipophilic fraction were two sesquiterpens, hinesol and beta-eudesmol, and four known polyacetylenic compounds, atractylodin, atractylodinol, acetylatractylodinol and 4,6,12-tetradecatriene-8,10-diyne-1,3,14-triol. The activity was found in the four polyacetylenic compounds at a similar potency, but not in the two sesquiterpens. To clarify the effect of the four polyacetylenic compounds in this extract, we attempted to evaluate the activity of atractylodin, as representative, at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg based on the total amounts (0.2 mg/250 mg aqueous extract) of the four polyacetylenic compounds. In addition, atractylodin improved the delay in gastric emptying at between 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the aqueous extract improved the delayed gastric emptying, and polyacetylenic compounds contributed to its activity.
Identification of Atractylodes plants in Chinese herbs and formulations by random amplified polymorphic DNA.:Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Jun;22(6):493-7.Chen KT, Su YC, Lin JG, Hsin LH, Su YP, Su CH, Li SY, Cheng JH, Mao SJ.Department of Cosmetics Application and Management, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chin-min College, Miao-li 351, Taiwan, China.
AIM: An efficient, precise, and sensitive method for identifying Atractylodes plants has been established and will contribute significantly to quality control and scientific analysis in Chinese traditional medicine. METHODS: Twenty primers were applied for setting up the RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers of Atractylodes plants, Atractylodes lancea DC (A lancea DC), Atractylodes japonica Koidz (A japonica K), and Atractylodes ovata DC (A ovata DC). The primer OPF03, OPF05, and OPF14 could discriminate them successfully. The results were also able to apply on the Chinese formulations with Atractylodes purchased from local markets. RESULTS: RAPD was used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among and within closely related species. RAPD analysis reflects heritable changes in the nucleotides sequence in both the coding and noncoding regions, because it is conducted directly from the DNA level. This work first conducted RAPD analysis of Atractylodes plants to establish their RAPD makers. CONCLUSION: The RAPD markers could be applied extensively in the Chinese herbal formulations.
Further phenols and polyacetylenes from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and their anti-inflammatory activity.:Planta Med. 2001 Jul;67(5):437-42.Resch M, Heilmann J, Steigel A, Bauer R.Institut f¨ır Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universit?t, D¨ısseldorf, Germany.
From the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea, 2-[(2'E)-3',7'-dimethyl-2',6'-octadienyl]-4-methoxy-6-methylphenol (1) was isolated as a new natural product. The compound showed strong inhibitory effects on 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), but exhibited only weak antioxidative activities [IC50 = 0.1 microM (5-LOX), 2 microM (COX-1), 9 microM (PMN/FMLP), 28 microM (PMNIOZ)]. Moreover, five new acetylenes were isolated and elucidated as (3Z,5E,11E)-tridecatriene-7,9-diynyl-1-O-(E)-ferulate (2), erythro-(1,3Z,11E)-tridecatriene-7,9-diyne-5,6-diyl diacetate (3), (1Z)-atractylodin (4), (1Z)-atractylodinol (5), (1Z)-acetylatractylodinol (6) plus the known (4E,6E,12E)-tetradecatriene-8,10-diyne-1,3-diyl diacetate (7). Among the acetylenes, only 2 showed strong inhibition of 5-LOX and COX-1 activity (IC50 (5-LOX) = 3 microM, IC50 (COX-1) = 1 microM). In addition, the fatty acids linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid with previously established 5-LOX-/COX-1 inhibitory actions were identified as major constituents of the n-hexane extract and thus seem to contribute to the plant's in vitro activity.
Acidic polysaccharides from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea as protective principle in Candida-lnfected mice.:Planta Med. 2001 Jul;67(5):428-31.
Prophylactic effects upon imunnosuppressed mice lethally infected by Candida albicans were examined in fractions prepared from a constituent herb of Juzen-taiho-to (TJ-48, Si-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang), rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. The oral administration of water extract obtained from a residue after MeOH extraction of rhizomes significantly prolonged the survival period of the infected mice at a dose of 140 mg/kg/day compared with control mice, while the MeOH extract did not. In the crude polysaccharide fraction (F-2) obtained by EtOH precipitation of the water extract, a significant life-prolonging effect was observed by the administration of 70 mg/kg/day. F-2 was further fractionated, and the resulting strongly acidic polysaccharide fraction, F-2-2, had a protective effect at a dose of 17.5 mg/kg/day. This fraction mainly consisted of acidic pectic polysaccharides containing about 80% galacturonic acid. The protective activity of F-2-2 was lost by periodate oxidation, but not by protease digestion, suggesting that the polysaccharide component of F-2-2 plays a major role in the protective activity against Candida-infected mice.
Identification of the crude drug atractylodes rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and atractylodes lancea rhizome using chloroplast TrnK sequence as a molecular marker.:Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 May;23(5):589-94.
Novel methods for molecular authentication of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs (Jutsu) were established based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing of chloroplast trnK. Two regions inside the chloroplast trnK were selected as molecular markers for identification and discrimination of Atractylodes Rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome. The Region 1 fragment (260 bp) amplified from So-jutsu and Wa-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. japonica) gave 2 bands of 180 bp and 80 bp on agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with a restriction endonuclease HinfI, whereas the fragment amplified from Kara-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. ovata) remained undigested, which allowed unambiguous identification of Kara-byaku-jutsu. By direct sequencing of Region 2 (436 bp) and comparison of the nucleotide sequence data sets we could not only discriminate Byaku-jutsu and So-jutsu but also identify the original plant species of each crude drug specimen. A simple and reliable protocol for rapid preparation of DNA suitable for PCR from as little as 1 mg of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs was also described.
Biotransformation of hinesol isolated from the crude drug Atractylodes lancea by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus cellulosae.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1999 May;47(5):716-7.
Biotransformation of the sesquiterpene alcohol hinesol (1) with spasmolytic activity, which was prepared from the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, was carried out by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus cellulosae IFO 4040. Compound 1 was easily converted to compounds 2-9 by A. niger, and compounds 10 and 11 by A. cellulosae, respectively. Their stereostructures were established by a combination of high-resolution NMR spectral analysis, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and chemical reactions such as epoxydation.
Intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharides from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea.:Planta Med. 1998 Dec;64(8):714-9.
Hot water extract (ALR-0) of rhizomes of Atractylodes lanceo DC. was fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (ALR-1), supernatant fraction of EtOH precipitation (ALR-3 + 4), and crude polysaccharide fraction (ALR-5). Among these fractions, only ALR-5 showed potent stimulating activity for proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells. ALR-5 gave three potently active carbohydrate-rich fractions (ALR-5IIa, 5IIb, and 5IIc) by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, and three active polysaccharides (ALR-5IIa-1-1, ALR-5IIb-2-2, and ALR-5IIc-3-1) were further purified from the respective fractions. The order of activity was revealed to be ALR-5IIb-2-2 > or = ALR-5IIa-1-1 > ALR-5IIc-3-1, ALR-5IIa-1-1, 5IIb-2-2, and 5IIc-3-1 each was eluted as a single peak on HPLC and their molecular weights were estimated to be 74,000, 3,100, 16,000, respectively. ALR-5IIa-1-1 consisted mainly of Ara and Gal (molar ratio; 0.6: 1.0) in addition to a trace amount of uronic acid whereas ALR-5IIb-2-2 and ALR-5IIc-3-1 mainly comprised Ara, Gal, GlcA, and GalA (molar ratio; 0.2: 1.0: 0.2: 0.8, and 0.5: 1.0: 0.7: 1.5, respectively). Methylation analysis indicated that ALR-5IIa-1-1 consisted mainly of terminal Araf, 4- or 5-linked Ara, 3.4- or 3.5-branched Ara, and 3-linked, 4-linked, and 3,6-branched Gal. ALR-5IIb-2-2 and ALR-5IIc-3-1 were composed mainly of terminal Araf, 4- or 5-linked Ara, 4-linked Gal, 4-linked GalA, and terminal GlcA. In addition, ALR-5IIb-2-2 mainly comprised 4-linked Xyl whereas ALR-5IIc-3-1 consisted mainly of 2,4-branched Rha. Single radial gel diffusion indicated that ALR-5IIa-1-1 showed a strong reactivity with beta-glucosyl-Yariv antigen, whereas ALR-5IIb-2-2 and ALR-5IIc-3-1 did not show the reactivity with the antigen. Treatments of ALR-5IIa with NalO4, NaClO2 and pronase did not reduce the stimulating activity for Peyer's patch cells, however combination of exo-alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and exo-beta-D-(1-->3)-galactanase digestions of ALR-5IIa-1-1 significantly decreased its activity.
Atractylodes lancea autotetraploids induced by colchicine treatment of shoot cultures.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1998 May;21(5):479-83.
Two strains of autotetraploid plants of Atractylodes lancea DC. (Compositae) were raised from the in vitro colchicine-treated shoot cultures, and field trials were performed to evaluate their growth and the amount of essential oil components in the rhizome in comparison with the corresponding diploids. The tetraploid plants had larger leaves than the diploids. One of the selected tetraploid lines had about 1.5 times as heavy rhizomes as the diploid and contained atractylodin, hinesol and beta-eudesmol in the rhizome to as great an extent or slightly less than the diploids. However, the contents of these constituents in the rhizome of the other tetraploid strain were lower than the diploids. The chloroplast number per guard cell, stomatal length, and stomatal density of leaf lower epidermis of the shoot cultures were good indicators for distinguishing tetraploids from diploids.
Phylogenetic analysis of Atractylodes plants based on chloroplast trnK sequence.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1998 May;21(5):474-8.
The phylogenetic relationship of Atractylodes lancea, A. chinensis, A. koreana, A. ovata and A. japonica were analyzed by comparing the 2.6 kb sequence in a chloroplast gene trnK encoding tRNALys (UUU). The dried rhizomes of the former three species have been used as the crude drug "So-jutsu" and those of the latter two as "Byaku-jutsu" in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine ("Kampo-medicine"). The trnK phylogenetic tree revealed that A. ovata is an outgroup of the five Atractylodes species examined and that A. japonica and A. lancea are most closely related. PCR amplification of trnK with HinfI digestion provided us with a simple method to distinguish A. ovata from other Atractylodes species at the molecular level.
5-Lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitory active compounds from Atractylodes lancea.:J Nat Prod. 1998 Mar;61(3):347-50.Resch M, Steigel A, Chen ZL, Bauer R.Institut f¨ır Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universit?t D¨ısseldorf, Germany.
Lipophilic extracts of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes exhibited potent inhibitory activities in 5-lipoxygenase [IC50 (5-LOX) = 2.9 micrograms/mL (n-hexane extract)] and cyclooxygenase-1 [IC50 (COX-1) = 30.5 micrograms/mL (n-hexane extract)] enzymatic assays. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the n-hexane extract led to the isolation of a new compound atractylochromene (1), a potent inhibitor in both test systems [IC50 (5-LOX) = 0.6 microM, IC50 (COX-1) = 3.3 microM]. Also obtained was 2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl]-6-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1 ,4-dione (2), which showed a selective inhibitory activity against 5-LOX [IC50 (5-LOX) 0.2 microM, IC50 (COX-1) 64.3 microM]. The sesquiterpene atractylon (3) and the coumarin osthol (4) turned out to be moderate but selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Atractylenolides I (5), II (6), and III (7) showed no significant inhibitory effects for either enzyme. Structures were established by spectral data interpretation.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and variation of essential oil components of Atractylodes plants.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1997 May;20(5):502-6.
Total DNAs were prepared from the leaves of Atractylodes lancea DE CANDOLLE, A. chinensis KOIDZUMI, A. lancea var. simplicifolia KITAMURA, A. japonica KOIDZUMI ex KITAMURA and A. ovata DE CANDOLLE. The DNAs were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Some primers showed the definitive polymorphic DNA patterns in A. lancea, A. japonica and A. ovata. The RAPD of A. lancea var. simplicifolia and one of A. chinensis gave similar patterns to those of A. lancea, but one of the other A. chinensis gave a similar pattern to A. japonica. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of atractylon, hinesol, beta-eudesmol and atractylodin in the rhizomes was done using gas chromatography. Though atractylon was detected not only in A. japonica and A. ovata but also in some of A. lancea, their RAPD profiles revealed the presence of intraspecific variation with A. lancea.
A Comparative Study on Essential Oil Components of Wild and Cultivated Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis.:Planta Med. 1996 Oct;62(5):444-9.
To clarify the variation in the pharmacologically active components of the essential oil contained in the rhizomes of ATRACTYLODES LANCEA and A. CHINENSIS growing in China, we transplanted the rhizomes of the wild plants from 18 populations, including A. KOREANA, in the same experimental field. After two or three years' cultivation, main essential oil components, i.e., the sesquiterpenes: elemol ( 1), atractylon ( 2), hinesol ( 3), beta -eudesmol ( 4), selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one ( 5), and the polyacetylene of atractylodin ( 6) were determined by capillary gas chromatography. The analytical data of 306 cultivated plants were compared with plants collected in their habitat. A. LANCEA varied significantly in the contents of the components after cultivation; however, the correlation coefficient in the contents of 3, 4, and 6 between the wild and cultivated plants were 0.985, 0.954, and 0.945, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to this, A. CHINENSIS had constant content values. Three types of A. LANCEA and two types of A. CHINENSIS, which are distinguished by the characteristics of the components in the wild conditions, were statistically recognized after cultivation. From these results, it was determined that the geographical variation in the components of these species mainly reflects genetic variability.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rDNA and variation of essential oil composition in Atractylodes plants.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Apr;19(4):577-80.
Total DNA was extracted from the leaves of Atractylodes lancea DE CANDOLLE, A. ovata DE CANDOLLE and A. japonica KOIDZUMI ex KITAMURA of various origins and hybridized with digoxigenin-labeled rice ribosomal DNA after digestion with eight different restriction endonucleases. The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles allowed us to distinguish the three Atractylodes species when DNA was digested with Sac I. Although atractylon was detected in the rhizomes of some of the cultivated strains of A. lancea, their RFLP profiles clearly indicate that these plants are not hybrids of A. ovata or A. japonica. RFLP analysis also revealed the presence of intraspecific variation in DNA sequence of rRNA locus among A. lancea as well as A. japonica.
Potentiating effects of beta-eudesmol-related cyclohexylidene derivatives on succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular block in isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Mar;18(3):407-10.
beta-Eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol contained in Atractylodes lancea, potentiates succinylcholine (SuCh)-induced neuromuscular blockade. The potentiating effect is greater in diabetic muscles than in normal ones. As a ligand for affinity chromatography to study the potentiating mechanism, we designed and synthesized newly beta-eudesmol-related cyclohexylidene derivatives (2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)cyclohexylidene; KTE-13, 2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4-cyclohexylidene carboxylic acid; KTE-32 and 4-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl) cyclohexylidene; KTE-33). We examined the potentiating effects of those compounds in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. KTE-33 (100 microM) potentiated more greatly SuCh-induced neuromuscular blockade in diabetic muscles than in normal ones (the potentiating ratios in normal and diabetic muscles were 6.7 and 10.6, respectively), while KTE-13 (100 microM) and -32 (200 microM) potentiated weakly. These results suggest that the ester group in KTE-33 rather than a carboxyl group in KTE-32 is important in inducing the potentiation of SuCh-induced neuromuscular blockade in diabetic state.
Structural components of beta-eudesmol essential for its potentiating effect on succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular blockade in mice.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1994 Sep;17(9):1232-40.
beta-Eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol isolated from Atractylodes lancea rhizoma, potentiates the neuromuscular blocking effect of succinylcholine (SuCh). The potentiating effect is greater in diabetic muscles than in normal ones. To identify the structural components of beta-eudesmol contributing to this action, we examined the potentiating effect of newly synthesized tertiary alcohols related to beta-eudesmol in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. Potentiating effects were exhibited by cyclohexylidene derivatives but not by cyclohexanone or cyclohexanol derivatives. The compound 2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)cyclohexylidene exhibited a potentiating effect, but 3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)cyclohexylidene did not. These results indicate that both the presence of an exo-methylene attached to a cyclohexane ring and the distance between the exo-methylene and the hydroxy group in beta-eudesmol are involved in the potentiating effect on SuCh-induced neuromuscular blockade.
Different modes of potentiation by beta-eudesmol, a main compound from Atractylodes lancea, depending on neuromuscular blocking actions of p-phenylene-polymethylene bis-ammonium derivatives in isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice.:Jpn J Pharmacol. 1992 Sep;60(1):19-24.
The essential moieties in p-phenylene-polymethylene bis-ammonium (PMBA) derivatives, C6H4[X(CH2)nN+R3]2, on the potentiating effects by beta-eudesmol, a main component of Atractylodes lancea, of their neuromuscular blockades were investigated in isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. PMBA derivatives were separated into the following three groups based on the patterns of the potentiating effects: group I: PMBA-23 (n = 6, R = Me) and PMBA-24 (n = 6, R = Et); group II: PMBA-1 (n = 4, R = Me), PMBA-21 (n = 4, R = Et) and PMBA-2 (X = O, n = 3, R = Me); and group III: PMBA-31 (X = S, n = 3, R = Me), PMBA-3 (X = CO, n = 3, R = Me) and PMBA-4 (X = CHOH, n = 3, R = Me). The pretreatment with 80 microM beta-eudesmol for 60 min did not affect group I-induced neuromuscular blocking action, and it potentiated group II- and group III-induced ones. The potentiating effect of beta-eudesmol on group III was greater in diabetic muscles than in normal one and that on group II was to the same extent in both muscles. These results suggest that the four-methylene length of the side chains in normal muscles and the hydrophilic moieties adjacent to a phenylene ring in diabetic muscles are related to the potentiating effect by beta-eudesmol on PMBA derivatives.
Antagonism by beta-eudesmol of neostigmine-induced neuromuscular failure in mouse diaphragms.:Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Jun 5;216(2):199-206.Chiou LC, Chang CC.Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
beta-Eudesmol, a sesquiterpenol extracted from a Chinese herb, Atractylodes lancea, at 10-80 microM, did not affect muscle action potentials, miniature and evoked endplate potentials and acetylcholine-induced depolarization in the presence or absence of neostigmine in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragms. However, the tetanic fade, muscle fasciculation and twitch potentiation induced by neostigmine were effectively antagonized by 20 microM beta-eudesmol. When trains of pulses were applied to the nerve in the presence of neostigmine, beta-eudesmol reduced the incidence of explosive depolarization of the endplate from 95% to 35-67% of junctions, and shortened the duration when it occurred. Moreover, both the maximal and steady-state depolarizations during repetitive stimulation were reduced while the amplitudes of steady-state endplate potentials were increased. The results suggest that beta-eudesmol antagonized neostigmine-induced neuromuscular failure mainly by a presynaptic action to depress the regenerative release of acetylcholine during repetitive stimulation. The mechanism of antagonism is obviously not tubocurarine-like and it is unrelated to desensitization of acetylcholine channels.
Blocking action of succinylcholine with beta-eudesmol on acetylcholine-activated channel activity at endplates of single muscle cells of adult mice.:Brain Res. 1992 Mar 20;575(2):337-40.
The neuromuscular blockade produced by succinylcholine (SuCh) is potentiated by beta-eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol isolated from Atractylodes lancea. beta-Eudesmol blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel in both open and closed conformations. To clarify the mechanism of potentiation, we investigated the blocking effect of SuCh (0.1-10 microM) with beta-eudesmol on nAChR channel activity using the cell-attached patch clamp technique. Pretreatment with beta-eudesmol (20 microM) affected neither resting membrane potential nor ACh-activated channel activities. beta-Eudesmol produced the following changes in ACh-activated channel currents modulated by SuCh: reduction of SuCh (above 0.3 microM)-induced prolongation of channel open time and decrease in the frequency of channel opening in the presence of SuCh (above 3 microM). These results suggest that the potentiating effect of beta-eudesmol is postsynaptically due to accelerated desensitization of the nAChR, presumably resulting from preferential blocking action during the closed state of the receptor channel.
Mechanism of the blocking action of beta-eudesmol on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel in mouse skeletal muscles.:Neuropharmacology. 1991 Aug;30(8):835-41.
beta-Eudesmol, an uncharged alcohol contained in Atractylodes lancea, blocks the neuromuscular junction. Atractylodes lancea is prescribed in a traditional Chinese medicine and plays a main role for "alleviation of pain in skeletal muscle". By using the cell-attached patch-clamp or conventional intracellular technique, the site of action of beta-eudesmol on the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) channel in skeletal muscle of the adult mouse, was investigated and compared with that of different types of blockers of the nicotinic ACh receptor channel (bupivacaine, chlorpromazine and phencyclidine). beta-Eudesmol (200 microM) depressed completely the nerve-evoked twitch tension and reduced the amplitude and quantal size of endplate potentials but did not alter either the quantal content, resting membrane potential or action potential. beta-Eudesmol (100-200 microM) decreased the amplitude of ACh potentials and accelerated the slow decay of depolarization, induced by the continuous application of ACh. beta-Eudesmol (40 microM) and phencyclidine (10 microM) decreased both the open time and opening frequency, without affecting the single channel conductance. Bupivacaine (10 microM) decreased only the open time. Chlorpromazine (10 microM) decreased only the opening frequency. These results indicate that the blocking effect of beta-eudesmol on nerve-evoked contraction, was due to blockade of nicotinic ACh receptor channels at the neuromuscular junction. Like phencyclidine, beta-eudesmol blocked the nicotinic ACh receptor channel in both the open and closed conformations, and accelerated the desensitization of the nicotinic ACh receptor.
The effects of crude drugs using diuretic on horse kidney (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase.:
In the folk-medicine, several kinds of crude drugs are used as diuretics. Twenty three kinds of diuretic drugs were chosen, and examined for their effects on the horse kidney (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), which is an intrinsic enzyme of the plasma membrane and responsible for the active transport of Na+ and K+ across the membrane. Twenty one out of twenty three kinds of ethanol extracts of diuretic drugs inhibited the kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The intensity of the inhibition of these drugs was compared by estimating the amounts of their ethanol extracts which inhibited the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by 50% (I50, micrograms/ml). Among these drugs, Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma (I50 = 12.8) Atractylodis Rhizoma (I50 = 15.2), Plantaginis Semen (I50 = 16.0), Plantaginis Herba (I50 = 16.0) and Alismatis Rhizoma (I50 = 22.0), have strong inhibitory effects on the kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The ethanol extracts of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea De Candolle and Atractylodis japonica Kitamura were examined with varying concentrations of ATP and ouabain. The mode of inhibition of these two extracts on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity appeared to be uncompetitive with respect to ATP as judged from Lineweaver-Burk plot. The ethanol extract of Atractylodes japonica Kitamura decreased the I50 for ouabain from 1.6 x 10(-7) to 7.0 x 10(-9) M, while that of Atractylodes lancea De Candolle did not change the I50 for ouabain.
Noncontractile acetylcholine receptor-operated Ca++ mobilization: suppression of activation by open channel blockers and acceleration of desensitization by closed channel blockers in mouse diaphragm muscle.:J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Jan;256(1):18-23.
The effects of various blockers of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-activated ionic channel on noncontractile slow Ca++ mobilization were investigated at the neuromuscular synapse of aequorin-injected diaphragm muscles of mice. Intracellular Ca++ mobilization (Ca++ transients) was evoked in the presence of neostigmine (0.3 microM) by nerve stimulation. Bupivacaine, an open channel blocker, decreased the peak amplitude, whereas chlorpromazine, a closed channel blocker, shortened the duration. Phencyclidine, an open and closed channel blocker, decreased both peak amplitude and duration. beta-Eudesmol, a compound of Atractylodes lancea, clearly and specifically shortened the duration but had little effect on peak amplitude. All the above channel blockers, when given in the same concentration ranges, also blocked the total amount of contractile Ca++ transients. The effects of bupivacaine, chlorpromazine and phencyclidine on noncontractile Ca++ transients were not affected by 5 mM [Ca++]o, whereas the effect of beta-eudesmol was enhanced. Geographutoxin II (0.3 microM), a skeletal muscle Na+ channel blocker, selectively and partly reversibly blocked contractile Ca++ transients without affecting noncontractile ones. These results suggest that: 1) the activation of noncontractile Ca++ mobilization is suppressed by open channel blockers, whereas its desensitization is accelerated by closed channel blockers and 2) activation of the muscle Na+ channel and subsequent release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum is not involved in the mechanism of noncontractile Ca++ mobilization. It may reflect the steps of the desensitization process.
Antianoxic action and active constituents of atractylodis lanceae rhizoma.:Chem Pharm Bull. 1990 Jul;38(7):2033-4.
The screening test was carried out to identify new drugs from natural products for the KCN-induced anoxia model in mice. Acetone extract of Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma (Atractylodes lancea DC. var. Chinensis Kitamura) had a significant effect in the KCN-induced anoxia model and therefore the extract was selected for further study in order to identify the active principles. The result showed that beta-eudesmol was the active component in Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma.
Stability examination of the inclusion compounds of 8 Chinese medicinal volatile oils with beta-cyclodextrin.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1990 Apr;15(4):218-20, 254-5. Chinese. Li S, Guan S.Institute of Basic Theory of TCM, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing.
The content, hence the stability of volatile oils and their main components in the inclusion compounds of 8 Chinese medicinal volatile oils with beta-cyclodextrin have been examined with different storage times. The 8 Chinese medicines are Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Notopterygium incisum, Alpinia officinarum, Atractylodes lancea, Pogostenon cablin, Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum, Schizonepeta tenuifolia and Amomum villosum.
beta-eudesmol (a main component of Atractylodes lancea)-induced potentiation of depolarizing neuromuscular blockade in diaphragm muscles of normal and diabetic mice.:Jpn J Pharmacol. 1989 May;50(1):69-71.
Potentiating effects of beta-eudesmol on neuromuscular blockade were investigated in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. Pretreatment with beta-eudesmol potentiated the blocking effects of succinylcholine to a greater extent in diabetic muscles than in normal ones. This effect was saturated after 30-min pretreatment in normal muscles. Further potentiation was observed after 60-min pretreatment in diabetic muscles. These results suggest that beta-eudesmol modifies the sensitivity of diabetic mice to depolarizing blockers so that they have a higher susceptibility to these compounds.
The Acetylenes from Atractylodes macrocephala.:Planta Med. 1987 Oct;53(5):493-4.Chen ZL.Institute of Materia Medica, Academia Sinica, Yue-yang Road 319, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
The investigation of ATRACTYLODES MACROCEPHALA afforded in addition to known compounds, esters of tetradeca-2,8,10-triene-4,6-diyne-1,12,14-triol. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical evidence.
Isolation and Hypoglycemic Activity of Atractans A, B and C, Glycans of Atractylodes japonica Rhizomes1.:Planta Med. 1985 Apr;51(2):102-3.
A water extract of the Oriental crude drug "byaku-jutsu", ATRACTYLODES JAPONICA rhizomes, showed hypoglycemic activity in mice. The extract was fractionated by monitoring the pharmacological activity to obtain three glycans, atractans A, B and C. These constituents exerted significant hypoglycemic actions in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.
Mechanism of antihepatotoxic activity of atractylon, I: effect on free radical generation and lipid peroxidation1.:Planta Med. 1985 Apr;51(2):97-100.
The mechanism of antihepatotoxic action of atractylon, a main sesquiterpenic constituent of ATRACTYLODES rhizomes, was studied. Atractylon inhibited carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and CCl (4)-induced lipid peroxidation by rat liver microsomes. However, atractylon increased the free radical generation by CCl (4) with rat liver microsomes in the presence of a radical trapping agent, phenyl T-butyl nitrone (PBN). In addition, atractylon generated free radical PER SE. Experiments using (13)CCl (4) instead of CCl (4) indicated that the increased free radicals consisted of those from (13)CCl (4) and from atractylon. Accumulated data support that although both CCl (4) and atractylon generate free radicals respectively by rat liver microsomes, free radical from CCl (4) conducts lipid peroxidation and produces liver lesion, while atractylon forms free radical which scavenges CCl (3) radical in the absence of PBN, inhibits lipid peroxidation by CCl (4) and suppresses CCl (4)-induced liver lesion.
Claims: Information this web site presented is meant for Nutritional Benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent scientific developments......
Pharmakon Warning: The order of knowledge is not the transparent order of forms and ideas,as one might be tempted retrospectively to interpret it; it is the antidote....(Dissemination,Plato's Pharmacy,II.The Ingredients:Phantasms,Festivals,and Paints;138cf. Jacques Derrida.).
And as it happens,the technique of imitation,along with the production of the simulacrum,has always been in Plato's eyes manifestly magical,thaumaturgical:......and the same things appear bent and straight to those who view them in water and out,or concave and convex,owing to similar errors of vision about colors, and there is obviously every confusion of this sort in our souls.And so scene painting (skiagraphia) in its exploitation of this weakness of four nature falls nothing short of witchcraft (thaumatopoia), and so do jugglery and many other such contrivances.(Republic X,602c-d;cf.also 607c).
seminal trace...Atractylodes Rhizome.5:1 Extract.Swordlike Atractylodes Rhizome.Atractylodes lancea Thunb. DC. or Atractylodes chinensis DC.Koidz.Swordlike Atractylodes Rhizome, Rhizoma Atractylodis,Rhizoma Areactylodis Lanceae,Atractylodes Rhizome,Rhizoma Atractylodis....
Phytochemical info of Atractylodes lancea Rhizome(Cang Zhu) and Rhizoma Atractylodes Macrocephalae (Bai Zhu)..
The history and differentiation of raw Atractylodes commodity in successive ages.:Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi. 2007 Jan;37(1):15-8. Chinese.Peng HS, Wang DQ.School of Pharmacy, Anhui College of TCM, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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