logogriph of lentil and the differance?

Contents

• Basic Botanical Data and Identification of Lentil.
• Lentils Growth Habits and Morphology Description.
• Lentil.Lens culinaris L and the genus spectrum of Lentil.
• History and story of Lentils:from ancestors to modern times.
• Lentil Botany:Taxonomy, Morphology and Floral Biology:Physical Characteristics,Chemistry.
• Uses of lentil seed:Edible,Medicinal uses.
• Mordern Research of lentils:Proanthocyanidin,amino acids,Agglutinin.
• Preparation and cooking of Lentils.
• Nutrients of lentils.
• Research Update:Lentils.

Mordern Research of lentils:Proanthocyanidin,amino acids,Agglutinin.:

Proanthocyanidin composition in the seed coat of lentils (Lens culinaris L.):

 Lentils (Lens culinaris L.) are a popular food in many countries. However, little is known about their phenolic composition.

 Because polyphenols in lentils are located essentially in their seed coat, the objective of this work was to study the composition of proanthocyanidins, the major group of polyphenols, in this part of the tissue.

 The use of C(18) Sep-Pak cartridges permitted the fractionation of lentil seed coat extract into monomer, oligomer, and polymer proanthocyanidin fractions. Subsequent thiolysis of oligomer and polymer fractions followed by HPLC analysis allowed the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) and the structural composition of proanthocyanidins to be determined. A fractionation of lentil seed coat extracts on a polyamide column followed by HPLC and HPLC-DAD-MS analyses was used to identify the individual proanthocyanidins. The results showed that the major monomeric flavan-3-ol was (+) catechin-3-glucose, with lesser amounts of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. In the oligomer fraction, various dimer, trimer, and tetramer proanthocyanidins constituted of catechin, gallocatechin, and catechin gallate units were identified, and several procyanidins and prodelphinidins from pentamers to nonamers constitute the polymer fraction. The most abundant proanthocyanidins in the seed coat of lentils are the polymers (65-75%), with a mDP of 7-9, followed by the oligomers (20-30%), with a mDP of 4-5.
 
 


 Identification of uncommon amino acids in the lentil seed (Lens culinaris Med.).:

 The fraction of the free basic amino acids in the lentil seed was shown to contain gamma-hydroxyarginine, gamma-hydroxyornithine and homoarginine besides the common amino acids. Similar distribution was found in 5 varieties of lentil, with hydroxyarginine and arginine dominating. The significance of these findings with regard to chemotaxonomy and lentil consumption is discussed.

 The amino acid content of seeds and 4-day-old seedlings were studied in five species of lentil: Lens culinaris, L. orientalis, L. ervoides, L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Free amino acid and also total protein amino acid content after HCl hydrolysis were determined by HPLC. The nonprotein UV-absorbing amino acids were determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The content of free protein amino acids in seeds varied among species and increased dramatically after germination. Asparagine is quantitatively most important in both seed and seedling. The content of free nonprotein amino acids is variable in seeds and seedlings. gamma-Hydroxyarginine, gamma-hydroxyornithine, alpha-aminobutyric acid and taurine were found in both seeds and seedlings. Homoarginine was found in four species but not in L. orientalis while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-aaa) and three isoxazolinone derivatives: beta-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine (BIA), gamma-glutamyl-BIA (gamma-glu-BIA) and 2-carboxymethyl-isoxazolin-5-one (CMI) were found exclusively in the seedlings. CMI was identified for the first time in lentil species. Lathyrine, beta-(2-amino-pyrimidine-4-yl)-alanine, which was reported to be in the seeds of some Lathyrus species was confirmed to be present also in the seedling of L. culinaris (trace amount), L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Trigonelline (N-methyl-nicotinic acid), a plant hormone, is present both in seeds and seedlings in different concentrations except in L. ervoides. The different combination of nonprotein amino acids among the species gives indication of their genetic relationship and might partly explain the varying compatibility for interspecies crossing.
 
 


 Lens Culinaris Agglutinin (isolated from Lens culinaris (lentil) seeds).:

 Lens culinaris agglutinin has a molecular weight of approximately 49,000 and is composed of four subunits - two of about 17,000 daltons and two of 8,000 daltons. The isoelectric point of LCA is approximately pH 8.5. LCA recognizes sequences containing a-linked mannose residues. Like other mannose specific lectins, divalent cations such as calcium and manganese are required for sugar binding activity.

 By recognizing additional sugars as part of the receptor structure, LCA has a narrower specificity than Con A. For example, an a-linked fucose residue attached to the N-acetylchitobiose portion of the core oligosaccharide markedly enhances affinity. By exploiting this narrower specificity, glycoproteins and glycopeptides can be subfractionated with LCA after initial isolation with Con A.
 
 


 LCA has been employed to separate lymphocyte populations, as a potent T-cell mitogen, and as one of the most effective agents in preventing skin allograft rejection in model systems. LCA is also used to purify numerous glycoproteins (including immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, a2-macroglobulin, etc.) as well as to fractionate glycopeptides from a variety of glycoproteins.

 Inhibiting/Eluting Sugar: 200 mM a-methyl mannoside/200 mM a-methyl glucoside mixture

Reference:

• 1.logogriph of lentil and the differance?

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♣ last edit date:14th,Oct.2010.