L-DOPA:L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine.:Introduction and Its Benefit Applications.
Contents
L-DOPA Safety and Toxicity.:
Acute Toxicity:
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose,Oral.Human - woman.320 mg/kg/4D-I.Toxic Effects:Behavioral - excitement;Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea;Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting.Reference:AHJOA2 American Heart Journal. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial.Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1925- Volume(issue)/page/year:110,488,1985
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Oral.Rodent - rabbit.609 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E.First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year:28,1,1974
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill,Oral.Bird - wild bird species.100 mg/kg.Toxic Effects:Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value.Reference:AECTCV Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.(Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 070944) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,355,1983
Adverse effects:
Possible adverse drug reactions include:
Hypotension, especially if the dosage is too high
Arrhythmias, although these are uncommon
Nausea, which is often reduced by taking the drug with food, although protein interferes with drug absorption
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Disturbed respiration, which is not always harmful, and can actually benefit patients with upper airway obstruction
Hair loss
Confusion
Extreme emotional states, particularly anxiety, but also excessive libido
Vivid dreams and/or fragmented sleep
Visual and possibly auditory hallucinations
Effects on learning; there is some evidence that it improves working memory, while impairing other complex functions
Sleepiness and sleep attacks
A condition similar to amphetamine psychosis.
Although there are many adverse effects associated with levodopa, particularly psychiatric ones, it has fewer than other anti-Parkinson's drugs, including anticholinergics, amantadine, and dopamine agonists.
More serious are the effects of chronic levodopa administration, which include:
End-of-dose deterioration of function
On/off oscillations
Freezing during movement
Dose failure (drug resistance)
Dyskinesia at peak dose.
Recent studies have demonstrated that use of L-dopa without simultaneously giving proper levels of serotonin percursors depletes serotonin.
The long term use of L-Dopa in Parkinson's disease has been linked to the so called dopamine dysregulation syndrome.
Clinicians will try to avoid these by limiting levodopa dosages as far as possible until absolutely necessary.
Toxicity:
Some studies suggest a cytotoxic role in the promotion and occurrence of adverse effects associated with levodopa treatment.Though the drug is generally safe in humans, some researchers have reported an increase in cytotoxicity markers in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell lines treated with levodopa.Other authors have attributed the observed toxic effects of levodopa in neural dopamine cell lines to enhanced formation of quinones through increased auto-oxidation and subsequent cell death in mesencephalic cell cultures.Though levodopa is generally considered safe, some controversy surrounds use of the drug in Parkinson's Disease given some data indicating a deleterious effect on intracellular and neuronal tissue involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Reference:
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- 1.L-DOPA:L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine.:Introduction and Its Benefit Applications.
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♣ last edit date:28th,Oct.2010.
