Apple and Apple Phytochemicals,how strange a common fruit so magic use?

Contents

• Apple and Apple Basic Data.
• Apple phytochemicals.
• Bioavailability of phytochemicals.
• Effects of variety and ripening on apple phytochemicals.
• Health benefits of apples: epidemiological evidence.
• Frequently Asked Questions.
• Apples:Witches Brew.
• From Findings of Apple Procyanidin B-2.
• Properties and effects of Polyphenol from Apple.
• Processing Method:Concentration of phenolics extracted from apples.
• Apple Polyphenol and Its Application to Tooth coating composition.
• Phloridzin-rich phenolic fraction and use thereof as a cosmetic, dietary or nutraceutical agent.
• Research and Findings:Apple Polyphenol.
• Apple Polyphenol:toxicology and safety.
• How search engine think about Apple.
• Research update of Apple and Apple Phytochemicals.

Research and Findings:Apple Polyphenol.:

Optimization of apple polyphenol oxidase inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure.:

 M. MIYAWAKI, J. I. Reyes-De-Corcuera, J. R. Powers, and B. G. Swanson. Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State Univ., PO Box 646376, Pullman, WA 99164-6376

 High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) utilization for food processing offers advantages over conventional thermal processing improving retention of "fresh-like" natural flavors and essential nutrients. One of the research objectives of HHP processing is focused on inactivation of endogenous detrimental enzymes in plant foods. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in apples is partially inactivated by HHP following mechanisms dependent on tissue status and process conditions. Our objectives are to establish optimal conditions of HHP treatments combined with antibrowning agents to inactivate PPO in apples and minimize undesirable browning during storage, and to develop shelf stable foods containing apples. HHP treatments were carried out at 600 MPa for up to 10 min at ambient temperatures to simulate potential commercial applications, followed by PPO assays and color observations for 2 days at ambient temperature. Diced apples and apple homogenates were subjected to HHP treatments to compare the effects of tissue and cell disruption on PPO inactivation. The soluble solids concentrations selected to simulate apple products, as well as organic and inorganic antibrowning agents were evaluated to determine their effects on the discoloration of HHP treated diced apples and apple homogenates. HHP inactivates PPO in diced apples more effectively than in apple homogenates. However, after HHP treatment at 600 MPa for 5 min at ambient temperatures, diced apples exhibited 8% PPO activity and slight brown discoloration. The decrease in PPO inactivation in apple homogenates during HHP treatments as soluble solids concentration increased is attributed to baroprotective effects and reduced water activity. Among the antibrowning agents, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride inhibited discoloration of apple homogenates before and after HHP treatments. Complete inactivation of PPO in apple homogenates by HHP treatments alone is unlikely. Inactivation of PPO in apple homogenates containing selected antibrowning agents by HHP treatment will slow the development and extent of undesirable brown discoloration.


 Anti-allergic effect of apple polyphenol on patients with atopic dermatitis: A pilot study.:

 Abstract:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-allergic effect of apple condensed tannins (ACT) in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) as a pilot study. An ACT supplement given to the patients at oral doses of 10 mg/kg per day for 8 weeks reduced the inflammation, lichenification, cracking, itching, sleep dis- turbance and peripheral blood eosinophil counts. Itching and sleep disturbance scores after ACT supplement even for 2 weeks were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The results suggest that ACT has an anti-allergic effect and that its use improved the symptoms of AD.

 Research on Scavenging Effect on Radical and Inhibiting Effect on Lipid Peroxidation of Different Apple Polyphenol Extracts in vitro.:

 Objective: To study the scavenging effects on hydroxyl radical (-OH), superoxidized anion radical (O(superscript - subscript 2)?) and malondialdehyde (MDA) generated by lipidperoxidation of different apple polyphenol extracts. Methods: The DR spectrophotometry and improved TBA spectrophotometry and solvent box method were used to determined the scavenging effects on ?OH, O(superscript - subscript 2)? and MDA. Results: Different apple polyphenol extracts all had antioxidant effects, but in different antioxidant systems, different apple polyphenol extracts had different antioxidant effects, and the antioxidant effects of AP I arid AP II showed better. Conclusion: Apple polyphenol extracts had antioxidant activity. The main antioxidant components were phenols and proanthocyandins oligomer with low molecular weight.

 Apple Polyphenol Oxidase Inhibitor(s) From Common House Fly.:

 Interpretive Summary: Enzymatic browning associated with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes millions of dollars in annual losses to the fruit, vegetable and seafood (crustaceans) industries. The catalytic action of PPO is usually a limiting factor in the handling and technological processing of many fruits and vegetables. Few preservatives are available to the food processing industry and one group, the sulfites, may be harmful to asthma sufferers. Because PPO is known to exist in insects, scientists at the USDA Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, worked with scientists at the University of Florida, Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, to determine the existence of PPO inhibitor(s) in the house fly, Musca domestica. Crude inhibitor(s) was isolated that inhibited the activity of apple PPO up to 90% at pH values greater than 5.0. The highest degree of PPO inhibition was found in isolates from third-instar larvae and 3- to 5-day-old pupae. The PPO inhibitor(s) is most stable at pH 5.0 and quite stable to heating, thawing, and irradiation. This discovery may be useful to the fruit, vegetable, and seafood industries as an alternative mathod for combating enzymatic browning.

 Technical Abstract: A new apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitor(s) from house fly (Musca domestica L.) was discovered. Crude inhibitor(s) isolated by buffer extraction, heat treatment and dialysis from house fly pupae inhibited the activity of apple PPO up to 90% at pH values above 5.0. Inhibition was strictly pH dependent. Inhibitor(s) was further characterized by employing heat, freezing and thawing, irradiation, pH adjustment and ultrafiltration studies. The potential PPO inhibitor(s) was quite stable to heating at 100 C for 1h, repeated freezing and thawing, and irradiation. Inhibitor(s) was most stable at pH around 5.0 and least stable at alkaline pH. PPO inhibition profile of house fly during its metamorphosis was also evaluated.


 Prevention of bone loss with apple polyphenol.:

 Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions. Puel C, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada MN, Coxam V. Unite des Maladies Metaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA Theix, 63122, Saint Genes-Champanelle, France.

 Aging and sex hormones related changes lead to inflammatory and oxidant conditions, which are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recent studies have suggested that polyphenols may exert a protective effect in such conditions. We assessed the effect of phloridzin (Phlo), a flavonoid exclusively found in apple, on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SH) rats with and without inflammation. Six-month-old Wistar rats were allocated to two equal groups that received either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.25% Phlo for 80 days. Three weeks before necropsy, inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of talc in 10 animals of each group. At necropsy, ovariectomy decreased both total (T-BMD) and metaphyseal (M-BMD) femoral bone mineral density (P less than 0.01). Inflammation conditions, checked by an increase in the spleen weight and alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration in OVX rats, exacerbated the decrease in T-BMD (g/cm2) (as well as M-BMD) observed in castrated animals (P less than 0.05). Daily Phlo intake prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss in conditions of inflammation as shown by T-BMD and M-BMD (P less than 0.05).

 At the diaphyseal site, BMD was improved by Phlo in OVX rats with or without inflammation (P less than 0.05). These results could be explained by changes in bone remodeling as the increased urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion in OVX and OVXinf animals was prevented by the polyphenol-rich diet (P less than 0.001), while plasma osteocalcin concentration was similar in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Phlo consumption may provide protection against ovariectomy-induced osteopenia under inflammation conditions by improving inflammation markers and bone resorption.
 


 Apple polyphenols lower blood fat.:

 Just last month, researchers at Cornell University announced that extracts from apples lowered "bad" (LDL) cholesterol in cell tests. Six prior studies in animals and humans also show a cholesterol lowering effect from apple polyphenols.

 A 2003 study on apple phytochemicals suggested "a strong link between dietary intake of phytochemicals and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease."

 Several studies show that apple polyphenols have a positive effect on diabetes and insulin resistance in animals and humans. In 1987, European researchers announced that an apple-derived polyphenol, phlorizin, "completely normalized insulin response" in diabetic rats.

 In 2004, scientists at the National Institutes of Health in the U.S. gave this same apple polyphenol to mice. Two weeks of treatment "significantly decreased blood glucose levels" in diabetic mice. Whole body fat mass was also "significantly reduced."

 An Asian study in diabetic human volunteers showed that even weak polyphenols in apple juice produced "avoidance of sharp peaks" in blood glucose levels.

Reference:

• 1.Apple and Apple Phytochemicals,how strange a common fruit so magic use?

This article written and edited via herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional. They run a range of online descriptions about this herb,including general information related and summarized updating discoveries from findings of professional scientisits this field related.Describe style aimed to form a useful detecting literature space where the intertwined threshold and related questions raise out and visualize themselves.

♣ last edit date:20th,Oct.2010.