Research update:Ligustrum lucidum Ait or Glossy Privet Fruit.

  seminal trace...Glossy Privet Extract.Glossy Berry Extract.Glossy Privet Fruit Extract.Ligustrum lucidum Ait.Fructus Ligustri Lucidi,Privet, Nu Zhen Zi...

 


   Phytochemical info of Ligustrum lucidum Ait or Glossy Privet Fruit.

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 Definition:Ligustrum lucidum Ait or Glossy Privet Fruit. are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research update:Ligustrum lucidum Ait or Glossy Privet Fruit.

  Identification of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. by X-ray diffraction fourier pattern method:Zhong Yao Cai. 2007 Jun;30(6):643-5. Chinese.Shi KB, Sheng ZH.Analysis and Testing Center, Huaiyin Normal College, Huaian 223300, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To set up a new identification and analysis method of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. METHODS: To get the extracts of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. using ethanol and chloroform ether as solvent and the extracts were identified by X-ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint spectra. RESULTS: Experiments and analysis were carried out on four samples. The standard X-ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint spectra and characteristic diffraction peaks were obtained. There were some differences among the spectra of the extracts, but the characteristic diffraction peaks were obvious. CONCLUSION: The experimental result indicated that X-ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint spectra can be used to identify and analyze Chinese traditional herb Ligustrum lucidum Ait.

  Study on antioxidant activity of two major secoiridoid glucosides in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait:Zhong Yao Cai. 2007 May;30(5):543-6. Chinese. Li Y, Zuo Y, Sun WJ.Biology and Medicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China. leeyond2@126.com

 The antioxidant effects of two major secoiridoid glucosides (nuezhenoside and G13, separated in our laboratory) from Fructus Ligustri Lucidi had already been assayed though DPPH radicals, respectively. The results revealed that these ingredients showed significant antioxidant activities. A positive correlation existed between total content and antioxidant activity. G13 had shown higher antioxidant activity than nuezhenoside. It implied that the structure of secoiridoid glucoside was postitive to antioxidant activity. Otherwise, the results could promote the deep research of Furctus Ligustri Lucidi on antioxidant mechanism.

  Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge.:J Environ Sci (China). 2006;18(6):1094-100.Dai JY, Chen L, Zhao JF, Ma N.Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China. daijy@ioz.ac.cn

 In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those of Zn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of Hg in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metal by Begonia semperflorens-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicus (L.F.) Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var. rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majus; Buxus radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthus fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots of D. morifolium, followed by the leaves of B. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var. rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.

  Protective effects of Ligustrum lucidum fruit extract on acute butylated hydroxytoluene-induced oxidative stress in rats.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Apr 20;111(1):129-36. Epub 2006 Nov 10.Lin HM, Yen FL, Ng LT, Lin CC.Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

 Nuzhenzi, the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (Oleaceae), is commonly used as tonic for kidney and liver in the traditional Chinese medicine prescription. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Ligustrum lucidum fruits (ELL) and its effects on butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced oxidative stress in rats. Results showed that ELL possesses weak antioxidant activities. Compared to the BHT (1000mg/kg)-treated group, results showed that ELL at 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg significantly reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (sGPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sGOT), alkaline phosphatase (sALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglyceride (TG) and creatinine (Cr), as well as LDH in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). It also significantly decreased the level of lipid peroxides in liver and lung. In addition, ELL significantly enhanced the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in these organs. Histopathological evaluation of the tissues revealed that ELL reduced the incidence of lung lesions, while the liver and kidney tissues were not affected by BHT administration. Taken together, the protective effect of ELL against acute BHT-induced oxidative stress in rats could be through the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes.

  Development of a dry artificial diet for Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).:Neotrop Entomol. 2006 Sep-Oct;35(5):567-72.Fortes P, Magro SR, Panizzi AR, Parra JR.Depto. Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agricola, ESALQ-USP C. postal 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP.

 Artificial diets prepared with wheat germ, soybean protein, dextrosol, potato starch, sucrose, cellulose, soybean or sunflower oil, and vitamin solution for rearing Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus heros (Fabricius) were tested under controlled temperature (25 +/- 1 degrees C), RH (60 +/- 10%), and photophase (14h). Three diets were tested and compared with the natural diet privet [soybean and peanut seeds and privet Ligustrum lucidum Ait. fruit (Oleaceae)]. All three artificial diets allowed full development. The diet containing sunflower oil was the most suitable for N. viridula while E. heros developed better on a diet composed of soybean oil. Data indicated that the artificial diets were inferior to the natural diet. The artificial diets were more adequate for E. heros.


  Ligustrum lucidum Ait. f. leaves as a bioindicator of the air-quality in a Mediterranean city:Environ Monit Assess. 2004 Aug-Sep;96(1-3):221-32.Oliva SR, Vald¨¦s B.Departamento de Biolog¨ªa Vegetal y Ecolog¨ªa, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n-Apartado de Correo 1096, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. bisabina@libero.it

 The concentration of 11 elements, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and V, have been determined in leaves of Ligistrum lucidum Ait. f. growing in Palermo, by simultaneous inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A total of 72 samples from six different sites were investigated to deduce the bioindicator ability of this species. Differences were found in the element concentrations in the leaves from the different sites and, in general, anthropogenic pollutant patterns match traffic levels. This paper describes and discusses the spatio-variations of the different elements. Cluster analyses established three different groups giving an idea about the origins of the elements. Results demonstrate that this species is useful as a bioindicator in a Mediterranean climate, especially as it has the added advantage of being an evergreen tree.

  MECC determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid isomers in Ligustrum lucidum Ait.:J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2003 Jul 14;32(3):479-85.Liu H, Shi Y, Wang D, Yang G, Yu A, Zhang H.College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, PR China.

 In this paper, a novel method to separate and determine oleanolic acid and ursolic acid isomers in Ligustrum lucidum Ait was studied by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). The baseline separation of the two analytes were obtained on the condition that the buffer contained 15 mmol/l disodium hydrogen phosphate, 15 mmol/l disodium tetreborate, 10 mmol/l SDS and 5% (v/v) alcohol. The contents of the oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were determined in L. lucidum Ait, Folium photiniae and Flos campsis; they were 78.3 (R.S.D. = 2.75%) and 20.7 mg/g (R.S.D. = 2.97%), 27.9 (R.S.D. = 3.67%) and 79.8 mg/g (R.S.D. = 3.44%), 65.5 (R.S.D. = 3.73%) and 60.4 mg/g (R.S.D. = 4.06%) (n = 5), respectively. The recoveries of the analytes in the extract of L. lucidum Ait were 102%, (R.S.D. = 2.85%) for oleanolic acid and 104% (R.S.D. = 3.21%) for ursolic acid (n = 5). With the emphasis on the effects of SDS and alcohol concentrations on the separation of the isomers were investigated.

  Chemical pattern recognition of traditional Chinese medicine kudingcha (II):Zhong Yao Cai. 1998 Apr;21(4):170-3. Chinese.Su W, Wu Z, He X, Chen J.Guangdong College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510224.

 In this paper, the HPLC data from 78 samples of Kudingcha were treated with back propagation algorithm of artifical neural network pattern recognition, and the computer-aided classification of Ilex cornuta Lindl., Ilex latifolia Thunb. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. was accomplished. This paper provides a scientific, advanced and feasible method for identification of traditional Chinese medicine.

  Chemical pattern recognition of traditional Chinese medicine kudingcha (I):Zhong Yao Cai. 1998 Mar;21(3):115-9. Chinese.Su W, Wu Z, Chen J, He X, Li J.Guangdong College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510224.

 In this paper, the non-linear mapping method of pattern recognition was adopted to classify 78 samples of traditional Chinese medicine Kudingcha, with macro and trace elements as classified characteristic features. Ilex cornuta Lindl., Ilex latifolia Thunb. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. were identified accurately. The results agree with those from pharmacognosy. This paper provides a new method for identification of traditional Chinese medicine.

  Extract and identify ingredient from Ligustrum Lucidum Ait and study its effect to periodontal pathogen.:Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2002 Sep;37(5):388-90.Wang Q, Fan M, Bian Z, Nie M, Chen Z.Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To extract the effective ingredient (crystal I) from effective section (saponin) of Ligustrum Lucidum Ait, identify the chemical structure of crystal I, study the effect of crystal I on P. gingivalis, B. forsythus and P. intermedia. METHODS: Isolated crystal I from saponin using the silica gel column chromatograph. Identified crystal I with IR spectra, (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR. Measured the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) through micro-liquid dilution. Studied the killing curve of ursolic acid on B. forsythus and P. intermedia. RESULTS: The crystal I was identified as ursolic acid; its MIC and MBC to P. gingivalis, B. forsythus and P. intermedia were 0.740 and 0.295 microg/L respectively. The killing curve indicated that 0.800 microg/L ursolic acid could kill P. intermedia and B. forsythus in 3 and 6 hours respectively. CONCLUSION: Ursolic acid has obvious effect to inhibit periodontal pathogen.


  Effects of herbal preparation Equiguard on hormone-responsive and hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma cells: mechanistic studies.:Int J Oncol. 2002 Apr;20(4):681-9.Hsieh TC, Lu X, Guo J, Xiong W, Kunicki J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wu JM.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.

 The Equiguard is a dietary supplement comprised of standardized extracts from nine herbs, respectively, Herba epimedium brevicornum Maxim (stem and leaves), Radix morindae officinalis (root), Fructus rosa laevigatae michx (fruit), Rubus chingii Hu (fruit), Schisandra chinensis (Turz.) Baill (fruit), Ligustrum lucidum Ait (fruit), Cuscuta chinensis Lam (seed), Psoralea corylifolia L. (fruit), and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge (root). This proprietary product, formulated according to Chinese traditional medicinal concepts, is aimed at restoring harmony in the of the kidney, an organ which Chinese medicinal principles consider to be vital for invigorating as well as maintaining balance of the entire urological system. As the prostate is an integral component of the urological system, we performed in vitro studies to test the effects of ethanol extracts of Equiguard to modulate prostate growth and gene expression. These studies used prostate cancer cells mimicking the androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) states of prostate carcinogenesis. Results show that Equiguard significantly reduced cancer cell growth, induced apoptosis, suppressed expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and lowered intracellular and secreted prostate specific antigen (PSA), and almost completely abolished colony forming abilities of prostate cancer cells. These data support the interpretation that this herbal formulation contains ingredients that collectively may be efficacious in preventing or treating AD and AI prostate carcinoma. The anti-prostatic activities of Equiguard may stem from its complex composition capable of targeting multiple signal transduction/metabolic pathways, to effectively correct, counteract or circumvent the impaired or dysfunctional mechanisms accompanying different stages of prostate carcinogenesis.

  Hepatoprotective action of an oleanolic acid-enriched extract of Ligustrum lucidum fruits is mediated through an enhancement on hepatic glutathione regeneration capacity in mice:Phytother Res. 2001 Nov;15(7):589-92.Yim TK, Wu WK, Pak WF, Ko KM.Department of Biochemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.

 The fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (FLL) were fractionated into petroleum ether (FLL-Pe), chloroform (FLL-Ch), butanol (FLL-Bu) and aqueous (FLL-Aq) fractions, of which FLL-Ch and FLL-Bu were found to be enriched with oleanolic acid (OLA). The in vivo antioxidant activities of various FLL fractions and OLA were assessed by examining the effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Pretreatment of animals with various FLL fractions could protect against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity to a varying degree, with OLA-enriched FLL-Bu and FLL-Ch being more potent. However, a mortality rate of 60% was observed in the FLL-Ch pretreated and CCl(4)-intoxicated mice. OLA pretreatment also produced a dose-dependent protection against CCl(4) hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotection afforded by FLL-Bu or OLA pretreatment was associated with an enhancement of hepatic-glutathione regeneration capacity (GRC). In contrast, the inability of FLL-Aq pretreatment to enhance hepatic GRC resulted in a failure to prevent CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury. The results suggest that the hepatoprotective action afforded by OLA-enriched FLL-Bu or OLA pretreatment may be mainly mediated by the enhancement of hepatic GRC, particularly under conditions of CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress.

  RP-HPLC determination of water-soluble active constituents and oleanolic acid in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. collected from various areas:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1998 Feb;23(2):77-9, 127. Chinese.Shi L, Cai Z, Wu G, Yang S, Ma Y.Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433.

 The contents of p-hydroxyphenethyl-beta-D-glucoside, specnuezhenide and oleanolic acid in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum collected from various areas in China were determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The results could be used to evaluate the quality of the crude drug more comprehensively.

  Studies on the constituents of Ligustrum species. XIX. Structures of iridoid glucosides from the leaves of Ligustrum lucidum AIT:

 Two new iridoid glucosides, named iso-8-epikingiside and 8-demethyl-7-ketologanin, were isolated together with 8-epikingiside, kingiside, ligustroside, 10-hydroxyligustroside, ligustaloside A and ligustaloside B from the leaves of Ligustrum lucidum AIT. (Oleaceae). The stereochemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.

  Quantitative determination of salidroside and specnuezhenide in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait by high performance liquid chromatography.:Biomed Chromatogr. 1998 Jan-Feb;12(1):27-30.Shi L, Ma Y, Cai Z.Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.

 An accurate RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of two water-soluble biologically active compounds, salidroside (p-hydroxyphenethyl-beta-D-glucoside) and specnuezhenide in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait (a crude drug in Chinese traditional medicine) was developed. The reversed-phase column was Nova-Pak C18, saturated with water before the injection of the samples and eluted with a mobile phase of methanol:water (4:6, v/v). The detection wavelength was 230 nm. The recoveries of the two compounds were 96.1 and 97.0%, respectively. The contents of salidroside and specnuezhenide in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait and two traditional Chinese patent medicines in which this crude drug was an important component, Erzhi Pills and Anshenbuxin Pills, were determined.


  Exploring Chemical Variables in Ligustrum lucidum Ait. F. Tricolor (Rehd.) Rehd. in Relation to Air Pollutants and Environmental Conditions:Environ Manage. 1997 Sep;21(5):793-801.Pignata ML, Canas MS, Carreras HA, Orellana L.Catedra de Quimica General Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Cordoba Avda. Velez Sarsfield 299 5000 Cordoba, Argentina

 A diagnostic study was done on Ligustrum lucidum Ait. f. tricolor (Rehd.) Rehd. in relation to atmospheric pollutants in Cordoba city, Argentina. The study area receives regional pollutants and was categorized taking into account traffic level, industrial density, type of industry, location of the sample point in relation to the street corner, treeless condition, and topographic level. Dried weight/fresh weight ratio (DW/FW) and specific leaf area (SLA) were calculated, and concentrations of chlorophylls, carotenoids, total sulfur, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydroperoxy conjugated dienes (HPCD) were determined in leaf samples. Sulfur content correlates positively with traffic density and SLA correlates negatively with some combinations of the categorical variables; MDA correlates positively with topographic level and total protein concentration correlates negatively with treeless condition. On the basis of our results, traffic, location of trees, type of industry, situation of a tree with respect to others, and topographic level are the environmental variables to bear in mind when selecting analogous sampling points in a passive monitoring program. An approximation to predict tree injury may be obtained by measuring DW/FW ratio, proteins, pigments, HPCD, and MDA as they are responsible for the major variability of data.KEY WORDS: L. lucidum Ait. f. tricolor (Rehd.) Rehd.; Air pollution; Sulfur accumulation; Pigments; Urban environment; Argentina

  Isolation and identification of two new secoiridoids of water-soluble chemical constituents from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait:Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1997 Jun;32(6):442-6. Chinese.Shi LF, Cao YY, Chen HS, Dong JP.Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433.

 Two new secoiridoids named as specnuezhenide (I) and nuezhengalaside (II) were isolated from the water-soluble part of dry fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. Their structures were established on the basis of chemical analysis and spectral data (UV, IR, 1H-NMR, NOEDS, HOMO-DEC, 13C-NMR, DEPT and MS).

  Differences in responses to urban air pollutants by Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. f. tricolor (Rehd.) Rehd.:Environ Pollut. 1996;93(2):211-8.Carreras HA, Ca?as MS, Pignata ML.C¨¢tedra de Qu¨ªmica General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F¨ªsicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de C¨®rdoba, Avda V¨¦lez S¨¢rsfield 299. 5000 C¨®rdoba, Argentina.

 This study examined the chemical response of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. f. tricolor (Rehd.) Rehd. when exposed to different sources of atmospheric pollutants. Dry weight/fresh weight ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), sulfur content, chlorophyll concentration, carotenoids, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroperoxy conjugated dienes (HPCD) were determined for leaf samples taken from different sites in the city of C¨®rdoba, Argentina. These sites were categorized in terms of their traffic levels and industrial levels. Both L. lucidum as well as L. lucidum f. tricolor accumulated sulfur in their leaves in sites with high traffic levels, the former being the most sensitive to this type of pollution. Ligustrum lucidum exhibited significantly low concentrations of soluble proteins, in sites with high industrial pollution levels. Ligustrum lucidum f. tricolor did not exhibit a significant response to industrial pollution.

  Isolation of substances from glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.) inhibiting the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene in bacteria.:Mutat Res. 1993 Sep;319(1):1-9.

 Methanol and hot-water extracts of glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.) inhibited the mutagenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S9 mix. The methanol extract was fractionated with ether and n-hexane. As the active components, oleanolic and ursolic acids were isolated, which were soluble in ether and insoluble in n-hexane. The hot-water extract was fractionated to water, 60% and 100% methanol fractions. Nuezhenide was isolated from the 60% methanol fraction as the active component.

  TLC densitometric determination of oleanolic acid in Ligustrum lucidum Ait:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1989 Nov;14(11):681-2, 704. Chinese.Rong Y, Ye XC.

 A method for the determination of oleanolic acid in Ligustrum lucidum was studied by means of TLC densitometry. The method is easy, rapid and accurate.


  Nonenzymatic antioxidative and antiglycative effects of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.:J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Aug 22;55(17):7177-81. Epub 2007 Jul 21.Yin MC, Chan KC.Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan. mcyin@mail.cmu.edu.tw

 Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are two triterpenes presented in several herbs. This study analyzed the content of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in eight locally available fresh herbs, also examined several nonenzymatic antioxidant activities of these two triterpenes, and used a liposome system to evaluate the influence of temperature and pH upon the antioxidant property of these two triterpenes. The impact of these two triterpenes on the production of nonenzymatic glycative products, pentosidine and carboxymethyllysine (CML), was also evaluated. alpha-Tocopherol was used for comparison. Results showed that the content of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in glossy privet fruit and hawthorn fruit varied from season to season and was in the range of 200-650 microg/g of fresh weight. Both oleanolic acid and ursolic acid possessed greater antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and less antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) when compared with alpha-tocopherol at equal concentration (P <0.05). At 75 and 100 degrees C, oleanolic acid exhibited greater antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol and ursolic acid (P <0.05). At pH 2 and pH 4, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid showed greater antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol (P <0.05). These two triterpenes also exhibited a dose-dependent effect in superoxide anion scavenging activity, chelating effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, and reducing power (P <0.05). Oleanolic acid significantly and dose-dependently inhibited pentosidine and CML formation (P <0.05). Ursolic acid also significantly suppressed CML formation (P <0.05). These data support that these two triterpenes possessed nonenzymatic antioxidative and antiglycative properties.

  Effects of jiangtang bushen recipe on serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2006 Apr;26(4):329-31. Chinese.Fan GJ, Tang XY, Li SL.Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120. fgjie@tom.com

 OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Jiangtang Bushen Recipe (JBR) on inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and explore its therapeutic mechanism. METHODS Sixty-four patients with T2DM were randomly divided into the treated group (n = 34) and the control group (n = 30). Education course, dietary treatment and conventional hypoglycemic agent were given to both groups, and JBR, mainly composed of Cibot Rhizome, Radix Dipsaci, Glossy Privet Fruit; Ecliptae Herba, Radicis Lycii, Radix Astragali, Rehmannia Dride Rhizome, etc., was given additionally to patients in the treated group, one dose a day for 4 weeks by boiled water and taking in two times. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured, and insulin sensitive index (ISI) and clinical TCM symptom score were calculated before and after treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, the clinical symptom score dropped in both groups (P < 0.01), and it was lower in the treated group than that in the control group (P < 0.01). At the same time, serum levels of FINS, CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased and ISI increased significantly, the effect showed in the treated group was also superior to that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: JBR, which could tonify Pi and Shen, nourish Yin and clear away heat, can improve insulin resistance and alleviate clinical symptoms of T2DM patients, the mechanism may be related with its actions in regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting inflammatory reac-


  Scientific References:

  1.Research update:Ligustrum lucidum Ait or Glossy Privet Fruit.