Research Update:ivy

  seminal trace...Ivy extract.English Ivy Extract.CAS.NO:84650-18-0.Evergreen Ivy Extract,Hedera Helix,Baltic Ivy Leaf extract.10:1.Ground Ivy Extract.Ivy leaves extract.alpha-Hederin.M.F.C40H64O12...

 


   Phytochemical info of ivy

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 Definition:ivy are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update:ivy

  Tolerance, safety and efficacy of Hedera helix extract in inflammatory bronchial diseases under clinical practice conditions: A prospective, open, multicentre postmarketing study in 9657 patients.:

 In this postmarketing study 9657 patients (5181 children) with bronchitis (acute or chronic bronchial inflammatory disease) were treated with a syrup containing dried ivy leaf extract. After 7 days of therapy, 95% of the patients showed improvement or healing of their symptoms. The safety of the therapy was very good with an overall incidence of adverse events of 2.1% (mainly gastrointestinal disorders with 1.5%). In those patients who got concomitant medication as well, it could be shown that the additional application of antibiotics had no benefit respective to efficacy but did increase the relative risk for the occurrence of side effects by 26%. In conclusion, it is to say that the dried ivy leaf extract is effective and well tolerated in patients with bronchitis. In view of the large population considered, future analyses should approach specific issues concerning therapy by age group, concomitant therapy and baseline conditions.
 

  Open trial to assess aspects of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme.:

 Background and Objectives: Changes in the symptoms of cough after treatment with a combined herbal preparation containing dry ivy leaf extract as main active ingredient, decoction of thyme and aniseed, and mucilage of marshmallow root (Weleda Hustenelixier, new formulation) and its tolerability were investigated in an open clinical trial ('Anwendungsbeleg'). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January and March 2004, 13 general practitioners recruited and treated 62 patients with a mean age of 50 years (range 16-89). The patients had irritating cough in consequence of common cold (n = 29), bronchitis (n = 20) or respiratory tract diseases with formation of viscous mucus (n = 15). The mean daily intake was 10 ml (range 7.5-15) of syrup, and the mean duration of treatment was 12 days (range 3-23 days). Treatment results were assessed on the basis of changes in the symptom scores for cough and expectoration. Safety was evaluated by means of an analysis of adverse events. In addition, efficacy and tolerability were analyzed from the judgments of the doctors and patients. RESULTS: At the final visit, all symptom scores showed an improvement as compared to baseline. Doctors and patients assessed efficacy as good or very good in 86% and 90% of the cases, respectively. Tolerability was assessed as good or very good by 97% of the doctors and patients. Only one adverse event was reported. However, a relation to the medication was classified to be unlikely. CONCLUSION: Considering the traditional use of ivy leaves, thyme herb, aniseed and marshmallow root in preparations for cough, the reduction in the symptom score as well as the good tolerability the investigated combined herbal cough syrup seems to alleviate cough in consequence of common cold, bronchitis or respiratory tract diseases with formation of mucus.
 

  Carbohydrate specificity of an insecticidal lectin isolated from the leaves of Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) towards mammalian glycoconjugates.:

 Preliminary studies indicated that the potent insecticidal lectin, Gleheda, from the leaves of Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) preferentially agglutinates human erythrocytes carrying the Tn (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) antigen. However, no details have been reported yet with respect to the fine specificity of the lectin. To corroborate the molecular basis of the insecticidal activity and physiological function of Gleheda, it is necessary to identify the recognition factors that are involved in the Gleheda-glycotope interaction. In the present study, the requirement of high-density multivalent carbohydrate structural units for Gleheda binding and a fine-affinity profile were evaluated using ELLSA (enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay) with our extended glycan/ligand collections, a glycan array and molecular modelling. From the results, we concluded that a high-density of exposed multivalent Tn-containing glycoproteins (natural armadillo and asialo ovine salivary glycoproteins) were the most potent factors for Gleheda binding. They were, on a nanogram basis, 6.5x10(5), 1.5x10(4) and 3.1x10(3) times more active than univalent Gal (galactose), GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine) and Tn respectively. Among mono- and oligo-saccharides examined, simple clustered Tn (molecular mass <3000 Da) from ovine salivary glycoprotein was the best, being 37.5 and 1.7x10(3) times better than GalNAc and Gal respectively. GalNAc glycosides were significantly more active than Gal glycosides, indicating that the N-acetamido group at C-2 plays an important role in Gleheda binding. The results of glycan array support the conclusions drawn with respect to the specificity of Gleheda based on the ELLSA assays. These findings combined with the results of the molecular modelling and docking indicate the occurrence of a primary GalNAcalpha1-binding site in the Gleheda monomer. However, the extraordinary binding feature of Gleheda for glycoproteins demonstrates the importance of affinity enhancement by high-density multivalent glycotopes in the ligand-lectin interactions in biological processes.


  Acute anti-inflammatory activity of four saponins isolated from ivy: alpha-hederin, hederasaponin-C, hederacolchiside-E and hederacolchiside-F in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.:

 The anti-inflammatory potential of alpha-hederin (monodesmoside) and hederasaponin-C from Hedera helix, and hederacolchisides-E and -F (bidesmosides) from H. colchica was investigated in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Saponins and indomethacin were given orally in concentrations of 0.02 and 20mg/kg body wt. For the first phase of acute inflammation, indomethacin was found as the most potent drug. Alpha-hederin and hederasaponin-C were found ineffective, while hederacolchisides-E and -F showed slight anti-inflammatory effects on the first phase. For the second phase of acute inflammation, indomethacin and hederacolchiside-F were determined as very potent compounds. alpha-hederin was found ineffective for the second phase, either. Despite hederasaponin-C and -E were found effective in the second phase of inflammation, they were not found as effective as indomethacin and hederacolchiside-F. As a conclusion, hederasaponin-C, -E and -F, may exert their anti-inflammatory effects by blocking bradykinin or other inflammation mediators. The latter affect may occur via affecting prostaglandin pathways. Regarding the structure activity relationship, it is likely that sugars at C3 position and Rha7-Glcl-6Glc moiety at C28 position are essential for the acute anti-inflammatory effect.

  HPLC profiling and quantification of active principles in leaves of Hedera helix L.:

 Ivy (Hedera helix L., Araliaceae), is an evergreen medicinal and ornamental plant. Depending on leaf polymorphism different shaped ivy leaves were extracted and subsequently analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Quantitative determination of its most prominent saponins hederacoside C (1) and alpha-hederin (2) from different ivy leaf extracts were detected, validated and optimized for quick profiling. The linearity of response, repeatability and reproducibility of the applied RP-HPLC method are reported.

  A new technique for measurement of water permeability of stomatous cuticular membranes isolated from Hedera helix leaves.:

 Transpiration of cuticular membranes isolated from the lower stomatous surface of Hedera helix (ivy) leaves was measured using a novel approach which allowed a distinction to be made between gas phase diffusion (through stomatal pores) and solid phase diffusion (transport through the polymer matrix membrane and cuticular waxes) of water molecules. This approach is based on the principle that the diffusivity of water vapour in the gas phase can be manipulated by using different gases (helium, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide) while diffusivity of water in the solid phase is not affected. This approach allowed the flow of water across stomatal pores ('stomatal transpiration') to be calculated separately from the flow across the cuticle (cuticular transpiration) on the stomatous leaf surface. As expected, water flux across the cuticle isolated from the astomatous leaf surface was not affected by the gas composition since there are no gas-filled pores. Resistance to flux of water through the solid cuticle on the stomatous leaf surface was about 11 times lower than cuticular resistance on the astomatous leaf surface, indicating pronounced differences in barrier properties between cuticles isolated from both leaf surfaces. In order to check whether this difference in resistance was due to different barrier properties of cuticular waxes on both leaf sides, mobility of 14C-labelled 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-butyric acid 14C-2,4-DB) in reconstituted cuticular wax isolated from both leaf surfaces was measured separately. However, mobility of 14C-2,4-DB in reconstituted wax isolated from the lower leaf surface was 2.6 times lower compared with the upper leaf side. The significantly higher permeability of the ivy cuticle on the lower stomatous leaf surface compared with the astomatous surface might result from lateral heterogeneity in permeability of the cuticle covering normal epidermal cells compared with the cuticle covering the stomatal cell surface.
 


  The Tn antigen-specific lectin from ground ivy is an insecticidal protein with an unusual physiology.:

 Leaves of ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) contain a lectin (called Gleheda) that is structurally and evolutionary related to the classical legume lectins. Screening of a population of wild plants revealed that Gleheda accounts for more than one-third of the total leaf protein in some clones, whereas it cannot be detected in other clones growing in the same environment. Gleheda is predominantly expressed in the leaves where it accumulates during early leaf maturation. The lectin is not uniformly distributed over the leaves but exhibits a unique localization pattern characterized by an almost exclusive confinement to a single layer of palisade parenchyma cells. Insect feeding trials demonstrated that Gleheda is a potent insecticidal protein for larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Because Gleheda is not cytotoxic, it is suggested that the insecticidal activity is linked to the carbohydrate-binding specificity of the lectin, which as could be demonstrated by agglutination assays with different types of polyagglutinable human erythrocytes is specifically directed against the Tn antigen structure (N-acetylgalactosamine O-linked to serine or threonine residues of proteins).

  An unusual case of death: suffocation caused by leaves of common ivy (Hedera helix). Detection of hederacoside C, alpha-hederin, and hederagenin by LC-EI/MS-MS.:

 We report one fatal case of asphyxia caused by leaves of common ivy. Macroscopic examination of the corpse during the autopsy disclosed an incredible quantity of leaves of Hedera helix in the mouth and throat of the decedent. In order to rule out the possibility of poisoning by the toxic saponins contained in the plant, we have developed an efficient LC-EI/MS-MS assay of hederacoside C, alppha-hederin, and hederagenin in biological fluids and plant material. Sample cleanup involved solid-phase extraction of the toxins on C18 cartridges followed by LC analysis under reversed-phase conditions in the gradient elution mode. Solute identification was performed using full scan MS-MS spectrum of the analytes. Oleandrine was used as internal standard. Under these conditions, saponins in powdered dried leaves of Hedera helix were measured at a concentration of 21.83 mg/g for hederacoside C, 0.41 mg/g for alpha-hederin and 0.02 mg/g for hederagenin. No toxin was detected in cardiac blood, femoral blood, or urine of the deceased, but hederacoside C was quantitated at 857 ng/mL in the gastric juice. These findings led us to conclude that the man committed suicide and that the death was caused by suffocation by leaves of common ivy.
 


  Efficacy of dry extract of ivy leaves in children with bronchial asthma--a review of randomized controlled trials.:

 OBJECTIVES: To investigate if extracts from dried ivy leaves (Hedera helix L.) are effective in the treatment of chronic airway obstruction in children suffering from bronchial asthma. DESIGN: Systematic review of trials documented in the literature with re-analysis of original data. TRIALS: 5 randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of ivy leaf extract preparations in chronic bronchitis, 3 of which were conducted in children and met our selection criteria. One compared ivy leaf extract cough drops to placebo, one compared suppositories to drops and one tested syrup against drops. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body-plethysmographic and spirometric measures. RESULTS: Drops were significantly superior to placebo in reducing airway resistance (primary outcome measure; p = 0.04 two-sided) and descriptively superior in all other 'objective' measures. For syrup and suppositories, at least 54%, resp. 35% of the effect against placebo were preserved. CONCLUSIONS: The trials included in this review indicate that ivy leaf extract preparations have effects with respect to an improvement of respiratory functions of children with chronic bronchial asthma, but more far-reaching conclusions can hardly be drawn because of a meagre database, including the fact that only one primary trial included a placebo control. Further research, particularly into the long-term efficacy of the herbal extract, is needed.

  Leaves of the Lamiaceae species Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) contain a lectin that is structurally and evolutionary related to the legume lectins.:

 A novel lectin has been isolated and cloned from leaves of Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy), a typical representative of the plant family Lamiaceae. Biochemical analyses indicated that the G. hederacea agglutinin (Gleheda) is a tetrameric protein consisting of four subunits pairwise linked through an interchain disulphide bridge and exhibits a preferential specificity towards N-acetylgalactosamine. Cloning of the corresponding gene and molecular modeling of the deduced sequence demonstrated that Gleheda shares high sequence similarity with the legume lectins and exhibits the same overall fold and three-dimensional structure as the classical legume lectins. The identification of a soluble and active legume lectin ortholog in G. hederacea not only indicates that the yet unclassified Lamiaceae lectins belong to the same lectin family as the legume lectins, but also sheds a new light on the specificity, physiological role and evolution of the classical legume lectins.

  Treatment of chronic bronchitis with ivy leaf special extract--multicenter post-marketing surveillance study in 1,350 patients.:

 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The changes of clinical symptoms and the tolerability of Prospan((R)) acute Effervescent Cough Tablets were investigated in a multicenter, prospective post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study focusing on patients with chronic bronchitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 1,350 male and female patients aged 4 years and above who were treated in one of 135 participating medical practices and who suffered from chronic bronchitis (with or without airway obstruction). During a scheduled observational period of 4 weeks, the patients had to take 1(1/2) or 2 tablets per day (depending on their age), according to the manufacturer's dosing recommendations, corresponding to 97.5 or 130 mg of dried ivy leaf extract (about 585- 780 mg of drug). Treatment success was assessed by observing the changes in the direct symptoms of chronic bronchitis between the baseline examination and the end of treatment. Safety was evaluated by analyzing adverse events. RESULTS: In comparison to baseline, the following percentages of patients showed improved symptoms or were cured at treatment end: cough 92.2%; expectoration 94.2%; dyspnea 83.1%; respiratory pain 86.9%. In each of the four symptoms at least 38% of the initially affected patients were completely free of complaints. Three patients (0.2%) experienced adverse events in which a causal relationship to the drug under investigation could not be excluded (2x eructation, 1x nausea). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the favorable changes in all investigated clinical symptoms as well as the excellent tolerability in children and adults, the ivy leaf extract preparation Prospan acute Effervescent Cough Tablets can be considered as a therapeutic option in alleviating the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
 

  Isolation and immunoaffinity purification of biologically active plant natriuretic peptide.:

 It has recently been demonstrated that antibodies against atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) recognise analogues in plants and that rat ANP binds specifically to isolated plant membranes and promotes stomatal guard cell opening in a concentration dependent manner. Here we report the isolation and immunoaffinity purification of plant natriuretic peptide (PNP) from ivy (Hedera helix) with rabbit anti-alpha-ANP (1-28) (human, canine) antiserum. We also demonstrate that immunoaffinity purified plant peptide induces stomatal opening in a concentration dependent manner. This is therefore the first report of an active indigenous peptide hormone in plants. We propose that PNPs are part of a signalling system that has evolved early in evolution and is involved in the regulation of ion transport and transpiration in plants.

  Dihydroflavonol Reductase Activity in Relation to Differential Anthocyanin Accumulation in Juvenile and Mature Phase Hedera helix L.:

 Juvenile phase English ivy (Hedera helix L.) plants accumulate anthocyanin pigment in the hypodermis of stems and petioles, whereas genetically identical plants of the mature phase do not. The objective of this work was to assess which enzyme(s) might limit anthocyanin accumulation in mature phase ivy. Leaf discs of both juvenile and mature phase ivy accumulated comparable levels of the flavonols kaempferol and quercetin, whereas only juvenile phase discs accumulated anthocyanin. The accumulation of quercetin, but lack of accumulation of leucocyanidin or anthocyanin in mature phase discs, suggested that mature discs lacked dihydroflavonol reductase activity. There was no detectable dihydroflavonol reductase activity in mature phase discs, whereas there was an induction of activity in juvenile phase discs in response to sucrose, or photosynthetically fixed carbon, and light as a photomorphogenic signal. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, an enzyme early in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, was induced above its basal level by sucrose and light in discs of both phases of ivy, with greater activity in mature phase discs. Phenylpropanoids, a class of compounds that are precursors to flavonoids, accumulated in leaf discs of both phases, with greater levels in mature phase discs. These results indicate that the lack of dihydroflavonol reductase activity limits the accumulation of anthocyanin in mature phase tissue.
 


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  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:ivy