Research Update:Smilax officinalis.

  seminal trace...Sarsaparilla extract.Smilax sarsaparilla Extract.CAS No.097404-52-9.Smilax officinalis,Smilax China Wild Sarsaparilla Root extract.Smilax aristolochiaefolia, extract.10:1...

 


   Phytochemical info of Smilax officinalis

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 Definition:Smilax officinalis are majorly composed of
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   Research Update:Smilax officinalis.

  High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies of oxyresveratrol and resveratrol in rat plasma after oral administration of Smilax china extract.:Biomed Chromatogr. 2007 Nov 14;Huang H, Zhang J, Chen G, Lu Z, Wang X, Sha N, Shao B, Li P, Guo DA.College of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.

 A sensitive and simple HPLC method has been developed and validated for the determination of oxyresveratrol (trans-2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene, OXY) and resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, RES) in rat plasma. The plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed using HPLC on an Aglient Zorbax SB-C(18) column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) at a wavelength 320 nm, with a linear gradient of (A) acetonitrile and (B) 0.5% aqueous acetic acid (v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was linear over the range of 0.1265-25.3 microg/mL for OXY and 0.117-23.4 microg/mL for RES. The extraction recovery for OXY, RES and internal standard ranged from 71.1 to 88.3%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were better than 10%, and the accuracy ranged from 89 to 108%. The validated method was used to study the pharmacokinetic profiles of OXY and RES in rat plasma after oral administration of Smilax china root extract.

  Study on separation and purification of total flavones from Smilax china by macroporous absorption resin:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Jul;32(13):1292-5. Chinese.Li WX, Yan Y, Ye XC, Yang XL.Department of Chemistry, Wuhan 430074, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the technological parameters of the purification process of total flavones from Smilax china with macroporous absorption resin. METHOD: The technical process for purification of total flavones with the optimum macroporous absorption resin was screened by yield of total flavones product. RESULT: The D140 macroporous absorption resin had the best separating efficiency when the flavones content in the liquid was 0.5 g x mL(-1) equivalent to raw material, the volume of drug 18 BV (resin bad volume) with the adsorption-power 2 BV x h(-1), and the volume of 60% (mL x mL(-1)) ethanol as eluant 5-10 BV (resin bad volume) with desorption-power 1 BV x h(-1). The obtained flavones product has total flavones recovery rate of 84.72%. CONCLUSION: The treatment of regenerated resin is easy, this method is advisable.

  A flavonoid glycoside isolated from Smilax china L. rhizome in vitro anticancer effects on human cancer cell lines.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug 15;113(1):115-24. Epub 2007 May 18.Li YL, Gan GP, Zhang HZ, Wu HZ, Li CL, Huang YP, Liu YW, Liu JW.State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.

 The anticancer activity of eight crude extracts of Smilax china L. rhizome (SCR) against HeLa cells was assessed by MTT assay and clonogenic assay, the fraction rich in flavonoids had show good activity against HeLa cells. A bioassay-guided separation on this extract lead to the detection of kaempferol-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (KG), which belongs to flavonoid glycoside, displayed marked anticancer activity. We evaluated its in vitro cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effect in a panel of established cancer cell lines by MTT assay and clonogenic assay. KG induces A375 and HL60 cells apoptosis, which was demonstrated by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric analysis. Fluorescent staining with Hoechst 33258 showed fragmentation and condensation of chromatin in the A375 and HL60 cells. Flow cytometric analysis shown that A375 and HL60 cells treated with KG resulted in the appearance of a hypodiploid peak (A0 region), probably due to the presence of apoptosing cells and/or apoptotic bodies with DNA content less than 2n. Quantitation of the hypodiploid cells shows a dose-dependent response to KG, and this result is in good accordance with that of the DNA fragmentation assay by agarose gel electrophoresis. Our results suggested that cell cycle arrest at G(1) phase and induce apoptosis as a mechanism by which KG exerts an antiproliferative effect.

  Simultaneous determination of six major stilbenes and flavonoids in Smilax china by high performance liquid chromatography.:J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Jul 27;44(3):737-42. Epub 2007 Mar 14.Shao B, Guo HZ, Cui YJ, Liu AH, Yu HL, Guo H, Xu M, Guo DA.The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China.

 A simple, sensitive and specific HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of the six major active constituents in Smilax china, namely taxifolin-3-O-glycoside (1), piceid (2), oxyresveratrol (3), engeletin (4), resveratrol (5) and scirpusin A (6), respectively. The samples were separated on an Aglient Zorbax XDB-C18 column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.02% phosphoric acid (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detected at 300 nm. The six target compounds were completely separated within 35 min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r2>0.999) within test ranges. The reproducibility was evaluated by intra- and inter-day assays and R.S.D. values were less than 3.7%. The recoveries were between 93.7 and 103.0%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of six constituents in 15 commercial samples of S. china. The results indicated that the developed HPLC assay was readily utilized as a quality control method for S. china.

  Steroidal saponins from Smilax china and their anti-inflammatory activities.:Phytochemistry. 2007 Mar;68(5):623-30. Epub 2006 Dec 12.Shao B, Guo H, Cui Y, Ye M, Han J, Guo D.The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, PR China.

 Steroidal saponins, 1, 2, 3 and 4, were isolated from the BuOH extract of Smilax china L., along with 13 known compounds, 5-17. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and chemical evidence. In the bioassay tests, all compounds showed inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (COX-2) activities at final concentration of 10(-5) M, and only compound 5 showed an inhibitory effect on production of TNFalpha (tumor necrosis factor alpha) in murine peritoneal macrophages at the same concentration.


  Beta-secretase (BACE1)-inhibiting stilbenoids from Smilax Rhizoma.:Phytomedicine. 2007 Jun;14(6):403-8. Epub 2006 Nov 3.

 In the course of searching for BACE1 (beta-secretase) inhibitors from natural products, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Smilax Rhizoma (the dried rhizomes of Smilax china L.) showed potent inhibitory activity. The active compounds were identified as a trans/cis-resveratrol mixture, oxyresveratrol, veraphenol, and cis-scirpusin A. They were shown to non-competitively inhibit BACE1 with the Ki values of 5.4 x 10(-6), 5.4 x 10(-6), 3.4 x 10(-6), and 5.4 x 10(-6)M and IC(50) values of 1.5 x 10(-5), 7.6 x 10(-6), 4.2 x 10(-6), and 1.0 x 10(-5)M, respectively. The active compounds were less inhibitory to alpha-secretase (TACE) and other serine proteases such as chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase, suggesting that they were relatively specific inhibitors of BACE1.

  Comparison of resveratrol content of Smilax china from different habitats.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Jul;31(13):1054-5. Chinese.Wang GZ, Xu SZ, Gan GP, Liu YW.Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.

 OBJECTIVE: To compare the content of the active ingredient resveratrol in Smilax china from different habitats. METHOD: The ingredients of samples from different habitats in China were analyzed for resveratrol in S. china by HPLC. RESULT: There was a significant differences in resveratrol content between the samples. CONCLUSION: Resveratrol content in the sample from Qianshan (Anhui province) is obvious higher than those from other habitats.

  The anti-inflammation effects of Smilax china ethylacetate extract in rats and mice.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Feb;31(3):239-43. Chinese.Shu XS, Gao ZH, Yang XL.Department of Biology & Foodstuff Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410076, China. sxs732@yahoo.com.cn

 OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-inflammations of the ethyl acetate extract of S. china on acute and chronic inflammations. METHOD: The rat paw edema induced by egg-albumin, the ear edema and the foot edema of mice induced by xylene and formaldehyde, the increased vascular permeability of capillary induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.7% acetic acid in mice were used to study on the acute, early inflammations and chronic inflammation for the ethyl acetate extract of S. china. RESULT: The extract (50-100 g x kg(-1)) could significantly decrease the rat paw edema, and inhibit the ear edema, the increased vascular permeability and the foot edema of mice. CONCLUSION: The ethyl acetate extract of S. china possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory effects on acute inflammation, and also displays anti-inflammatory effects on the chronic inflammation at a certain extent.

  Research on correlations of quality and growing environment of Smilax China.:Zhong Yao Cai. 2005 Dec;28(12):1055-6. Chinese.Xu S, Wang G, Gan G, Li Q, Liu Y.Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan.

 OBJECTIVE: To establish a method to examine the contents of diosgenin of Smilax china L. in different fields ,and to evaluate the influence of the growing environment on its quality. METHODS: Kromasie C18 column was used. The mobile phase was CH3OH-H2O (94:6), flow rate: 1.0 ml/min,the detective wavelength was 210 nm. RESULTS: Under the chromatographic condition the diosgenin can be completely separated,in the range of 5 microg-15 microg diosgenin had fine linear responses The mean recovery was 98.47%, and the RSD was 1.01%. CONCLUSIONS: The method was sensitive, simple and accurate. There were some correlations on the quality of Smilax china L. and growing environment.

  Protection of amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity by methanol extract of Smilacis chinae rhizome in cultured rat cortical neurons.: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jun 30;106(2):230-7. Epub 2006 Feb 21.

 Smilax has various pharmacological effects including antiinflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant activity. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the methanol extract of Smilacis chinae rhizome (SCR) from Smilax china L. (Liliaceae) on amyloid beta protein (Abeta) (25-35), a synthetic 25-35 amyloid peptide, -induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons. Abeta (25-35) (10 microM) produced a reduction of cell viability, which was significantly reduced by (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, verapamil, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. SCR, over a concentration range of 10-50 microg/ml, inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death, which was measured by a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. SCR (50 microg/ml) inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fluo-4 AM. Pretreatment of SCR (10 and 50 microg/ml) also inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by 10 microM Abeta (25-35), which was measured by HPLC, generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that SCR prevents Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro.


  Interspecific association between understory species in a southern highland plantation.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2005 Nov;16(11):2019-24. Chinese.Hu L, Yan B, Liu Q, Zhu J.Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. hull@iae.ac.cn

 Based upon 2 x 2 contingency table, chi2 test and association coefficient were used to determine the interspecific association between understory species in a southern highland plantation, and to analyze the restoration degree and the stability of southern highland vegetations originated from plantation. The Qianyanzhou in Taihe County of Jiangxi Province, a typical sample of southern highland plantation, was chosen to make the study. The results showed that both in shrub layer and in herb layer, species pair with chi2 reaching significant level (P <0.05) was few in number. In shrub layer, 12 species pairs' association was highly significant (P < 0.01), 19 pairs' was significant (P < 0.05), and other 200 pairs' was nonsignificant, while in herb layer, 11 pairs' was highly significant, 11 pairs' was significant and other 83 pairs' was nonsignificant. According to interspecific association and correlation, shrub layer was divided into two species groups: Group I . Adinandra bockiana, Syzygiumn grijsii, Vaccinium bracteatunm, Ilex aculeolata, Smilax ferox, Eurya muricata and Group II . Lespedeza davidii, Serissa serissoides, Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. Many species in Group I had a significantly negative association with the species in Group II, and dominant species always played a key role in the relationships among species. The three dominant species in herb layer, Wooduardia japonica, Dryopteris atrata and Adiantun flabellulaturn, had a highly significant positive correlation between each other, and moreover, had a significant or highly significant positive association with many other herbaceous species. Similarily, dominant species in shrub layer played a key role on the interspecific association in the two species groups. The ratios of positive and negative association indicating the species compositions of the two layers were fluctuating, which was 125/106 in shrub layer and 42/63 in herb layer. Several shortcomings of interspecific association method were pointed out, with some proposals put forward.

  Population dynamics of endangered plant species Abies chensiensis.:Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2005 Oct;16(10):1799-804. Chinese. Zhang W, Xu X, Zhou J, Xie Z.Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China. zwhckh@163.com

 In order to know the endangered status and causes of Abies chensiensis in Qinlin Mountains, a field investigation on 18 plots was conducted on its age structure, life table and fecundity, and its population dynamics were predicted by time sequence model. The analysis on the age structure of Abies chensiensis populations showed that there were fewer young individuals, but middle-aged and old individuals were relatively rich. The population D in Abies chensiensis-Indigofera amblyantha-Carex lanceolata association showed a relatively stable development tendency, while other four populations (A, B, C and E) in Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Quercus aliena var. acutserrata-Litsea pungens-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Betula albo-sinensis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Duchesnea indica association, and Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Smilax stans-Carex lanceolata association all showed an obviously declining tendency. The analysis on the life tables and survival curves showed that the survival curve of Abies chensiensis populations belonged to Deevey III, and the death peak of different populations was in the period of 60--100 years old. The number difference among populations reflected the population habitat. Time sequence prediction indicated the numbers of old individuals would be increased at the beginning, and decreased finally in 20, 40, and 80 years. It was difficult to maintain the population stability. Analysis on 10 ecological factors showed that tree coverage, soil organisms and air humidity influenced population positively, and human disturbance and sunlight influenced population negatively. In situ conservation should be taken as the most important management countermeasure, and natural regeneration should be promoted. At the same time, artificial population should be expanded.

  Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of Smilax china L. aqueous extract.:J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Feb 20;103(3):327-32. Epub 2006 Jan 18.Shu XS, Gao ZH, Yang XL.Department of Biology, ChangSha University of Science & Technology, ChangSha 410076, Hunan, PR China. sxs732@sohu.com

 The aqueous extract of the tuber of Smilax china L., popularly known in China as "jin gang ten", was tested for its anti-inflammatory activities in rats by egg-albumin-induced edema and anti-nociceptive effects in mice using hot-plate test and acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test, respectively. The aqueous extract in the dose of 1000 mg/kg (i.g.) had a significant anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect compared to physiological saline. The anti-inflammatory effects are similar to acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg, i.g.). We also evaluated the aqueous extract for the inhibition of prostaglandin production (for COX-2 inhibitions) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophage cells. The result showed that both COX-2 activity and COX expression were inhibited by the extract. These active extracts suppressing activities warranted further studies of active principles and development of new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Studies to determine correlation between chemical composition and pharmacological activity are underway.

  Cytotoxic phenylpropanoid glycosides from the stems of Smilax china.:J Nat Prod. 2005 Oct;68(10):1475-8.Kuo YH, Hsu YW, Liaw CC, Lee JK, Huang HC, Kuo LM.National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, 112 Taiwan, Republic of China. kuoyh@nricm.edu.tw

 Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanol extract of Smilax china led to the isolation of nine phenylpropanoids including six new compounds, smilasides A-F (1-6), and three known phenylpropanoids, smiglaside E, heloniosides B, and 2',6'-diacetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose. Structural elucidation of isolates 1-6 was based on spectroscopic data analysis. These new phenylpropanoids were evaluated against several human tumor cell lines.

  Studies on chemical constituents of Smilax china.: Zhong Yao Cai. 2005 Jan;28(1):24-6. Chinese.Ruan J, Zou J, Cai Y.College of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030.

 OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the 95% ethanol extract from the rhizome of Smilax china. METHOD: Seven compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of 95% ethanol extract by using repeated silica column chromatography, partition chromatography, preparing TLC, and other methods. Structure of three compounds of them was identified based on chemical methods and spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: The structure of them were established as dihydrokaempferol-5-O-beta-D-glucoside (I), beta-sitosterol (II), daucosterol (III). CONCLUSION: Compound I was a novel compound which was first found from natural plants.


  Optimization of purification conditions for with macroporous adsorption resin total saponins from smilax china.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Jan;30(1):30-3. Chinese.Shu XS, Gao ZH, Yang XL.Institute of Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. sxs732@sohu.com

 OBJECTIVE: To develop a with high efficiency and practicality for separating and purifying total steroidal saponins lax china. METHOD: Using adsorption capacity and desorption rate of total steroidal saponins as the primary screening index, surveyed, and the optimized conditions of adsorption and desorption of total steroidal saponins were studied. RESULT: The adsorption and desorption rate of total steroidal saponins reached 16 mg x mL(-1) and 90% respectively for macroporous resin HPD100 chosen. Macroporous resin HPD100 could be well used in separating and purifying total steroidal saponins from S. china.

  Supercritical fluid extraction of sapogenins from tubers of Smilax china.:Fitoterapia. 2004 Dec;75(7-8):656-61.Shu XS, Gao ZH, Yang XL.Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

 Supercritical CO(2) fluid extraction (SFE-CO(2)) was used to extract the sapogenins after acid hydrolysis from Smilax china tubers. The influence of extraction variables, such as modifier, pressure, temperature and extraction time, were studied. SFE-CO(2) was found to produce higher yield than conventional solvent extraction. The highest yield (0.454%) of sapogenins, mostly containing diosgenin, was obtained using 35 MPa pressure, 65 degrees C and 95% EtOH as a modifier for 180 min, higher than that obtained with conventional extraction methods (0.385%).

  Effect of Smilax china on adjunctive arthritis mouse:Zhong Yao Cai. 2003 May;26(5):344-6. Chinese.L¨¹ Y, Chen D, Deng J, Tian L.Affiliated Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical College, China University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030.

 OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic action of decoction of Smilax china L. on adjunctive arthritis(AA) mouse and its mechanism. METHODS: To observe the change of secondary inflammation, thymus and spleen weights, T cell subgroup, B cell, NK cell. RESULTS: The decoction (90, 180 g.kg-1) intragastric injection (ig) could significantly inhibit AA mouse's secondary inflammatory swelling, reduce thymus and spleen weights, decrease CD4/CD8, but had little influence on B Cell. CONCLUSIONS: The decoction has therapeutic action by regulating cell-mediated immunity, but has little effect on humoral immunity.

  Free radical scavenging and antioxidant enzyme fortifying activities of extracts from Smilax china root.:Exp Mol Med. 2001 Dec 31;33(4):263-8.

 The extract from Smilax china root has been used as medicinal remedy and reported to retain antimicrobial and antimutagenic acitivities. In this study, a possible presence of antioxidant activity of Smilax china root extract was investigated. Methanol extract (Me) revealed the presence of high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (IC50 7.4 microg/ml) and protective property of cell's viability. Further fractionation with various solvent extraction and assay showed high levels of DPPH free radical scavenging activity in the ethyl acetate, butanol and water extracted fractions. In addition, V79-4 cells treated with Me of Smilax china root induced an increase of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in a dose-dependent manner between 4-100 microg/ml. These results suggest that the medicinal component of the root of Smilax china extracts also contains antioxidant activity.

  Studies on numerical taxonomy of Smilacaceae plants in Zhejiang Province by pyrolysis-high resolution gas chromatography.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1993 Apr;18(4):197-201, 253. Chinese.Xu JH, Mao ZX, Xi JQ.School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou.

 The best taxonomic results were obtained in the analysis of rhizomes of 9 species and 1 variety of Smilacaceae plants grown in Zhejiang Province by using pyrolysis-high resolution gas chromatography and numerical taxonomy. When compared with the result of thin layer chromatography, it was found that those by classical taxonomy were basically reasonable, but Smilax china should be divided into two types: one with big berries and the other with small berries.

  Steroidal saponins from Smilax riparia and S. china.:Phytochemistry. 1992 Jul;31(7):2439-43.

 Two new neotigogenin glycosides were isolated from the rhizomes and roots of Smilax riparia and a new isonarthogenin glycoside from those of S. china. The structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and hydrolysis followed by spectral and chromatographic analysis. Several known saponins were also isolated and identified. The inhibitory activity of the saponins on cAMP phosphodiesterase was examined.


  Herbal formulation,regulates bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression.:

 Anti-bone resorption properties of the Chinese herbal medicine,which is comprised of seven herbs such as Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Dioscorea japonica THUNB, Cornus officinalis SIEB et. ZUCC, Smilax glabra ROXB, Paeonia suffruticosa ANDR, Alisma platago-aquatica var. orientale SAMUELS and Hominis placenta, were investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tyrosine kinase involve on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse calvarial osteoblasts stimulated by cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1beta and IL-6 and to a lesser extent TNF-alpha, enhanced COX-2 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. TGF-beta, YJ (100microg/ml) and their combinations of YJ+TGF-beta reduced the COX-2 mRNA level, PGE2 biosynthesis and bone resorption induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or their combination. Finally, YJ inhibits in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. The parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in mouse fetal long bone cultures was inhibited with an IC(50) of 16microg/ml. dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1beta and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. These results indicate that the synergy between IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase(s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, YJ as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss. This result also suggested that the YJ extracts is effective for bone resorptive action in bone cells.

  Haemolytic activities of plant saponins and adjuvants. Effect of Periandra mediterranea saponin on the humoral response to the FML antigen of Leishmania donovani.:

 An 87.7% (P < 0.01) and 84% (P < 0.001) of protection against visceral leishmaniasis was achieved in CB hamsters and Balb/c mice, respectively, with saponin combined to the fucose-mannose ligand of Leishmania donovani (FML). However, an undesirable haemolytic effect was described for several saponins. Aiming to improve the formulation with FML/saponin, we comparatively analysed the haemolytic potential of recently characterized plant saponins and currently used adjuvants. The haemolytic activity of steroidic saponins from Agave sisalana; Smilax officinalis as well as commercial saponin (Riedel De Haen's), was higher than that of triterpenoid ones (Bredemeyera floribunda; Periandra mediterranea) and the Freund's complete adjuvant. The concentration resulting in 50% haemolysis was 500 micrograms ml-1 for aluminum hydroxide. The low haemolytic effect of P. mediterranea saponin was abolished by removal of its glycidic moiety and its sapogenin fraction as well as the Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant were non-haemolytic within this range. Furthermore, the adjuvant effect of three doses of P. mediterranea saponin injected with the FML antigen of L. donovani, was assayed in mice, either by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or the subcutaneous (s.c.) route. The anti-FML IgG antibody levels increased and detectable levels were observed up to 3 months in the s.c. group. The response was expanded in both groups after an injection with a fourth vaccine dose. The IgG response showed increased levels of IgG2a only in the i.p. group, while IgG2b and IgG1 but not IgG3 antibodies were higher than controls in both groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that the recently described triterpenoid fractions of P. mediterranea can be safely used as adjuvant with low or non-haemolytic effect.

  The anti-inflammation effects of Smilax china ethylacetate extract in rats and mice.:

 OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-inflammations of the ethyl acetate extract of S. china on acute and chronic inflammations. METHOD: The rat paw edema induced by egg-albumin, the ear edema and the foot edema of mice induced by xylene and formaldehyde, the increased vascular permeability of capillary induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.7% acetic acid in mice were used to study on the acute, early inflammations and chronic inflammation for the ethyl acetate extract of S. china. RESULT: The extract (50-100 g x kg(-1)) could significantly decrease the rat paw edema, and inhibit the ear edema, the increased vascular permeability and the foot edema of mice. CONCLUSION: The ethyl acetate extract of S. china possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory effects on acute inflammation, and also displays anti-inflammatory effects on the chronic inflammation at a certain extent.

 Research on correlations of quality and growing environment of Smilax China.:

 OBJECTIVE: To establish a method to examine the contents of diosgenin of Smilax china L. in different fields ,and to evaluate the influence of the growing environment on its quality. METHODS: Kromasie C18 column was used. The mobile phase was CH3OH-H2O (94:6), flow rate: 1.0 ml/min,the detective wavelength was 210 nm. RESULTS: Under the chromatographic condition the diosgenin can be completely separated,in the range of 5 microg-15 microg diosgenin had fine linear responses The mean recovery was 98.47%, and the RSD was 1.01%. CONCLUSIONS: The method was sensitive, simple and accurate. There were some correlations on the quality of Smilax china L. and growing environment.

  Protection of amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity by methanol extract of Smilacis chinae rhizome in cultured rat cortical neurons.:

 Smilax has various pharmacological effects including antiinflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant activity. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the methanol extract of Smilacis chinae rhizome (SCR) from Smilax china L. (Liliaceae) on amyloid beta protein (Abeta) (25-35), a synthetic 25-35 amyloid peptide, -induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons. Abeta (25-35) (10 microM) produced a reduction of cell viability, which was significantly reduced by (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, verapamil, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. SCR, over a concentration range of 10-50 microg/ml, inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death, which was measured by a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. SCR (50 microg/ml) inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fluo-4 AM. Pretreatment of SCR (10 and 50 microg/ml) also inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by 10 microM Abeta (25-35), which was measured by HPLC, generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that SCR prevents Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro.


  Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of Smilax china L. aqueous extract.:

 The aqueous extract of the tuber of Smilax china L., popularly known in China as "jin gang ten", was tested for its anti-inflammatory activities in rats by egg-albumin-induced edema and anti-nociceptive effects in mice using hot-plate test and acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test, respectively. The aqueous extract in the dose of 1000 mg/kg (i.g.) had a significant anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect compared to physiological saline. The anti-inflammatory effects are similar to acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg, i.g.). We also evaluated the aqueous extract for the inhibition of prostaglandin production (for COX-2 inhibitions) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophage cells. The result showed that both COX-2 activity and COX expression were inhibited by the extract. These active extracts suppressing activities warranted further studies of active principles and development of new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Studies to determine correlation between chemical composition and pharmacological activity are underway.

  Cytotoxic phenylpropanoid glycosides from the stems of Smilax china.:

 Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanol extract of Smilax china led to the isolation of nine phenylpropanoids including six new compounds, smilasides A-F (1-6), and three known phenylpropanoids, smiglaside E, heloniosides B, and 2',6'-diacetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose. Structural elucidation of isolates 1-6 was based on spectroscopic data analysis. These new phenylpropanoids were evaluated against several human tumor cell lines.

  Studies on chemical constituents of Smilax china.:

 OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the 95% ethanol extract from the rhizome of Smilax china. METHOD: Seven compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of 95% ethanol extract by using repeated silica column chromatography, partition chromatography, preparing TLC, and other methods. Structure of three compounds of them was identified based on chemical methods and spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: The structure of them were established as dihydrokaempferol-5-O-beta-D-glucoside (I), beta-sitosterol (II), daucosterol (III). CONCLUSION: Compound I was a novel compound which was first found from natural plants.

  Studies on dihydroflavonol glycosides from rhizome of Smilax glabra.:

 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Smilax glabra. METHOD: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography with silica gel, Diaion HP-20 and ODS as packing materials, and HPLC. Their structures were determined on the basis of their spectral evidence. RESULT: 5 dihydro-flavonol glycosides were identified as: astilbin (1), neoastilbin (2), isoastilbin (3), neoisoastilbin (4), (2R, 3R)-taxifolin-3'-O-beta-D-pyranglucoside (5). CONCLUSION: Compounds 2, 4, 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

  New mannose-binding lectin isolated from the rhizome of Sarsaparilla Smilax glabra Roxb. (Liliaceae).:

 A new mannose-binding lectin, designated SGM2, was isolated from the rhizome of a Chinese medicinal herb Smilax glabra (also known as sarsaparilla in general) by saline extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation and fractionation, and affinity chromatography on fetuin- and mannose-agarose. SGM2 is shown to have a molecular mass of 37 kDa on gel filtration and 12.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE, indicating that it is a trimeric protein composed of three identical subunits. When the first 30 amino acid residues at the N-terminal were compared, SGM2 had approximately 40% homology with those of some other monocots. SGM2 had the property of hemagglutinating activity toward rabbit erythrocytes, which could be reversed by mannose and mannose polymers. SGM2 exhibited antiviral activities against both herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with the same EC(50) of 8.1 microM.


  Optimization of purification conditions for with macroporous adsorption resin total saponins from smilax china.:

 OBJECTIVE: To develop a with high efficiency and practicality for separating and purifying total steroidal saponins lax china. METHOD: Using adsorption capacity and desorption rate of total steroidal saponins as the primary screening index, surveyed, and the optimized conditions of adsorption and desorption of total steroidal saponins were studied. RESULT: The adsorption and desorption rate of total steroidal saponins reached 16 mg x mL(-1) and 90% respectively for macroporous resin HPD100 chosen. Macroporous resin HPD100 could be well used in separating and purifying total steroidal saponins from S. china.

  Supercritical fluid extraction of sapogenins from tubers of Smilax china.:

 Supercritical CO(2) fluid extraction (SFE-CO(2)) was used to extract the sapogenins after acid hydrolysis from Smilax china tubers. The influence of extraction variables, such as modifier, pressure, temperature and extraction time, were studied. SFE-CO(2) was found to produce higher yield than conventional solvent extraction. The highest yield (0.454%) of sapogenins, mostly containing diosgenin, was obtained using 35 MPa pressure, 65 degrees C and 95% EtOH as a modifier for 180 min, higher than that obtained with conventional extraction methods (0.385%).

  Effect of Smilax china on adjunctive arthritis mouse.:

 OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic action of decoction of Smilax china L. on adjunctive arthritis(AA) mouse and its mechanism. METHODS: To observe the change of secondary inflammation, thymus and spleen weights, T cell subgroup, B cell, NK cell. RESULTS: The decoction (90, 180 g.kg-1) intragastric injection (ig) could significantly inhibit AA mouse's secondary inflammatory swelling, reduce thymus and spleen weights, decrease CD4/CD8, but had little influence on B Cell. CONCLUSIONS: The decoction has therapeutic action by regulating cell-mediated immunity, but has little effect on humoral immunity.

  Free radical scavenging and antioxidant enzyme fortifying activities of extracts from Smilax china root.:

 The extract from Smilax china root has been used as medicinal remedy and reported to retain antimicrobial and antimutagenic acitivities. In this study, a possible presence of antioxidant activity of Smilax china root extract was investigated. Methanol extract (Me) revealed the presence of high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (IC50 7.4 microg/ml) and protective property of cell's viability. Further fractionation with various solvent extraction and assay showed high levels of DPPH free radical scavenging activity in the ethyl acetate, butanol and water extracted fractions. In addition, V79-4 cells treated with Me of Smilax china root induced an increase of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in a dose-dependent manner between 4-100 microg/ml. These results suggest that the medicinal component of the root of Smilax china extracts also contains antioxidant activity.

  Steroidal saponins from Smilax riparia and S. china.:

 Two new neotigogenin glycosides were isolated from the rhizomes and roots of Smilax riparia and a new isonarthogenin glycoside from those of S. china. The structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and hydrolysis followed by spectral and chromatographic analysis. Several known saponins were also isolated and identified. The inhibitory activity of the saponins on cAMP phosphodiesterase was examined.


  Antimutagenic activity of extracts from anticancer drugs in Chinese medicine.:

 The antimutagenic activities of extracts of 36 commonly used anticancer crude drugs from Chinese herbs were studied by using the Salmonella/microsomal system in the presence of picrolonic acid or benzo[a]pyrene to test whether they contain direct or indirect antimutagens. Each crude drug was extracted with boiling water for 2 h, the method which is commonly used by Chinese people to prepare the drug for oral intake. The extracts of Pteris multifida P. showed the highest antimutagenic activity against picrolonic acid-induced mutation. The extracts of 6 other different kinds of Chinese herbs were shown to have a moderate antimutagenic activity against picrolonic acid-induced mutation, and they are: Actinidia chinensis P., Artemisia lavendulaefolia DC. and Crotalaria sessiflora L., Prunella vulgaris L., Paris polyphylla S. and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata T. The extracts of Smilax china L., Prunella vulgaris L. and Actinidia chinensis P. were demonstrated to inhibit the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene completely. The 12 other kinds of extracts of Chinese herbs which had a moderate antimutagenic activity against benzo[a]pyrene were: Pteris polyphylla S., Ampelopsis brevipedunculata T., Duchesnea indica F., Gossypium herbaceum L., Lithospermum erythrorrhizon SZ., Artemisia lavendulaefolia DC., Selaginella doederleinii H., Dianthus superbus L., Centipeda minima ABA., Curcuma zedoaria R., Marsdenia tenacissima WA. and Kalopanax septemlobus K. Among them, there were 5 kinds of crude drugs, Actinidia chinensis P., Artemisia lavendulaefolia DC., Prunella vulgaris L., Paris polyphylla S. and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata T., containing antimutagenic factors against both picrolonic acid- and benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutation.

  Anticancer effect of extracts from a North American medicinal plant--wild sarsaparilla.:

 The wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) plant is richly distributed in North America, mainly in Canada. In the present study, 24 extracts were obtained from the rhizome, stem, leaf and fruit of wild sarsaparilla. In the presence of RH (hexane fraction from the rhizome), the survival rate of WiDr (human colon cancer cell) was 3.5 +/- 2.7% (IC50 = 30.1 +/- 3.5 microg/ml) and that of Molt (human leukemia cell) was 2.4 +/- 2.8% (IC50 = 7.0 +/- 0.6 microg/ml). The survival rate of HELA (human cervix cancer cell) was only 1.8 +/- 0.9% in the presence of FH (hexane fraction from the fruit of wild sarsaparilla) (IC50 = 33.3 +/- 2.7 microg/ml). The cytotoxicities of RH and FH against normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells were significantly lower than against the tested human cancer cells. RH appeared to be the best extract against WiDr and Molt, whereas FH was the most effective against HELA. Because of the rich natural supply, simple extraction procedure and high yield, RH and FH of wild sarsaparilla have the potential to be developed into selective anticancer nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical products with few side-effects and low cost.

  Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators.:

 Modulation of cytokine secretion may offer novel approaches in the treatment of a variety of diseases. One strategy in the modulation of cytokine expression may be through the use of herbal medicines. A class of herbal medicines, known as immunomodulators, alters the activity of immune function through the dynamic regulation of informational molecules such as cytokines. This may offer an explanation of the effects of herbs on the immune system and other tissues. For this informal review, the authors surveyed the primary literature on medicinal plants and their effects on cytokine expression, taking special care to analyze research that utilized the multi-component extracts equivalent to or similar to what are used in traditional medicine, clinical phytotherapy, or in the marketplace. METHODOLOGY: MEDLINE, EBSCO, and BIOSIS were used to identify research on botanical medicines, in whole or standardized form, that act on cytokine activity through different models, i.e., in vivo (human and animal), ex vivo, or in vitro. RESULTS: Many medicinal plant extracts had effects on at least one cytokine. The most frequently studied cytokines were IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and IFN. Acalypha wilkesiana, Acanthopanax gracilistylus, Allium sativum, Ananus comosus, Cissampelos sympodialis, Coriolus versicolor, Curcuma longa, Echinacea purpurea, Grifola frondosa, Harpagophytum procumbens, Panax ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia, Poria cocos, Silybum marianum, Smilax glabra, Tinospora cordifolia, Uncaria tomentosa, and Withania somnifera demonstrate modulation of multiple cytokines. CONCLUSION: The in vitro and in vivo research demonstrates that the reviewed botanical medicines modulate the secretion of multiple cytokines. The reported therapeutic success of these plants by traditional cultures and modern clinicians may be partially due to their effects on cytokines. Phytotherapy offers a potential therapeutic modality for the treatment of many differing conditions involving cytokines. Given the activity demonstrated by many of the reviewed herbal medicines and the increasing awareness of the broad-spectrum effects of cytokines on autoimmune conditions and chronic degenerative processes, further study of phytotherapy for cytokine-related diseases and syndromes is warranted.

  Bioactive steroidal saponins from Smilax medica.:

 Two new spirostanol saponins ( 1 and 2) were isolated from the roots of Smilax medica, together with the known smilagenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antifungal activity against the human pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis (MICs between 6.25 and 50 microg/mL) whereas 3 was inactive.

  Green tea and the skin.:

 Plant extracts have been widely used as topical applications for wound-healing, anti-aging, and disease treatments. Examples of these include ginkgo biloba, echinacea, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, lemon, lavender, rosemary, thuja, sarsaparilla, soy, prickly pear, sagebrush, jojoba, aloe vera, allantoin, feverwort, bloodroot, apache plume, and papaya. These plants share a common character: they all produce flavonoid compounds with phenolic structures. These phytochemicals are highly reactive with other compounds, such as reactive oxygen species and biologic macromolecules, to neutralize free radicals or initiate biological effects. A short list of phenolic phytochemicals with promising properties to benefit human health includes a group of polyphenol compounds, called catechins, found in green tea. This article summarizes the findings of studies using green tea polyphenols as chemopreventive, natural healing, and anti-aging agents for human skin, and discusses possible mechanisms of action.


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sarsaparilla is a native
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sarsaparilla is the root of several south and central american and caribbean species of smilax
sarsaparilla is the primary flavor of the beverage bearing it's name
sarsaparilla is a collective name for preparations of various smilax species
sarsaparilla is native to central and south america
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sarsaparilla is effective
sarsaparilla is suitable in low forms of chronic disease
sarsaparilla is a perennial vine with prickly stems
sarsaparilla is used as a nonsteroidal method of increasing muscle mass and is also believed to be an aphrodisiac
sarsaparilla is especially good for removing heavy metallic contaminates from the blood
sarsaparilla is to be considered a valuable herb used in glandular balancing
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sarsaparilla is used in conjunction with other therapeutic herbs
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sarsaparilla is the primary flavor of the beverage bearing its name
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sarsaparilla is used as a blood purifier and tonic
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sarsaparilla is probably the most thorough herb in cleansing the body
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sarsaparilla is a good blood purifier and diaphoretic for rheumatic inflammation
sarsaparilla is especially good for removing heavy metallic contaminants from the blood
sarsaparilla is an herb rich in phytosterols
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sarsaparilla is rich in vitamin b
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sarsaparilla is a skillfully prepared combination of the best vegetable alteratives and blood purifiers
sarsaparilla is an herb consisting of the roots of woody climbing plants native to central and south america
sarsaparilla is the name applied to any american plant of the genus smilax
sarsaparilla is derived from a number of different species
sarsaparilla is officially recognized in europe for its anti
sarsaparilla is widely used in prescriptions and food
sarsaparilla is made from the finest sarsaparilla oil available


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Smilax officinalis