Solomonseal Rhizome from China,the south Ksitigarbha Huang Jing,the north Changbai Ginseng,Legend,history and folk remedy uses.

Contents

• Botanical Info of Rhizoma Polygonati.
• Polygonatum Plant Description and Growth Habit.
• Identifications and Origins of Solomonseal Root.
• Solomonseal Root Constituents and Phytochemicals.
• Characters and Effects,Main Functions of Solomonseal Root.
• Solomonseal Root Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Applications.
• Legend and History:Solomonseal Root.
• Solomonseal Root Combinations and folk remedies.
• Summary:Solomonseal Root.
• Research Update:Rhizoma Polygonati or Solomonseal Root.

Solomonseal Root Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Applications.:

Pharmacological Effects of Solomonseal Root:

 1.Anti-Microbial Effect:

 In vitro experiments Huang Jing water extraction saps (1: 320) shows inhibition on Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, acid-fast bacilli, 2% solomonseal root shows different level inhibition within sabourand's Medium on common pathogenic fungi.Show no inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus (minimum concentration 1000 mg %).

 Solomonseal Root in vitro inhibition of acid-fast bacilli,the experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs with decoction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in administration at the same time after infection with lymphadenopathy administration to have significant inhibitory effect, health status obvious improvement, its efficacy similar as isoniazid.

 Solomonseal Root shows weak inhibition on Salmonella typhimurium(minimum concentration of antibacterial :500-1000 mg %). 1:10 hydrolic saps shows inhibition on the herpes virus.

 Two Polygonatum polysaccharide derivatives Preparation and antiviral activity Comparative Study: From the traditional Chinese medicine Polygonatum respectively isolated two kinds of small molecules crude polysaccharide (PD, PP), with pyridine - chlorine acid law Preparation respectively to both crude polysaccharide sulfate (PDS, PPS). Product by IR, UV identified, confirmed that the polysaccharide hydroxy connected to the base of the sulfuric acid. By ion-exchange and gel chromatography purification by two rough Purification of products (RPD, RPP). This in vitro study of six kinds of material African green monkey kidney cells (Vero), cytotoxic and anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-II) activity. The results showed that crude polysaccharide PP cytotoxicity which is caused by miscellaneous protein, polysaccharides RDP no anti-viral activity; raw sugar PD no cytotoxicity, PD, RPD than has been greatly improved, the minimum effective concentration of anti-virus than PD, RPD low 10 times.


 2.Antifungal effect:

 Solomonseal Root alcohol extraction sap 2% aqueous solution or higher shows inhibition on a variety of fungi, such as Trichophyton violaceum,Trichophyton rubrum, the water extract shows inhibition on Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton Kaufmann - Wolf's,and it was reported 10%-decoction shows inhibition on microsporum canis, variety of other fungi invalid.

 3.On blood lipids and glucose effect:hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic:

 Solomonseal Root extract paste oral for rabbit , the blood sugar levels gradually increased, and then decreased.Solomonseal Root extract paste significantly inhibit adrenaline caused by high blood glucose.

 To the experimental hyperlipidemia in rabbits fed with 100% Polygonatum decoction, 5 ml each time, 2 times daily, for 30 days. Compared with the control group, after administration 10,20,30 days, triglycerides, beta-1-lipoprotein, blood cholesterol decreased significantly. Solomonseal Root Extract shows inhibition on adrenaline caused by high blood glucose.

 Solomonseal Root methanol extract (OM) for the test, intraperitoneal administration, research on normal mice and mice streptomycin of diabetes-induced blood glucose value of the observed 4 h after intraperitoneal administration of the glucose decline. On the mechanism of study, strong OM adrenal suppression induced by hyperglycemia in mice blood sugar level, so that OM can inhibit the function of hepatic glycolysis, the TLC and its active ingredient standard comparative study found that its glycosides (PO-2) is one of the active ingredients. Polygonatum 95% ethanol extract of water extract of hyperlipidemia rats high 30 d after treatment, serum total cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG) than the control group decreased significantly (P less than 0.05).

 4.Antihypertensive effect:

 Solomonseal Root hydrolic saps, ethanol -water saps and 30% ethanol solution saps reduced blood pressure in anesthesia animals.


 5.Anti-fatigue effect,anti-stress effect:

 Solomonseal Root decoction 17.67% concentration of 0.3 ml/mice dose intraperitoneal injection, mice swim time can be extended.

 Concentration of 17.67% Solomonseal Root decoction 0.3 ml/20g dose decoction intraperitoneal administration with empty stomach,30 min later,by 1/5 the weight load measure swimming mice endurance, the results shows significant differences compared with the control group(P less than 0.01). Solomonseal Root water extract can improve the flying ability and high-temperature endurance capability of Drosophila melanogaster,compared with the control group, there were significant differences (P less than 0.01).

 6.Antioxidant effect:on free radical damage and related enzymes:

 Solomonseal Root decoction 20% concentration, 13 ml dose fed drink for 27 days so that the mouse liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased,myocardial Lipofuscin decreased.

 With 20% Polygonatum decoction, only 13 per ml/d,27d feeding mice showed that Polygonatum can significantly improve the SOD activity in the liver of mice, compared with the control group there were significant differences (P less than 0.01), can significantly reduce the small rat cardiomyocytes Lipofuscin content with anti-lipid peroxidation, compared with the control group (P less than 0.01).

 7.Anti-aging effect:extend animal life:

 Solomonseal Root decoction, 20% concentration immersion Mulberry leave and feeding silkworm, extending the period of silkworm larvae.Solomonseal Root water extract can extend the average life span of Drosophila 8% to 9%, with the female Drosophila was significant improvement, and confirms with early reports Polygonatum decoction extending the average life expectancy of Silkworm.

 8.Effect on Hydroxyproline content:

 Hydroxyproline (hydroxyproline) is a matrix acid in protein collagen fibers,come from proline by hydroxylation. In the human aging process, because of insufficient supply of oxygen, affecting the hydroxylation of proline process, resulting in the skin collagen in the lower hydroxyproline content. Concentration of 17.67% Solomonseal Root decoction 0.3 ml/20g gavage for 31 d,determine hydroxyproline content in the skin of mice, the results showed that compared with the control group increased 6.64 percent.

 9.Hemostatic effects:

 Solomonseal Root methanol extract 40 mg dose, n-butanol extract 20 mg dose,and the hydrolic extract 20 mg dose, intraperitoneal injection to ice-methanol frozen mouse tail one minute, cut by the end of experiments indicated that a hemostatic effect, reduce the amount of bleeding in mice.


 10.Cardiovascular effects:

 Solomonseal Root lowering blood pressure in animals anesthesia. It was also reported that animal experiments have proved that Solomonseal Root prevent atherosclerosis.

 Solomonseal Root water extract 0.16-0.26 g/kg intravenous injection, significantly increased coronary flow of anesthetized dog; 1.5 g/kg intravenous injection, the Pituitrin rabbit myocardial ischemia caused by a confrontation, Pituitrin confrontation arising from the T-wave increased, and promote early resumption of T-wave abnormalities, 12 g/kg intraperitoneal injection, the mice hypoxia tolerance can be increased.

 Solomonseal Root hydrolic liquid, ethanol-water extract sap and 30% ethanol saps have blood pressure lowering effect on anesthesia animals.Solomonseal Root alcohol agentscan increase coronary blood flow of dog, and coronary flow effects it brings as same as what brings by 0.75 mg/kg aminophylline,and no significant effect on the femoral artery pressure, central venous pressure and heart rate. 0.15% Polygonatum alcohol agents in vitro toad cardiac contractility increase, but had no effect on heart rate,0.4 percent Polygonatum alcohol fluid or liquid sap speed up the heart rate in experiment of isolated rabbit hearts .

 11.Strong Heart effect:

 Rat atrial for the specimens, use tetrachloro-platinum determination of methanol extract Polygonatum (A)'s cardiac effects, the results compared with the control group, 5 mg/mL myocardial contractility was significantly enhanced. (A) pass Daiaion HP-20 column, isolated water elution part (B), 50% methanol elution part (C), 100% methanol elution part (O). In experiment of these components,(C) 1.5mg/mL study found that rats significantly increased rate of myocardial contractility.

 12.Antiviral activity:

 Polygonatum polysaccharide 0.2% eye drops, 6 times / day, or oral taken Polygonatum polysaccharide 10 mg/kg, twice daily,therapeutic effects proved on the rabbit herpes simplex virus keratitis.

 13.cGMP levels:

 40% Solomonseal Root alcohol extracts 0.3 ml dose intraperitoneal injection, can improve incorporation rate of mice cardiac, liver, spleen cell DNA on the 3 H-TdR.Solomonseal Root decoction 0.5g oral administration mouse plasma cAMP and cGMP content declining, and cGMP decline more , cAMP/cGMP ratio bigger than the control group, the spleen cAMP and cGMP content increased, but the cAMP/cGMP ratio without significant changes.

 14.Activity on erythrocyte membrane Na +, K +-ATP:

 Solomonseal Root decoction 12%concentration, to 6 g/(kg.d) to mice gavage for 10 days, the results showed that it could increase Na +, K +-ATP activity, compared with the control group there were significant differences (P less than 0.01).


 15. Enhance and regulate immune function:

 Solomonseal Root will not only promote normal mice and S180 mice,MNNG induced rat spleen cancer cells to produce IL-2 and enhance the natural killer cells (NKC) and the solubility of T lymphocytes (CTL) activity , and the S180 tumor inhibitory rate reach from 28% to 40%,so that the digestive tract of rats induced by MNNG tumor incidence from 85% of the control group dropped to Polygonatum Group 45%. Solomonseal Root water extraction and ethanol sediments pass activated carbon adsorption,elution with different concentrations of alcohol then conduct test on immune function of patients with low lymphocyte transformation, results show that Solomonseal Root 5%, 8%, 10%, 30% alcohol-eluting saps all shows highly stimulating properties, and the 30% alcohol elution shows the strongest immune stimulating effects.In the polysaccharides in the treatment of herpes simplex virus in rabbits keratitis were found, acceptance Polygonatum polysaccharide in the treatment of the rabbits, the thymus weight were more than acyclovir treatment group and chloramphenicol group (P less than 0.05). Sibiricum polysaccharide used at 400 mg/(kg.d) to mice gavage for 7 days, the results showed that mice could significantly promote normal thymus and spleen weight increasing, compared with the control group there were significant differences (P less than 0.05 ), can significantly enhance the reticuloendothelial system of the India ink phagocytic capacity, compared with the control group there were significant differences (P less than 0.01).Solomonseal Root rhizomes dry extraction method got mixed polysaccharide 100,200,400 mg/kg in mice continuous intragastric administration 4 days, found significantly confrontation cyclophosphamide (CY) induced peripheral leukocytes decrease (P less than 0.001), also can lower the immune function of the spleen weight in mice (P less than 0.01), suggesting that increased sibiricum polysaccharide peripheral leukocytes may be through the promotion of spleen mesenchymal cell proliferation, play decompensated of extramedullary hematopoiesis due. Experimental animals to mice, the test of Solomonseal Root to CY caused bone marrow suppression and immunocompromised means Impact of the subject. The results show that Solomonseal Root improve the CY induced hematopoietic function, and red blood cells to IL numerical increase in the bone marrow PCE cells (PCE) micronucleus rate (MNR) decreased (compared with the positive control group, P less than 0.01), can enhance murine peritoneal macrophages (MCP) function, and Solomonseal Root, in the high and low concentration dose shows obvious difference from the positive control group (P less than 0.05).
 

 Toxicity:

 Solomonseal Root raw and steam prepared root water saps 450g /(kg.24h)(equivalent to the original drug) dose to mice, the mice administrated with raw root all killed, the miceadministradted with prepared root group no deaths, all normal activities, Solomonseal Root toxicity markedly lower after prepared.

 Clinical Applications:

 1. Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis:

 Solomonseal Root from the steam drying dry cleaned, shredding, five times the water used slow fire torment for 24 hours, filtered residue, then filtrate with slow fire torment, stirring constantly until paste extract, cooling , bottling standby. 2.5 kg solomonseal root can be extracted into 0.5 kg paste,1 ml equal to 5 grams of solomonseal root. Dose: four times daily,10 ml each time. Clinical observation of 19 cases,all pulmonary tuberculosis, of which nine cases of infiltration phase, infiltration dissolved phase two cases, dissolved disseminated period and improved absorption one cases each, six cases of quiescent. Bilateral lesions in 11 cases, six cases were empty, with a separate internal Solomonseal Root extract two months later, the lesions were completely absorbed in 4 cases, better absorption in 12 cases, with no change in those three cases. Six cases empty, and two cases closed, four cases have varying degrees of narrowing. Set examination of sputum most negative; erythrocyte sedimentation rate returned to normal vast majority of cases. Weight and clinical symptoms had improved.

 Tuberculosis folk treatment:Solomonseal Root,Prunella 15 grams each, North Shashen, lily 9 grams, BaiBu 12 grams.Water Decoction(from Anhui herbal medicine)


 2. Treatment Trichophyton disease:

 Solomonseal Root mashed,add to 95% alcohol for 1-2 days,distillation and away majority of alcohol, concentration,add three times the water, precipitation,choose the filtrate,steamed to the remaining alcohol concentration to dilute paste, which has become Solomonseal Root crude fluid. Apply directly on the affected area two times a day.Have a certain effect on general tinea pedis,waist psoriasis, in particular,best effects got on the vesicular tinea pedis and erosive.less effective on tinea pedis, probably because of mold in the diagonalization of thick skin, and the fine Solomonseal Root without stripping or skin penetration capability.No pain, no deterioration of the adverse reaction, it is easy shortcomings pollution clothes.

 Treatment of tinea pedis: Solomonseal Root 30 g, 10 g Cloves, 15 g BaiBu. Water Decoction and washing. (from Newly Edited Common Chinese Herbs.Page.14.)

 3.Yin weak and Lung Dry, dry cough and less sputum, kidney-yin deficiency induced Chronic Cough: Can nurish kidney yin and benefit lung.

 4. Weak for the spleen and stomach: Both benefit spleen and Yin,and benefits temper.

 5. Fine for kidney deficiency induced dizziness,waist and legs sour, hair beard white and thirst.

 6. Treatment of hypotension: Polygonatum 30 g, Poor Man Ginseng 30 g,prepared licorice root 10 g. Decoction taken and one serving daily.

 7. Treatment of students Myopia: Polygonatum 35 kg, 5 kg of black bean, sugar 7.5 kg, made syrup per ml containing 1 g of solomonseal root, 20 ml per person, 2 times per day or personnal dose solomonseal root 50 g, 10 g of black bean water decoction,twice daily,plus 10 ml rice wine before serving. ( "Henan Chinese Medicine", 1981; (6): 40)

 8. Leukopenia: Solomonseal Root,water to wash residue, sugar syrup 100%. Majority of cases interleukin began to increase in 2 weeks, leukopenia treatment effective in constant diagnose. Case medication after a few minor abdominal distension,after the meal medication can be removed. [ "Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine" 1989.9 (2) 102]

 9. Chronic hepatitis: Salvia root 30 g, 25 g Solomonseal Root, glutinous rice roots 6 grams, water decoction.

 10.Diabetes: Solomonseal Root, yam,pollen,rehmannia root 15 grams each. Water decoction. "Ningxia Chinese herbal medicine handbook"

 Dosage and Cautions:

 Oral: water decoction, 10 - 15 g, 30-60 g of fresh root, or to pills, powder boiling to paste.
 Topical: modest, decoction and washing; or Baptist liquor vigorous. water decoction,10 ~ 30 g.
 Cautions:It should be noted that, Solomonseal Root help damp evil, where virtual wet, expectoration more better not taking.

Reference:

• 1.Solomonseal Rhizome from China,the south Ksitigarbha Huang Jing,the north Changbai Ginseng,Legend,history and folk remedy uses.

This article written and edited via herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional. They run a range of online descriptions about this herb,including general information related and summarized updating discoveries from findings of professional scientisits this field related.Describe style aimed to form a useful detecting literature space where the intertwined threshold and related questions raise out and visualize themselves.

♣ last edit date:27th,Oct.2010.