Research Update:Rhizoma Polygonati or Solomonseal Root.

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   Phytochemical info of Rhizoma Polygonati or Solomonseal Root.

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 Definition:Rhizoma Polygonati or Solomonseal Root. are majorly composed of
 Chemical information disclosed as following table:


   Research Update:Rhizoma Polygonati or Solomonseal Root.

  Steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum.:J Nat Prod. 2006 Mar;69(3):360-4.

 Four new steroidal saponins, named neosibiricosides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum, along with two known spirostanol glycosides. The structures of the new glycosides were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and acid hydrolysis as (23S,24R,25R)-1-O-acetylspirost-5-ene-1beta,3beta,23,24-tetrol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-fucopyranoside (1), (25S)-1-O-acetylspirost-5-ene-1beta,3beta-diol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (2), (25S)-spirost-5-en-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (3), and (25R,S)-spirost-5-en-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (4). The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated with human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

  Determination of relative molecular mass and composition for Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide by high performance liquid chromatography.:Se Pu. 2005 Jul;23(4):394-6. Chinese. Zhang X, Gereltu B, Zhaorigetu , Narisu .Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry and Mongolian Medicines, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot 010021, China. xh0529@21cn.com

 Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute (PSR) is a traditional Chinese medicine and Mongolia herbal medicine growing in Inner Mongolia. Polygonatum Sibiricum Polysaccharide (PSP) was isolated and purified with boiling water extraction, alcohol precipitation from the wild species roots of PSR. Proteins was removed from the crude PSP by methods of trypsin hydrolysate and Sevag. Purity, relative molecular mass and relative molecular mass distribution of PSP were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The buffer solution of NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 (0.02 mol/L) was used as mobile phase, and the PSP was separated on a Shodex GPC column as a single symmetrical peak corresponding to a number mean molecular mass (Mn) of 7073 and relative molecular mass (Mr) of 7247, and polydispersity is 1.025. The sugar components of the PSP was analysed by HPLC and 13C NMR. Using water as mobile phase, the components of all acid hydrolysis of the PSP were separated on a Shodex SP0810 column. Glucose, galactose, mannose and fructose were used as the standard samples. The result showed that PSP is composed of fructose only.

  Two new alkaloids from the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum.:J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2005 Apr;7(2):127-30.Sun LR, Li X, Wang SX.School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China. sunlr@sdu.edu.cn

 Two new alkaloids named polygonatine A (1) and polygonatine B (2) have been isolated from the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute (Liliaceae). By spectral data (IR, UV, MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical evidence, their structures were elucidated as 3-hydroxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizin-8-one (1) and 3-ethoxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizin-8-one (2).

  Cardiotonic activity of the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum in rats.:Biol Pharm Bull. 1997 Dec;20(12):1271-3.

 The cardiotonic effect of the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum was investigated in the left atria of rats. The methanol extract of the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum (OM) (1-7 mg/ml) concentration-dependently increased the developed tension of the left atrium. It also strongly inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase. The increase cAMP level correlated the increase in left atrial contraction. On the other hand, OM did not inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase. The cardiotonic effect of OM was strongly inhibited by reserpine, a sympatholytic agent. Furthermore, OM-treated left atria inhibited the tension produced by propranolol, a beta adrenocepter antagonist. These findings suggested that the cardiotonic effect is due to stimulating beta adrenoceptors through activation of sympathetic nerves.

  Culture techniques for high yield and high benefit of wild Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1997 Jul;22(7):398-401, 446-7. Chinese.Li S, Guo X, Su S, Huang R, Zhang X, Yang Z.Hebei Chengde Agricultural School, Chensde.

 Through comprehensive studies on the artificial cultivation of wild Polygonatum sibiricum a complete set of culture technique for high yield and high benefit have been raised to guarantee a high yield of one thousand catties of grain perum and an increase in income of about 1000 yuan per mu per annum.


  Effect of water extract of 4 Chinese herbal drugs on the binding of insulin with human erythrocyte insulin receptor.:Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1991 Oct;11(10):606-7, 581-2. Chinese. Liu GL, Fu PY, Wang ZY.First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang.

 Chinese herbal drugs, Trichosauthes kirilowii (TK), Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), Scrophularia ningpoensis (SN), Anemarrhea asphodeloides (AA) were selected for the study of their effects on the binding of insulin with human erythrocyte insulin receptor. The results indicated that TK, PS, SN did not increase nor decrease the insulin receptor binding rate, whereas AA provoked a marked inhibiting effect on the rate of binding (P less than 0.01). These findings cannot completely deny the beneficial effect of the compound prescription of these drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus because of the following reasons: (1) The experiments were done in vitro but not in vivo and the erythrocytes from normal men but not from diabetics. (2) The drugs were not put together during exaction as in the traditional manner, but was studied separately. (3) The fact that there is no effect on insulin receptor binding cannot rule out their beneficial effect on other aspects of insulin or insulin secretion even on the amelioration of tissue insulin resistance.

  Steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum.:J Nat Prod. 1990 Mar-Apr;53(2):333-9.

 Investigation of the rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum led to the isolation of the previously reported neoprazerigenin A 3-O-beta-lycotetraoside [3], its methyl proto-type congener 2, and two new steroidal saponins, sibiricosides A [1] and B [4]. The structures have been determined by spectral means and by comparison with literature data and authentic samples.

  Clinical study of 96 cases with chronic hepatitis B treated with jiedu yanggan gao by a double-blind method.:Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1990 Feb;10(2):71-4, 67. Chinese.Chen Z.Dept. of Hepatic Diseases, Beijing TCM Hospital.

 This paper reported 96 cases with chronic hepatitis B treated by a double-blind method. There were 51 cases of observation group(OG) and 45 cases of control group (CG). OG was treated with Jiedu Yanggan Gao consisting of Artemisia capillaris, Taraxacum mongolicum, Plantago seed, Cephalanoplos segetum, Hedyotis diffusa, Flos Chrysanthemi Indici, Smilax glabra, Astragalus membranaceus, Salviae miltiorrhizae, Fructus Polygonii Orientalis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Polygonatum sibiricum, etc.). CG was prescribed with three charred medicinal herbs (charred Fructus Crataegi, charred Fructrus Hordei Germinatus, charred fermented mixture of several medical herbs and wheat bran). The average duration of treatment was five months. All 96 cases belong to the virus-duplication-type with positive HBsAg for over one year. Among them 65.5% of cases HBeAg, DNAP and HBV-DNA were positive. 20.8% of cases were positive in two out of the above tests. 13 data were compared statistically between two groups, and proved to be comparable (P greater than 0.05) before treatment. 27.3% and 66.7% of cases' ALT, AST returned to normal respectively in OG after treatment. However, in CG they were 9.1% and 22.2% (P less than 0.05). TTT returned to normal in 52% cases of OG and 44% in CG (P greater than 0.05). 20% cases HBeAg shifted to negative in OG, but 6.7% in CG. Cases with negative DNAP in OG occupied 34.2%, but 10.8% in CG. 31.6% cases' HBV-DNA changed to negative in OG, while 17.6% in CG. After comprehensive judgement, the total effective rate was 74.5% in OG and 24.4% in CG respectively (P less than 0.001). Eight cases were basically cured in OG and one case in CG. After one year's follow-up, one recurred in eight patients of OG, however the only one cured in CG still relapsed.

  Anti-HIV I/II activity and molecular cloning of a novel mannose/sialic acid-binding lectin from rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua.:Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2006 Feb;38(2):70-8.

 The anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) I/II activity of a mannose and sialic acid binding lectin isolated from rhizomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua was elucidated by comparing its HIV infection inhibitory activity in MT-4 and CEM cells with that of other mannose-binding lectins (MBLs). The anti-HIV activity of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua lectin (PCL) was 10- to 100-fold more potent than other tested MBLs, but without significant cytotoxicity towards MT-4 or CEM cells. To amplify cDNA of PCL by 3'/5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), the 30 amino acids of N-terminal were determined by sequencing and the degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed. The full-length cDNA of PCL contained 693 bp with an open reading frame encoding a precursor protein of 160 amino acid residues, consisting of a 28-residue signal peptide, a 22-residue C-terminal cleavage peptide and a 110-residue mature polypeptide which contained three tandemly arranged subdomains with an obvious sequence homology to the monocot MBL. However, only one active mannose-binding site (QDNVY) was found in subdomain I of PCL, that of subdomain II and III changed to HNNVY and PDNVY, respectively. There was no intron in PCL, which was in good agreement with other monocot MBLs. Molecular modeling of PCL indicated that its three-dimensional structure resembles that of the snowdrop agglutinin. By docking, an active sialic acid-binding site was found in PCL. The instabilization of translation initiation region (TIR) in mRNA of PCL benefits its high expression in rhizomes.

  Structure of polysaccharide from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and the antiherpetic activity of its hydrolyzed fragments.:Antiviral Res. 2004 Sep;63(3):183-9.

 A neutral polysaccharide named PD was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. Five fragments were isolated by Bio-Gel P4 chromatography from hydrolysates of PD. Using assays of cytopathic effect inhibition, neutral red dye uptake and plaque forming inhibition, it was proved that the fragments with degree of polymerization (DP) of 4 and 5 were the shortest ones which retained the activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vero cell culture. The structures of PD and one of its activity-retaining fragments, B3, were determined by permethylation followed with reductive cleavage, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. It was shown that PD was a branched fructan with average DP of 28. There was one two-residue side chain composed of (2 --> 6)-linked beta-d-fructofuranosyl (Fruf) residues every three (2 --> 1)-linked beta-d-Fruf residues in the backbone of PD, whereas B3 was a mixture containing 1-kestose and neokestose series of oligosaccharides of DP 3-5 without branches.


  Furostanol saponins from the fresh rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum.:Chem Pharm Bull. 2006 Jul;54(7):931-5.Zhang J, Ma BP, Kang LP, Yu HS, Yang Y, Yan XZ, Dong FT.Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China.

 Ten furostanol saponins were isolated as five pairs of 25R and 25S epimers from the fresh rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum. Seven of them were identified as new compounds, (25S)-kingianoside D (2), (25S)-kingiano-side C (4), (25R,22)-hydroxylwattinoside C (5), kingianoside E (7), (25S)-kingianoside E (8), kingianoside F (9) and (25S)-kingianoside F (10), together with three known saponins, kingianoside C (1), kingianoside D (3), and 22-hydroxylwattinoside C (6). The structures of the new saponins were determinded by detailed analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported.

  Studies on chemical constituents from the root of Polygonatum kingianum.:Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Jun;28(6):524-7. Chinese. Wang YF, Mu TH, Chen JJ, Luo SD.State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China

 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-HIV constituents from the root of Polygonatum kingianum. METHOD: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, MCI-gel CHP-20P and their structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic evidence including IR, MS and NMR data. RESULT: 13 compounds were isolated, of which nine compounds were identified as liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, 4', 7-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone, (6aR, 11aR)-10-hydroxy-3, 9-dimethoxypterocarpan, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, salicylic acid, n-butyl-beta-D-fructopyranoside, n-butyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside, n-butyl-alpha-D-fructofuranoside. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-6 were obtained from this plant for the first time.

  A new indolizinone from Polygonatum kingianum.:Planta Med. 2003 Nov;69(11):1066-8.Wang YF, Lu CH, Lai GF, Cao JX, Luo SD.The State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.

 A new indolizinone, namely kinganone (1) together with 3-ethoxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-indolizinone (2) and isomucronulatol (3) were isolated from the rhizome of Polygonatum kingianum. Their structures were elucidated mainly on the basis of spectral data. Indolizinones 1 and 2 showed weak antibacterial and antifungal activities when compared to rifampicin and amphotericin, respectively, in the agar diffusion assay.

  Steroid saponins from Polygonatum kingianum.:Phytochemistry. 1992 Oct;31(10):3559-63.

 The cardiotonic effect of the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum was investigated in the left atria of rats. The methanol extract of the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum (OM) (1-7 mg/ml) concentration-dependently increased the developed tension of the left atrium. It also strongly inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase. The increase cAMP level correlated the increase in left atrial contraction. On the other hand, OM did not inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase. The cardiotonic effect of OM was strongly inhibited by reserpine, a sympatholytic agent. Furthermore, OM-treated left atria inhibited the tension produced by propranolol, a beta adrenocepter antagonist. These findings suggested that the cardiotonic effect is due to stimulating beta adrenoceptors through activation of sympathetic nerves.

  Clinical study on treatment of mid-advanced crescentic nephritis by qingre huoxue recipe.:Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2004 Dec;24(12):1084-6.

 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of integrative Chinese and Western medicine in treating mid-advanced crescentic nephritis (MACN). METHODS: Thirty-two patients, their diagnosis was confirmed as MACN by renal biopsy, were divided, adopting randomized, controlled method, into two groups, the treated group and the control group, they were all, excepting one, treated with impact therapy of methyl-prednisolone followed with oral intake of prednisone, to part of them cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil was given in addition, to those with hypo-hemoglobin (< 90 g/L), subcutaneous injection of erythropoietin was administered. Decoction of Qingre Huoxue recipe (QHR), consisted of oldenlandia herb 30 g, honey-suckle stem 30 g, violet herb 30 g, red peony root 15 g, rehmannia root 15 g, solomonseal rhizome 15 g, asiabell root 30 g, red sage root 30 g, prepared rhubarb 12 g and giant-hyssop herb 12 g, were additionally given one dose per day to patients in the treated group. The renal function, improvement of anemia and immunosuppressive agents needed in patients were observed after 3 months treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, renal function was improved in both groups, but the effect in the treated group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Anemia was partially alleviated in the two groups with no significant difference. The dosage of glucocorticoids used in the treated group was obviously lesser than that used in the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Integrative Chinese and western medicine could treat crescentic nephritis to obtain good effect, and reduce the quantity of glucocorticoid necessity for treatment.


  Study on the process of extracting polysaccharide from polygonatum sibiricum red.:XU Wei-yuan,YU Jian-ping.The Institute of Biochemical Nutrition,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China

 Objective To optimize the process of polygonatum sibiricum red polysaccharide extraction.Methods Find out the best conditions of polysaccharide extraction by having done orthogonal test and having counted the content of polysaccharide with the method of vitriol and phenol.Results The best conditions for polygonatum sibiricum red polysaccharide extracting are as follows:temperature 80 Deg C,ratio of solid-liquid 1:15,the duration of time 4h and pH 7.Conclusion The ratio of polygonatum sibiricum Red polysaccharide extracting is the best condition in the conditions of temperature 80 Deg C,ratio of solid-liquid 1:15,the duration of time 4h and pH 7;Having removed protein by the method of enzyme + Sevag and having decolored by adding 15£¥ active carbon power and boiling 15min,the purity of polygonatum sibiricum red polysaccharide will be better.


  Scientific References:

  1.Research Update:Rhizoma Polygonati or Solomonseal Root.