MDidea Exporting Division:Online Glossary:General Glossary D




	DAB German imperial pharmacopoeia;Deutsches Arzneibuch



	DAC Drug Abuse Council(USA)



	Dairy(Food & Drink/GNPD) Butter & Yellow Fats. Cheese including all types of (savoury) cheese; also includes biscuit/dip or spread combinations, if the dip/spread accompaniment is cheese based. Milk including flavoured and "white" milk and milk drinks, milk substitutes e.g. soy milk, etc. Cream & Creamers miscellaneous products including cream, sour cream, buttermilk, coffee creamers,condensed milk etc. Yogurt and Probiotic drinks including fromage frais and quark, also drinking yogurt.(Frozen yogurt/yogurt ice cream is classified under Take HomeIce Cream or Frozen Novelties/Impulse Ice Cream).



	data Recorded observations and information. data analysis: An evaluation of collected observations and information.



	Debridement the removal of necrotic or infected tissue or foreign material from a wound.



	decoction A medicine produced by boiling roots, bark, etc. in water.a liquid medicinal preparation made by boiling plant materials in water..



	decomposers A group of organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, that digest organic material and release nutrients into the environment.



	Decumbent Lying down or along the ground. Contrast ACCUMBENT.



	Decoctions Teas in which the water and herbs are boiled or simmered.



	Decongestant For relieving congestion-see expectorant.



	Decussate Arranged oppositely in pairs along a stem. Each successive pair is set at right angles to the preceding pair, producing four distinct rows of leaves.



	Defibrillator A device used to stop weak, uncoordinated beating (fibrillation) of the heart and allow restoration of a normal heart beat. Part of the "crash cart" at cardiac rehabilitation program sites..



	Defluxion Catarrh.



	Dehiscent Fruit that splits open at maturity, releasing or exposing its contents.



	Dehydration The condition resulting from the excessive loss of body water.



	Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Ruled a drug (hormone) by the FDA, DHEA is the second most abundant steroid molecule in humans. The ruling is controversial because whereas hormones tend to be held in reserve in the gland which produced them, and liberated as needed, DHEA is produced by the adrenal gland and immediately released into the bloodstream for cellular metabolism. Research tends to support its anti-obesity, anti-aging, energizing, memory-enhancing, immune boosting, cardiotonic and anti-carcinogenic activities. Nowadays its widely available outside the USA as a nutritional supplement. However, DHEA is apparently legal without a script here in the USA as well. The studies were done on older men. DHEA is produced in the body until age 25 then ceases. It appears to have few side effects, but some (notably, mild androgenic properties) have been recorded. It is banned by virtually all sport governing bodies..



	Deltoids The large triangular muscles of the shoulder which raise the arm away from the body and is a prime mover in all arm elevation movements.



	dementia a global impairment of intellectual function that is usually progressive and interferes with normal social and occupational activities.significant impairment of intellectual abilities such as attention, orientation, memory, judgment or language. By definition, dementia is not due to major depression or psychosis. Alzheimer¡¯s disease is the most common cause of dementia in older adults.



	Demulcent An agent which soothes and relieves irritation, especially of the mucous membranes.(Sanskrit- Mridukara or Kasa-Svasahara) Soothes, protects, and relieves the irritation of inflamed mucous membranes and other surfaces. (i.e., protects stomach and urinary bladder lining). An agent that relieves congestion in the upper respiratory tract. Herbs with decongestant properties include almond oils,Barley,ephedra,licorice.linseed,lobelia,olive,pennyroyal, valerian and yerba santa.



	De novo synthesis the formation of an essential molecule from simple precursor molecules.



	dentate Botany: toothed or notched; having short triangular divisions at the margin..



	Dentifrice For cleaning teeth and gums.



	Deobstruent (Syn: Anthilitic, Antilithic, Lithontriptic):An aperient.Removes obstructions by opening the natural passages or pores of the body.An herb or substance that aids in the removal of obstructions, especially those lodged in organs such as stones.



	Deodorant An herb or substance that either removes, destroys, masks, or suppresses odor.



	Deodorants(Non-food/GNPD) Includes all deodorant and anti-perspirant products for men and women.



	dependent variable A responding variable; a factor or condition that might change as a result of a change in a manipulated independent variable.



	Depletion Exhaustion following a workout before the body has fully recuperated. Never train when feeling depleted.



	Depletion-repletion study a nutritional study designed to determine the requirement for a specific nutrient. Generally, subjects are placed on a diet designed to deplete them of a specific nutrient over time. Once depletion is achieved, gradually increasing amounts of the nutrient under study are added to the diet until the individual shows evidence of sufficiency or repletion.



	Depressant (Ant: Stimulant, Syn: Depresso-motor, Motor- depressant):An herb or substance that lessens or depresses nervous sensation, lowers a functional activity or reduces vital energy by causing the relaxation of muscles, nerves, or tissues.



	depurative having cleansing properties.Tends to purify and cleanse the blood



	dermatitis inflammation of the skin characterized by itching, redness, and various skin lesions.



	Desserts & Ice Cream(Food & Drink/GNPD) Chilled Desserts including all types of chilled desserts, chilled custard, fruit compote, excluding yogurt, fromage frais and quark, which are classified under Yogurt and Probiotic drinks. Dessert Toppings including dessert sauces, coulis. Frozen Novelties/Impulse Ice Cream including popsicles (items on sticks), ice cream sandwiches, other hand-held products, etc. Other Frozen Desserts including frozen cheesecake. Shelf-Stable Desserts including jello, gelatine, apple sauce, shelf stable custard and mixes that do not need baking and make a dessert (e.g. cheesecake mix, mousse mix). Take Home Ice Cream including ice cream, frozen yogurt, sorbets, etc., sold in tubs, in measures of pints, quarts and litres.



	Detergent Cleanses boils, ulcers, wounds, etc.



	Detersive Cleansing medicine.



	DEXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A precise instrument that uses the energy from very small doses of X-rays to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and to diagnose and follow the treatment of osteoporosis.



	DHEA see Dehydroepiandrosterone.



	DHT see Dihydrotestosterone.



	Diaphoretic Diaphoretic herbs help the body produce perspiration to help the skin eliminate toxins, similar to sudorific. Herbs with diaphoretic properties include angelica, blue vervain, boneset, borage, butchers broom, capsicum, catnip, chamomile, elder flowers, elecampane, ephedra, garlic, hyssop, lemon balm leaves and yarrow.



	Digestives (Sanskrit- Dipana-Pachana Karma) Assists the stomach and intestines in normal digestion. Digestives promote or aid in the digestion process. Such herbs include anise, capsicum, centaury,Coriander, cumin, echinacea, garlic, horseradish, mustard, papaya,rock salt,safflower,sage and turmeric.



	Diaphoretic (Sanskrit- Svedana Karma or Svedaniya) Promotes perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Promotes circulation; dispels fever and chills; eliminates surface toxins; relieves muscle tension, aching joints, and inflammatory skin conditions; relieves diarrhea, dysentery, kidneys, liver, urinary, and gall bladder disorders; dispels stones of kidney and both bladders. Also useful for genitourinary disease (herpes), edema; painful, difficult or burning urination or infections. See sudorific. Examples: basil, ajwan, cardamom, parsley, cinnamon, eucalyptus, ginger, juniper berries, asparagus, barley, burdock, chamomile, chrysanthemum, coriander, dandelion, fennel, marshmallow, spearmint.



	Diastole Relaxation phase of the heart. cf. systole..



	diabetes insipidus polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) caused by inadequate secretion of vasopressin, the antidiuretic hormone, by the neurohypophysis, a part of the pituitary gland.



	Diabetic(Products Claims/GNPD) products marked safe for diabetics.



	Diabetes(diabetes mellitus) a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria and resulting from inadequate production or utilization of insulin.Diabetes is a disease caused when the body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use the insulin it makes. About 14 to 16 million Americans have diabetes. Six to seven million have it and don't know it. Cells require blood sugar (glucose) for fuel. Insulin helps drive blood sugar into body cells. Blood sugar is made from the foods we eat. There are two major forms of Diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent (juvenile) Diabetes (Type I); and non-insulin-dependent adult-onset Diabetes (Type II). Type I is classified as insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and Type II as non-insulin dependent (NIDDM). a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by abnormally high blood glucose (sugar) levels, resulting from the inability of the body to produce or respond to insulin. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, formerly known as insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes, is usually the result of autoimmune destruction of the insulin secreting beta-cells of the pancreas. The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus, formerly known as noninsulin-dependent or adult onset diabetes, which develops when the tissues of the body become less sensitive to insulin secreted by the pancreas.



	Diabetic ketoacidosis a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by ketosis (elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood) and acidosis (increased acidity of the blood). Ketoacidosis occurs when diabetes is not adequately controlled.



	Dialysis a medical procedure to filter waste products from the blood. Dialysis is needed to perform the work of the kidneys if they can no longer function effectively. Two types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.



	Diapers & Feminine Hygiene(Non-food/GNPD) Diapers Feminine Hygiene ¨C including towels/napkins, tampons, pantyliners, intimate soap etc. Incontinence Products. Wipes ¨C including baby, travel etc. products.



	Diastolic Blood Pressure The minimum blood pressure that occurs during the refilling of the heart. cf. blood pressure..the lowest arterial blood pressure during the heart beat cycle, and the second number in a blood pressure reading (e.g., 120/80).



	diaphoretic Inducing sweating.an agent which increases perspiration; a sudorific.



	diastole the period of cardiac relaxation alternating with systole or cardiac contraction.



	Diet The food one eats. May or may not be a selection of foods to accomplish a particular health or fitness objective..



	Differentiation changes in a cell resulting in its specialization for specific functions, such as those of a nerve cell. In general, differentiation of cells leads to a decrease in proliferation.



	Diffusion a passive process, in which particles in solution move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.



	Dihydrotestosterone(DHT) Synonyms: 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone (5AD); Abbreviations: DHT Definition: (DI-hy-dro-tes-TOS-te-rone) The male hormone which is actually active in the prostate gland,A hormone converted in males from testosterone that is responsible for the development of the external genitals of the male fetus. It is made when the enzyme 5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which stimulates the growth of the prostate gland. A byproduct of the male hormone testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is considered to be the essential androgenic hormone. DHT is responsible for the formation of male primary sex characteristics during embryonic life. It is responsible for the development of most secondary sex characteristics in males at puberty. And it continues to be important to male sexual function throughout adult life. A semisynthetic analog of DHT is called stanolone.



	DHT 1 receptors/DHT 2 receptors there are 2 types of DHT: DHT 1 receptors are located in the skin, and DHT 2 receptors are primarily located in the prostate. When the testosterone present in the follicle combines with the enzyme 5 alpha reductase, it produces dihydrotestosterone (DHT).Hair follicle receptors are sensitive to DHT and thereby start the process of male or female pattern hair loss. DHT1 Inhibitor/DHT2 Inhibitor block DHT 1 receptors/DHT 2 receptors accordingly.



	DHT Blocker/DHT Inhibitor substances and phytochemicals either interfere with the conversion of Testosterone to di-hydro testosterone (DHT) or help to block DHT from binding to the hair follicle. DHT is the major cause of hair loss for both men and women. When the testosterone present in the follicle combines with the enzyme 5 alpha reductase, it produces dihydrotestosterone (DHT).Hair follicle receptors are sensitive to DHT and thereby start the process of male or female pattern hair loss. DHT blockers inhibit DHT's ability to bind to cellular receptors.Once DHT levels have decreased, the cycle of hair loss is altered and the follicles will return to their normal growth pattern.



	Dioecious Species that has male and female flowers growing on different plants. Contrast MONOECIOUS.



	Discutient Herb that dissolves or causes something, such as a tumor, to disappear. Also called discussive.



	Disinfectant (Sanskrit- Aguntaka-roganashaka) Destroys disease germs and noxious properties of fermentation; These herbs destroy pathogenic microbes (that cause communicable diseases). Examples: Apamarga, arka, gudachi, katuka, sandalwood.



	Distemper Ailment.



	Distillation A trickling discharge.



	Diuretic (Syn: Renal, Renic):Increasing flow of urine.an agent that increases the secretion of urine,increasing urine flow, causing the kidneys to excrete more than the usual amount of sodium, potassium and water..Any agent which increases the flow of urine. Used in advisedly for quick weight loss, diuretics can cause dehydration.an agent that increases the formation of urine by the kidneys, resulting in water loss from the individual using the diuretic. (Sanskrit- Mutrala Karma or Mutra-virehana ) Promotes the production and secretion of urine ,A diuretic is used to increase the flow of urine to relieve water retention. Some herbs used for this purpose are apamarga, ashwagandha,alfalfa,barberry,blue cohosh, buchu leaves, burdock, butchers broom,cardamom, cinnamon,damiana, dandelion, devil's claw, false unicorn, fennel,ginger, gotu kola, gokshura, gudachi, hawthorn, horsetail, hydrangea, juniper berries,licorice, lily-of-the-valley, marshmallow, parsley, queen of the meadow,sandalwood,saw palmetto and uva ursi.



	Diverticulitis inflammation or infection of diverticula in the colon (see diverticulosis below), characterized by abdominal pain, fever and constipation.



	Diverticulosis a condition characterized by the formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon. Although most people with diverticulosis experience no symptoms, about 15-20% may develop pain or inflammation, known as diverticulitis.



	DLPA see Dl-Phenylalanine .



	Dl-Phenylalanine DLPA is a mixture consisting of equal parts of the D- and L-forms of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is a naturally occurring amino acid, discovered in 1879, essential for optimal growth in infants and for nitrogen equilibrium in human adults. DLPA is used in the control of pain, through a mechanism believed to involve a sparing effect on opiate-like substances naturally secreted by the brain (i.e., endorphins and enkephalins)..



	DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid) A complex protein present in the nuclei of cells. The chemical basis of heredity and carrier of genetic programming for the organism..deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded nucleic acid composed of many nucleotides. The nucleotides in DNA are each composed of a nitrogen containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine), a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. The sequence of bases in DNA encodes the genetic information required to synthesize proteins.



	DNA polymerase an enzyme which catalyzes the formation or elongation of DNA chains..



	Dominant trait a trait that is expressed when only one copy of the gene responsible for the trait is present.



	double-blind experimental design protocol in which neither the subject nor the investigator(s) working with the subject or analyzing data knows what treatment, if any, the subject is receiving. At the end of the experiment, the "code" is broken and the data analyzed with respect to the various treatments.refers to a study in which neither the investigators administering the treatment nor the participants know which participants are receiving the experimental treatment and which are receiving the placebo.



	drachm a unit of weight or fluid volume in apothecary¡¯s system. Also spelled dram.



	Drastic A violent purgative.



	Draught A quantity of medicine taken in one dose.



	DRI dietary reference intake. Refers to a set of at least four nutrient-based reference values (RDA, AI, UL, EAR), each with a specific use in defining recommended dietary intake levels for individual nutrients in the U.S. The DRIs are determined by expert panels appointed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine.



	dropsy Watery swelling in the tissues of cavities of the body.an obsolete term for generalized edema.



	Drupe Stone fruit. An outer fleshy layer covers an interior stony or woody core containing a single seed, as in the cherry or peach..



	drupes Botany: a one-seeded indehiscent fruit having a hard bony endocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a thin epicarp that is flexible (as in the cherry) or dry and leathery (as in the almond).



	Dry-Bulb Thermometer An ordinary instrument for indicating temperature. Does not take into account humidity and other factors that combine to determine the heat stress experienced by the body. cf. wet-bulb thermometer, wet-globe temperature.



	duodenum the first part of the small intestine, connecting with the pylorus of the stomach and extending to the jejunum.



	Duration The time spent in a single exercise session. Duration, along with frequency and intensity, are factors affecting the effectiveness of exercise.



	DV daily value. Refers to the dietary reference values required as the basis for declaring nutrient content on all products regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including nutritional supplements. The DVs for vitamins and minerals reflect the National Academy of Sciences' 1968 RDAs, and do not reflect the most up to date Dietary Reference Intakes.



	dysmenorrhea pain associated with menstruation..



	Dyskinesia impaired control of voluntary movement. Dyskinesia is sometimes a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications.



	dyspepsia imperfect or painful digestion. Characterized by abdominal discomfort, a bloated feeling after eating, eructation (belching), heartburn, nausea and vomiting, and loss of appetite..



	dysplasia abnormal development of tissue.



	dyspnea Difficult or laboured breathing,air hunger resulting in labored to difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain. Normal when due to vigorous work or athletic activity..

Claims:

Information presented this site meant for nutritional benefit and as an educational starting point only, for use in maintenance and promotion good health in cooperation with a common knowledge base reference...Furthermore,it based solely on the traditional and historic use or legend of a given herb from the garden of Adonis. Although every effort has been made to ensure its accurate, please note that some info may be outdated by more recent findings and developments!