Glossary Phytochemicals H!

Online Glossary edited with meticulous attitude and published as convenience for site content reference,including glossaries of related different topics,Glossary Phytochemicals are dedicated to Phytochemicals and phyto derived chemical components.Phytochemicals have been used as drugs for millennia. Hippocrates may have prescribed willow tree leaves to abate fever. Salicin, having anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, was originally extracted from the white willow tree and later synthetically produced become the staple over-the-counter drug called Aspirin!

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon01
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds such as beta-carotene that occur naturally in plants. The term is generally used to refer to those chemicals that may affect health, but are not yet established as essential nutrients.While there is abundant scientific and government support for recommending diets rich in fruits and vegetables, there is only limited evidence that health benefits are due to specific phytochemicals.

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon02
There is evidence from laboratory studies that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer, possibly due to dietary fibers, polyphenol antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as fermentable dietary fibers, are allowed limited health claims by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

habit:the general growth form of a plant - its size and branching - also its woodiness, see acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, herb, liane, schopfbaum, shrub, tree, vine, also leptocaul, pachycaul (mostly rather imprecise terms), and see also life forms.
hadrom(e):the tracheary elements and associated parenchymatic cells of xylem tissue, cf. leptom(e), stereom(e).
haemochorin:an arylphenalenone.
hair:any elongate single- or multi-celled glandular or eglandular outgrowth from the epidermis, a constituent of the indumentum, cf. colleter, dendritic, malpighiaceous, pearl gland, snail gland, stellate, T-shaped hair, cf. papilla, scale.
half-inferior:of an ovary, borne part below and part above the level of attachment of the perianth and stamens, cf. inferior, superior, see also epigynous, hypogynous, perigynous.
halophyte:a plant adapted to living in more or less highly saline habitats, often accumulating high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
hamate, hamulate:= with hooks, with small hooks.
hamaudol:a pyranochromone.
hapaxanthic:of growth related to flowering, an axis determinate by flowering, the plant itself persisting by development of axillary meristems, cf. monocarpic, pleonanthic, cf. also iteroparous, semelparous, and of plant duration, annual, biennial, ephemeral, perennial.
haplo:- (prefix) = with a single set of something.
haplocheilic:(of gymnosperm stomatal ontogeny) = perigenous, cf. syndetocheilic.
haplochlamydeous:= monochlamydeous.
haplodiplontic life cycle:see alternation of generations.
haploid:of a plant having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus, characteristic of the gametophytic generation, when reporting chromosome numbers, as here, represented as n, cf. allopolyploid, aneuploid, autopolyploid, diploid, dysploid, polyploid.
haplomorphic:a flower with no obvious plane of symmetry, yet not obviously asymmetrical either, any two halves being very similar, e.g. Magnolia, cf. asymmetric, bisymmetric, enantiomorphic, enantiostylous, monosymmetric, oblique, polysymmetric.
haplostele:a variant of a protostele in which the phloem surrounds the xylem, cf. actinostele, plectostele.
haplostemonous:androecium with as many stamens as petals, the former borne in a single whorl that is opposite the sepals or outer whorl of tepals, cf. diplostemonous, obdiplostemonous, obhaplostemonous.
haptotypic mark:especially on prepollen, marks showing where the grains were attached in the microspore tetrad.
hardwood:wood of a broad-leaved angiosperm, usually harder than that from a conifer because of the large number of fibers, etc., cf. softwood.
Harmaline [304-21-2]:Synonyms:1-Methyl-7-methoxy-3, 4-dihydro-.beta.-carboline, 1-Methyl-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-beta-carboline, 10018938, 1500864, 3, 4-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-9-pyrid[3,4-b]indole, 3, 4-Dihydroharmine, 3,4-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-9-pyrid(3,4-b)indole, 3,4-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-9-pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 3,4-Dihydroharmine, 304-21-2, 363-11-1, 3H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-, 3H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole, 4, 9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-, 3H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole, 4, 9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-, monohydrochl oride, 3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole, 4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl, 3H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole, 4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-, 4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 407285, 5-23-12-00148 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-beta-carboline, Armalin, BRN 0207310, C06536, CHEMBANK1530, Dihydroharmine, EINECS 206-152-6, Harmaline, Harmaline hydrochloride, Harmalol methyl ether, Harmidine, Harmine, dihydro-, NISTC304212, NSC 407285, NSC407285, NSC91546, O-Methylharmalol, ZINC00058175
Chemical Name:3H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-;Harmaline
Formula:C₁₃ H₁₄N₂O  CAS RN:304-21-2 MW:198.2238

Note:4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole. Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. A CNS stimulant acting as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
Harmalol [525-57-5]:Synonyms:1-Methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-beta-carbolin-7-ol hydrochloride, 1500865, 2H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol, 3,4-dihydro-1-methyl-, 3H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indol-7-ol, 4,9-dihydro-1-methyl- (8CI)(9CI), 3H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol, 4, 9-dihydro-1-methyl-, 3H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol, 4,9-dihydro-1-methyl-, 4,9-Dihydro-1-methyl-3H-pyrido(3,4-b)indol-7-ol, 525-57-5, 6028-00-8, 6028-07-5, AIDS-099662, AIDS099662, CHEMBANK1578, EINECS 208-375-4, harmalol, Harmidol, Harmolol, NSC 72293, NSC640461, NSC72293, ZINC00058176
Chemical Name:3H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-;Harmaline
Formula:C₁₂ H₁₂N₂O  CAS RN:525-57-5 MW:200.2396

Harman[486-84-0]:Synonyms:1-methyl-beta-carboline;harman hydrochloride;harmane;1-Methyl-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole;1-Methylnorharman;2-Methyl-beta-carboline;3-Methyl-4-carboline;5-23-08-00261 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);Aribin;Aribine;BRN 0143898;CCRIS 6419;EINECS 207-642-2;Harman;Harmane;Locuturin;Locuturine;Loturine;NSC 54439;PYRIDOBINDOLE, L-METHYL-;Passiflorin
Chemical Name: 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole;9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 1-methyl- ;Harman
Formula: C₁₂ H₁₀O₂  CAS RN:486-84-0 MW:182.23
Harman Harman
Harmine[442-51-3]:Synonyms:1-Methyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline; 5-23-12-00237 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);6-Methoxyharman;7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole;BRN 0178813;Banisterine;EINECS 207-131-4;Harmine;Leucoharmine;Telepathine;Yageine;Yajeine
Chemical Name: 9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole, 7-methoxy-1-methyl-
Formula: C₁₃ H₁₂N₂O  CAS RN:442-51-3 MW:212.2506
Harmine Harmine

Harmine
Description:Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic Parkinson disease in the 1920's.
Harmol [149022-16-2]:Synonyms:EINECS 207-645-9;Harmol;NSC 72292;1-Methyl-9H-beta-carbolin-7-ol, 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indol-7-ol, 40580-83-4, 487-03-6, 525-57-5, 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indol-7-ol, 1-methyl- (8CI)(9CI), 9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol, 1-methyl-, AIDS-109051, AIDS109051, beta-Carboline, 7-hydroxy-1-methyl-, C06537, EINECS 207-645-9, Harmalol, Harmol, NISTC487036, NSC 72292, NSC640470, NSC72292, ZINC00058178
Chemical Name:1-Methyl-9H-beta-carbolin-7-ol; 9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol, 1-methyl-
Formula:C₁₂ H₁₀N₂O  CAS RN:149022-16-2 MW:198.2238
Harmol Harmol Harmine
harmomegathic:changes caused by changes in humidity to fruit capsules or to pollen that result in opening or dehiscence of the former and change in shape to accomodate changes in the volume of the cytoplasm as it becomes de/rehydrated in the latter.
hastate:spear-shaped, narrow and pointed but with two basal lobes spreading approximately at right angles, cf. acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, emarginate, mucronate, muticous, obtuse, retuse, rounded, truncate, cf. also cordate, oblique, runcinate, sagittate (esp. of lamina base).
haustorium:an absorbing organ, usually more or less invasive, through which e.g. a parasite obtains food from its host, also a part of an endosperm or proembryo, more or less invasive, and apparently with absorbtive functions, cf. aleurone layer, chalazal cyst.
head:(of an inflorescence), = capitulum.
heartwood:the dead inner portion of the xylem (wood) of a trunk or large root, cf. sapwood.
Hecogenin[467-55-0]:Synonyms:EINECS 207-392-4;Hecogenin;Hocogenin;NSC 115921;hecogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25S)-isomer
Chemical Name:(22R,25R)-3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-spirostan-12-one;3-beta-Hydroxy-5-alpha-spirostan-12-one;5alpha-Spirostan-12-one, 3beta-hydroxy-, (25R)- (8CI);Spirostan-12-one, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta,5alpha,25R)- (9CI)
Formula: C₂₇ H₄₂O₄  CAS RN:467-55-0
Hecogenin
Hederacolchiside C[36284-77-2]:Synonyms:Eleutheroside M;Glycoside L-G2;Hederacolchiside C;Hederacoside B;Hederasaponin B;Saponin Pl3;Tauroside G2;Tauroside St-G2
Chemical Name:Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-((2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy)-, O-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, (3beta)-
CAS RN:36284-77-2 Formula:C₅₉-H₉₆-O₂₅
Hederagenin[465-99-6]:Synonyms:(3-beta,4-alpha)-3,23-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid;(3.beta.,4.alpha.)-3,23-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid;(3beta,4alpha)-3,23-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid;465-99-6;AIDS-086297;AIDS086297;Astrantiagenin E;Caulosapogenin;EINECS 207-369-9;Hederagenic acid;HEDERAGENIN;Hederagenol;Herderagenin;NSC 24954;NSC24954;Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3,23-dihydroxy-, (3-beta,4-alpha)-;Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3,23-dihydroxy-, (3.beta.,4.alpha.)-;Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3,23-dihydroxy-, (3beta,4alpha)- (9CI);Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-beta,23-dihydroxy- (6CI,7CI,8CI);Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3.beta.,23-dihydroxy-;Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3beta,23-dihydroxy- (8CI)
Chemical Name:(3beta,4alpha)-3,23-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid    Formula: C₃₀ H₄₈O₄.  CAS RN:465-99-6 Other RN:484-80-0;85-30-3 Molecular Weight:472.7 g/mol
Hederagenin
helical:= spiral.
helicocytic:of stomata, with a helix of four or more subsidiary cells surrounding the guard cells, cf. actinocytic, allelocytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, cyclocytic, diacytic, laterocytic, paracytic, parallelocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic.
helicoid:coiled; a helicoid cyme is a monochasial cymose inflorescence, repeatedly branching on the same side of the pedicel (plants probably with paired lateral bracteoles), so forming a spiral when viewed from above, cf. bicolor unit, drepanium, rhipidium, scorpioid cyme. (bottom right-hand image).
helio- (prefix):refers to the sun.
helobial:of endosperm formation, when the endosperm immediately divides into two cells of unequal size, a larger micropylar and a smaller chalazal, and in the micropylar chamber at least subsequent nuclear division is not accompanied by wall formation, cf. cellular, nuclear.
helophyte:of life forms, plants with resting buds at the bottom of the water, but with emergent axes, a cryptophyte (see also geophyte, hydrophyte), cf. chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, phanerophyte, therophyte, see also habit.
hemagglutinins:antibodies that agglutinate erythrocytes, commonly found in plant seeds, see lectins.
Heme:compounds of iron complexed in a characteristic ring structure known as a porphyrin ring.
hemianatropous:= hemitropous.
hemicellulose:matrix of polysaccharides containing galactose, xylose, etc., and cross-linking cellulose molecules, see galactomannans, glucurono-arabinoxylans, xylans, xyloglucans, cf. callose, cellulose, inulin, pectin, starch.
hemicryptophyte:of life forms, plants with resting buds at the surface of the ground, cf. chamaephyte, cryptophyte (see geophyte, helophyte, hydrophyte, phanerophyte, therophyte, see also habit.
hemicyclic:of the parts of a flower that are arranged partly in spirals and partly in whorls.
hemiparasite:a heterotroph which lives on and derives part of its nourishment from a different organism, and is also partially self-supporting, cf. hyperparasite, mycotroph, parasite, saprophyte.
hemitropous:of an ovule, half inverted, the micropyle being at right angles to the funicle and the body of the ovule straight, cf. amphitropous, anatropous, atropous, campylotropous, circinotropous.
Hemoglobin:the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin A1C:the main fraction of glycosylated (glucose-bound) hemoglobin. Since glucose remains bound to hemoglobin for the life of a red blood cell (~120 days), hemoglobin A1C values reflect blood glucose control over the past 4 months.
Henicosane [629-94-7]:Synonyms:629-94-7;AI3-36479;EINECS 211-118-9;Heneicosane;Henicosane;n-Heneicosane;NISTC629947
Formula: C₂₁ H₄₄.  CAS RN:629-94-7  Molecular Weight:296.5786 g/mol   Melting Point: 40.5 deg C   Boiling Point:356.5 deg C

Hentriacontane:[630-04-6]:Synonyms: 630-04-6;C08376;Hentriacontane;n-Hentriacontane;NISTC630046;Untriacontane
Formula: C₃₁ H₆₄. CAS RN:630-04-6 Molecular Weight:436.84 g/mol  Melting Point: 67.9 deg C   Boiling Point:458 deg C
Heptadecane [629-78-7]:Synonyms:10006111;4-01-00-00548 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);629-78-7;AI3-36898;BRN 1738898;C01816;EINECS 211-108-4;heptadecan;Heptadecane;n-Heptadecane;NISTC629787;Normal-heptadecane;NSC 172782;NSC172782
Formula: C₁₇ H₃₆.  CAS RN:629-78-7  Molecular Weight:240.468 g/mol   Melting Point: 22 deg C   Boiling Point:302 deg C

herb:of habit, any vascular plant that never produces a woody stem, herbaceous, not woody, soft in texture, cf. forb, cf. also acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, liane, rheophyte, schopfbaum, shrub, subshrub, suffrutescent, tree, vine, see also life forms.
hermaphrodite:= perfect.
herkogamy/hercogamy:where pollen presentation and pollen receipt is spatially separated within an individual flower, or between individual plants, so ranging from cases where the stamens and stigma are in different places in the same flower to dioecy, where stamens and stigmas are on diffferent plants, see enantiostyly, cf. dichogamy.
hesperetin:= a flavanone.
hesperidium:= a berry, as in some Rutaceae, with a moderately tough pericarp and juicy hairs surrounding the seeds.
hetero:- (prefix) = two or more kinds of things, preferable to the confusing bi- although the latter means two only, but sometimes refers to two in number or two in kind.
heteroblastic:having the adult parts of the plant (especially the leaves) distinctly different in form from the juvenile parts, cf. anisophyllous, heterophyllous.
heterocarpy:when two morphologically different kinds of fruit are produced in the one inflorescence, or at least above ground level (or aerial amphicarpy), see also amphicarpy.
heterocellular:when an individual xylem ray has cells of two (or more) kinds, cf. homocellular, see also heterogeneous, homogeneous.
heterochlamydeous:of a flower, having the perianth clearly differentiated into calyx and corolla, not really recommended, cf. achlamydeous, dichlamydeous, homochlamydeous, monochlamydeous.
heterochrony:when rates and/or timing of aspects of development change, cf. heterotopy.
Heterodimer:a dimer or complex of two different molecules, usually proteins.
heteroecious:referring to rust fungi in which the aecial and telial stages are on different species of host plants, cf. autoecious.
heterogamous:producing flowers of two or more kinds with respect to their fertile organs, e.g. staminate and carpellate or perfect and carpellate, as in different kinds of flowers occuring on the one capitulum, cf. homogamous.
heterogeneous:when there are two (or more) kinds of ray systems within an individual, cf. homogeneous, see also heterocellular, homocellular.
heteromerous:with different numbers of parts in two or more (floral) whorls, cf. isomerous.
heteromorphic (heteromorphous):with two or more distinct forms.
heterophyllous:producing two or more leaf morphologies during the life of a plant (scale leaves are not normally taken into consideration), cf. anisophyllous, heteroblastic.
heterosporous:of a plant producing two kinds of spores, microspores and megaspores, cf. homosporous.
heterostyly:flowers of a species having different style lengths and different stamen lengths, the flowers of any one plant being identical, see distyly, tristyly, also pin, thrum, cf. homostyly.
heterotopy:when a structure normally occuring in a particular place on an organism is found in a different position, cf. heterochrony.
heterotroph:an organism obtains part of its nourishment as complex compounds ultimately coming from other organisms, cf. autotroph, see hemiparasite, hyperparasite, mycotroph, parasite, saprophyte.
hexa:- (prefix): six of whatever is qualified by the prefix.
Hexacosanol [506-52-5]:Synonyms:1-Hexacosanol; Ceryl alcohol; Hexacosanol;
Formula: C₂₆ H₅₄O.  Molecular Weight:382.712   CAS RN:506-52-5   ACX Number:X1029382-0.  Melting Point:79 - 81.  Boiling Point:240 at .1 mm Hg.

Hexadecane [544-76-3]:Synonyms:Cetane; Hexadecane; n-Cetane; n-hexadecane;
Formula: C₁₆ H₃₄.  Molecular Weight:226.4446   CAS RN:544-76-3   ACX Number:X1001597-3.  Melting Point:18.17.  Boiling Point:287.  Density0.773   Vapor Density7.8   Refractive Index:1.4345  Flashing Point:135.

Hexanol[111-27-3]:See n-Hexanol.
hexitol:a sugar alcohol with six -OH groups, see also mannitol, sorbitol.
Dulcitol, C6 H14 O6.
hexose:a six-carbon sugar, e.g. fructose, sucrose, cf. pentose.
hibernaculum:a bud formed by an herbaceous plant when it dies down, and from which the plant develops the next favourable season.
hierarchy:a representation of relationships where mutually exclusive lower groups are successively included in more inclusive groups, the ranks used to name groups of the hierarchy simply specifying relative inclusivity, i.e. a box-in-box arrangement of monophyletic groups, see class, order, family, genus, species.
hilum:the scar on a seed at the place where it was attached to its funicle, cf. linea fissura, micropyle.
hippocrepiform:horseshoe-shaped, inverted (with respect to the point of reference) U-shaped.
hirsute:of indumentum, consisting of coarse, rough, relatively long hairs, cf. in particular hispid, villous, also arbuscular, lepidote, puberulous, pubescent, sericeous, stellate, strigose, tomentose, T-shaped, see also glabrescent and glabrate, which refer to stages in the loss of these hairs.
hispid:of indumentum, consisting of stiff, bristly hairs or bristles, cf. hispid, villous, also arbuscular, lepidote, puberulous, pubescent, sericeous, stellate, strigose, tomentose, T-shaped, see also glabrescent and glabrate, which refer to stages in the loss of these hairs.
Hispidulin[1447-88-7]:Synonyms:4',5,7-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone;Dinatin;Hispidulin;NSC 122415;4',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-flavone
Chemical Name:4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-
Formula: C₁₆ H₁₂O₆  CAS RN:1447-88-7

Classification Note:Antimutagenic agents;Antioxidants;GABA agonists;GABA antagonists;Platelet aggregation inhibitors
Histamine:[51-45-6]:Synonyms:1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine;2-(4-Imidazolyl)ethylamine;4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-imidazole;5-Imidazoleethylamine;CCRIS 6535;EINECS 200-100-6;Eramin;Ergamine;Ergotidine;Ethylamine, 2-imidazol-4-yl-;Free histamine;HSDB 3338;Histamine;Imidazole, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-;Imidazole-4-ethylamine;Istamina [Italian];NSC 33792;Theramine;beta-Aminoethylglyoxaline;beta-Aminoethylimidazole;beta-Imidazolyl-4-ethylamine
CAS Type 1 Name:1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine  CAS RN:51-45-6
Chemical Name: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine;2-Imidazol-4-ylethylamine;Histamine
Description: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
Formula: C₅ H₉N₃.  Molecular Weight:111.1462  CAS RN:51-67-2  Melting Point:88.
Histamine
Histidine [71-00-1]:Synonyms:2-Amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propanoic acid; Alpha-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid; Alpha-amino-4-imidazolepropionic acid; Glyoxaline-5-alanine; H; His; Histidine; L-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid; L-(-)-histidine; L-Histidine, Free Base; (S)-(-)-Histidine;;(S)-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionsaeure;(S)-4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole;(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid;1H-Imidazole-4-alanine, (S)-;1H-Imidazole-4-propanoic acid, alpha-amino-, (S)-;4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole;AI3-26558;Anti-rheuma;EINECS 200-745-3;FEMA No. 3694;Glyoxaline-5-alanine;HIS;HSDB 1810;Histidina [INN-Spanish];Histidine;Histidine (VAN);Histidinum [INN-Latin];Istidina;L-Alanine, 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-;L-Histidine;L-beta-(4-Imidazolyl)-alpha-alanin;L-beta-(4-Imidazolyl)alanin;NSC 137773;S-Histidine;alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid, (S)-;alpha-Amino-4(or 5)-imidazolepropionic acid
Chemical Name:Histidine; L-Histidine
Formula:C₆H₉N₃O₂.  CAS RN:71-00-1 Other RN:150-35-6 7006-35-1 M.W.155.156   Melting Point:282 deg C

histogen:a now little-used term for the three layers that were supposed to make up the apical meristem, see dermatogen, periblem, and plerome.
Hofmeister's Rule:origin of new organs on a meristem "where there is most room" (e.g. Weberling 1989).
homo:- (prefix): all alike, the same.
homocellular:when an individual xylem ray has cells of only a single kind, cf. heterocellular, see also heterogeneous, homogeneous.
homochlamydeous:of a flower, having the perianth in more than one whorl but not clearly divided into calyx and corolla, i.e. the perianth is made up of tepals, cf. achlamydeous, dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous, monochlamydeous.
Homocysteine:a sulfur-containing amino acid, which is an intermediate in the metabolism of another sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine. Elevated homocysteine levels in the blood have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Homodimer:a dimer or complex of two of the same molecule, usually a protein.
homoerythrina:a group of alkaloids derived from tyrosine and phenylalanine.
Homoerythrina, C19 H21 N O4.
homogamous:having flowers of only one kind with respect to their fertile organs in an inflorescence, cf. heterogamous, also, of flowering, the time of anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity in the one flower being the same, cf. dichogamous.
homogeneous:when xylem rays within an individual hare of a single kind only, cf. heterogeneous, cf. also heterocellular, homocellular.
Homoorientin[4261-42-1]:Synonyms:2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 4261-42-1, 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-, C01821, Homoorientin, Isoorientin
Chemical Name:4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-
Formula: C₂₁ H₂₀O₁₁  CAS RN:4261-42-1 Molecular Weight:448.377 g/mol

homosporous:producing only one kind of spore, the gametophytes that grow from them usually producing both male and female gametes, cf.heterosporous.
homostyle:plant with monomorphic flowers in which the stigmas and anthers are held at about the same level, usually used when the relatives are heterostylous, cf. pin, thrum.
horizontal:transmission of fungal strains from one plant to another via spores, cf. vertical.
Hormone:a chemical, released by a gland or a tissue, which affects or regulates the activity of specific cells or organs. Complex bodily functions, such as growth and sexual development, are regulated by hormones.
host:an organism on which a parasite lives and by which it is nourished, also applied, loosely, to a plant supporting an epiphyte.
hull:the palea and lemma surrounding some fruits of Poaceae, or the persistent sepals surrounding strawberry "fruits", or the seed coat of some cucurbit "fruits", or...
Humulene:see Humulene:[6753-98-6].
Humulene [116-04-1]:Synonyms:beta-Humulene; (E,E)-1,4,4-trimethyl-8-methylene-cycloundecadiene; Humulene; Trimethyl-8-methylene-1,5-cycloundecadiene;
Chemical Name:beta-Humulene
Formula:No Specified.
Humulene:[6753-98-6]:Synonyms:alpha-caryophyllene;alpha-humulene;2,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-1,4,8-cycloundecatriene (E,E,E)- ; 3,7,10-Humulatriene;4-05-00-01171 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); BRN 3240075; EINECS 229-816-7;Humulene; alpha-Caryophyllene;1,4,8-Cycloundecatriene, 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-, (1E,4E,8E)-;1,4,8-Cycloundecatriene, 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-, (E,E,E)-;19132-75-3;2,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-1,4,8-cycloundecatriene;2,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-1,4,8-cycloundecatriene (E,E,E)-;3,7,10-Humulatriene;4-05-00-01171 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);65907-25-7;6753-98-6;alpha-Caryophyllene;alpha-Humulene;BRN 3240075;C09684;Cycloundeca-1,4,8-triene,2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-;EINECS 229-816-7;gamma-Gumulene;Humulene;NISTC6753986
Chemical Name:1,4,8-Cycloundecatriene, 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-, (1E,4E,8E)- ; 1,4,8-Cycloundecatriene, 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-, (E,E,E)- ; Humulene
Formula: C₁₅ H₂₄  Molecular Weight:204.351 g/mol  CAS RN:6753-98-6 Other RN: 19132-75-3 65907-25-7 Melting Point: < 25 deg C

Humulon:[469-02-3]:Synonyms:3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-isovaleryl-2,6-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-one;alpha bitter acid;humulone;(6R)-3,5,6-Trihydroxy-2-isovaleryl-4,6-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)cyclohexa-2,4-dienone;.alpha.-Bitter acid;.alpha.-Lupulic acid;1,4,6-Trihydroxy-1,3-bis(2-isopentenyl)-5-isovaleryl-3,5-cyclohexadien-2-on;2',3'-Dihydro-3'beta,4',6'-trihydroxy-3'alpha,5'-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2'-oxoisovalerophenon;2-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 3,5,6-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-, 6(R)-;26472-41-3;3,5,6beta-Trihydroxy-2-isovaleryl-4,6alpha-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadienon;AIDS-012096;AIDS012096;alpha-Humulon;CCRIS 7249;EINECS 247-725-0;Humolon;Humulon;HUMULONE;NSC56351;ZINC00689649
Chemical Name:2,4-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 3,5,6-trihydroxy-2,6-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-
Formula: C₂₁H₃₀O₅  Molecular Weight:362.46 g/mol  CAS RN:469-02-3 Note:Anti-infective agents
Humulon Humulon
hyaline:translucent, almost like clear glass.
hybrid:an offspring of the fusion of gametes from genetically different parents, here used where the parents are of different species, cf. graft hybrid.
hydathode:a water pore or water gland, a small glandular structure supplied by tracheids with water-secreting epithem, releasing water, often associated with a stomata which may be somewhat different in size and/or morphology from the other stomata on the plant, cf. domatium, extrafloral nectary.
hydnocarpic acid:a cyclopentenyl fatty acid.
hydrastine:an isoquinoline alkaloid.
Hydrochloric acid [7647-01-0]:Synonyms:Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric Acid? Hydrochloride; Hydrogen chloride; Hydrogen chloride (acid); HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS ONLY; Muriatic acid; Spirits of salts;
Chemical Name:Hydrochloric acid (acid aerosols including mists, vapors, gas, fog, and other airborne forms of any particle size) CAS Type 1 Name:Hydrochloric acid
Formula: Cl-H  CAS RN:7647-01-0  Other RN:113962-65-5 218625-68-4 51005-19-7 61674-62-2 M.W.:36.4609   Melting Point:-114.24  Boiling Point:-85.06   Water Solubility:62 g/100 mL. Highly soluble Hydrochloricacid
Hydrochloric acid:Solutions of hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is present endogenously as the acid component of GASTRIC JUICE (HYDROCHLORIC ACID, GASTRIC see GASTRIC ACID). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
hydrochory:dispersal of diaspores by water, cf. anemochory, autochory, zoochory.
hydrocyanic acid:HCN, with its distinctive odour of almonds.
Hydrogen Cyanide[74-90-8]:Synonyms:14350.2;18298.23;27124.3;28216.3;341972-31-4;4-02-00-00050 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);6914-07-4;74-90-8;AC;Acide cyanhydrique;Acide cyanhydrique [French];Acide cyanhydrique [ISO-French];Acido cianidrico;Acido cianidrico [Italian];Aero liquid hcn; Aero@ Liquid HCN;AI3-31100-X;arbon hydride nitride;Blausaeure;Blausaeure (German);Blausaeure [German];Blauwzuur;Blauwzuur [Dutch];BRN 1718793;C01326;Carbon hydride nitride;Carbon hydride nitride (CHN);Caswell No. 483;Cyaanwaterstof;Cyaanwaterstof [Dutch];cyanide;Cyanwasserstoff;Cyanwasserstoff [German];Cyclon;Cyclone B;Cyjanowodor;Cyjanowodor [Polish];CYN;EINECS 200-821-6;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 045801;Evercyn;Formic anammonide;Formonitrile;HCN;HNC;HSDB 165;Hydgogen isocyanide;Hydrocyanic acid;Hydrocyanic acid (prussic), unstabilized [Forbidden];Hydrocyanic acid aqueous solutions, with not >20% hydrocyanic acid;Hydrocyanic acid, anhydrous, stabilized;Hydrocyanic acid, anhydrous, stabilized, absorbed in a porous inert material;Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions <5% hydrogen cyanide [NA1613] [Poison], Hydrocyanic acid, aqueous solutions or Hydrogen cyanide, aqueous solutions with not > 20% hydrogen cyanide [UN1613] [Poison];Hydrogen cyanide;Hydrogen cyanide [ISO];Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized;Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous, stabilized, absorbed in a porous inert material;Hydrogen cyanide, solution in alcohol with not >45% hydrogen cyanide [UN3294] [Poison];Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized with <3% water [UN1051] [Poison];Hydrogen cyanide, stabilized, with <3% water and absorbed in a porous inert material [UN1614] [Poison];Hydrogen isocyanide;Isocyanic acid;NA 1051;NA1613;NISTC6914074;NISTC74908;Nitrilomethane;Prussic Acid;Prussic acid, anhydrous, stabilized;Prussic acid, anhydrous, stabilized, absorbed in a porous inert material;Prussic acid, unstabilized; RCRA waste no. P063;Rcra waste number P063;UN 1051;UN 1613;UN 1614;UN1051;UN1613;UN1614;UN3294;Zaclondiscoids;Zootic acid;Zyklon;Zyklon B
CAS Type 1 Name:Hydrocyanic acid  Equivalent Term:Hydrocyanic Acid  Formula:C-H-N.  CAS RN:74-90-8 Other RN:191234-22-7;341972-31-4 Molecular Weight:27.0254 g/mol
HydrogenCyanide
Note:Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.
Hydrolysis:cleavage of a chemical bond by the addition of water. In hydrolysis reactions, a large compound may be broken down into smaller compounds when a molecule of water is added.
hydrolyzable tannins:including gallotannins and ellagitannins, complex esters of gallic acid with a carbohydrate (usually glucose), the ester linkages may be hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid; usually amorphous, hygoscopic, yellow-brown substances which dissolve in water to form colloidal rather than true solutions, cf. proanthocyanidins.
Mainly of gallic acid or ellagic acid with sugar molecule. The major source of these tannins in wine comes from oak extraction.Tannic acid is a polymer of about 8 monomers of gallic acid and glucose. The hydrolyzable tannins can hydrolyze to glucose and gallic or ellagic acids units.
At the center of a hydrolyzable tannin molecule, there is a polyol carbohydrate (usually D-glucose). The hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate are partially or totally esterified with phenolic groups such as gallic acid (in gallotannins) or ellagic acid (in ellagitannins). Hydrolyzable tannins are hydrolyzed by weak acids or weak bases to produce carbohydrate and phenolic acids. Condensed tannins, also known as proanthocyanidins, are polymers of 2 to 50 (or more) flavonoid units that are joined by carbon-carbon bonds, which are not susceptible to being cleaved by hydrolysis. While hydrolyzable tannins and most condensed tannins are water soluble, some very large condensed tannins are insoluble.
Corilagin, C27 H22 O18.
hydrophilous:pollination with water being the pollen-delivery agent, see epihydrophily, hypohydrophily, cf. anemophilous, zo?philous.
hydrophyte:of life forms, plants with resting buds in water, at most inflorescences being emergent, a cryptophyte (cf. also geophyte, helophyte, cf. chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, phanerophyte, therophyte, see also habit.
hydropoten:multicellular absorbing (water, mineral salts) structures ("hairs") in water plants.
hydroquinones:a class of quinones, aromatic phenolic compounds in which two atoms of hydrogen are replaced by two hydroxy groups.
Hydroquinone, C6 H6 O2.
Hydroxyapatite:a calcium phosphate salt. Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral component of bone of bone and teeth, and is what gives them their rigidity.
Hydroxycitric acid:[6205-14-7]:Synonyms:Haes cpd; Hydroxycitrate;Hydroxycitric acid ethylenediamine salt;HAES cpd;hibiscus acid;hydroxycitric acid, calcium salt;hydroxycitrate;hydroxycitric acid ethylenediamine salt;hydroxycitric acid, erythro-(D)-isomer;hydroxycitric acid, sodium salt;hydroxycitric acid, threo-(D)-isomer;hydroxycitric acid, threo-(L)-isomer;hydroxycitric acid, trisodium salt;hydroxycitric acid, trisodium salt, (erythro-(+-))-isomer
CAS Type 1 Name:1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
Chemical Name: 1,2-Dihydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
Formula: C₆ H₈ O₈.  CAS RN:6205-14-7 MW::256.26
HydroxycitricAcid
7-Hydroxycoumarin [93-35-6]:Synonyms:7-hydroxycoumarin sulfate;Skimmetin;7-Oxycoumarin;Hydrangin;7-hydroxycoumarin, 14C-labeled;2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-hydroxy-;5-18-01-00386 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);7 HC;7-Hydroxycoumarin;7-Oxycoumarin;AI3-38054;BRN 0127683;CCRIS 3591;EINECS 202-240-3;Hydrangin;Hydrangine;NSC 19790;Skimmetin;Skimmetine;Umbelliferon;Umbelliferone
CAS Type 1 Name:2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-hydroxy- Equivalent Term:umbelliferone
Chemical Name:7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
Formula: C₉ H₆O₃  CAS RN:93-35-6  Melting Point:228 - 232 dec deg C  M.W.:162.14
7Hydroxycoumarin
Hydroxylation:a chemical reaction involving the addition of a hydroxyl (-OH) group to a compound.
hygro- (prefix):water, moisture.
hygrochastic:of the harmomegathic changes to capsules that open only when they are moistened, cf. xerochastic.
hygroline alkaloid:accompanies cocaine in the leaves of Erythroxylon coca.
Hygroline, C8 H17 O N.
hygroscopic:absorbing water, sometimes undergoing movements or changes brought about by changes in the water content.
Hyoscyamine:[101-31-5]:a tropane alkaloid.
Synonyms: (-)-Atropine;(-)-Hyoscyamine;(S)-(-)-Hyoscyamine;(S)-Atropine;1-Hyoscyamine;1alphaH,5alphaH-Tropan-3alpha-ol (-)-tropate (ester);Cystospaz;Daturine;Duboisine;EINECS 202-933-0;HSDB 3552;Hyoscyamine;Hyoscyamine, l-;L-Hyoscyamine;L-Tropine tropate;Tropic acid, (-)-, ester with tropine;Tropine, (-)-tropate (ester);l-Atropine
Chemical Name:Benzeneacetic acid, .alpha.-(hydroxymethyl)-, (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester, (.alpha.S)-; 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
Formula:C₁₇H₂₃NO₃.  CAS RN:101-31-5 Other RN:1892-81-5  M.W.289.37  Melting Point:108.5 deg C
Hyoscyamine
hypanthium:a cup or tube bearing perianth and stamens on its rim, so these arise above the base, and often above the top, of the ovary of a flower, variously composed of receptacular tissue and/or the bases of the floral parts, here used only when separate from the ovary, cf. stapetalum, stemonozone.
Hypericin:[548-04-9]:Synonyms:(component of) Hypericum spp (st. John's wort);4,5,7,4',5',7'-Hexahydroxy-2,2'-dimethyl-;mesonapthtodianthron; DRG-0113; EINECS 208-941-0;Hypericum red; NSC 407313; NSC 622946;Hypericin;Hypericum Extract;1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13-Hexahydroxy-10, 11-dimethylphenanthro[1, 10, 9, 8-opqra]perylene-7, 14-dione;Cyclo-Werol;Cyclosan
CAS Type 1 Name : 1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro(1,10,9,8-opqra)perylene-7,14-dione
Chemical Name :Phenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione, 1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethyl-
Formula: C₃₀ H₁₆ O₈. CAS RN:548-04-9 Hypericin
Note:Antidepressive agents,Antineoplastic agents,Antiviral agents,Enzyme inhibitors,Radiation-sensitizing agents
hyperoside:[482-36-0]:Synonyms:hyperin;quercetin galactoside;EINECS 207-580-6;Hyperasid;Hyperin;Hyperosid;Hyperoside;Hyperozide;NSC 407304;Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside;Quercetin 3-beta-D-galactopyranoside;Quercetin-3-O-galactoside;Quercetin-3-galactoside
CAS Type 1 Name :2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one ; 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy- ; Hyperin (8CI)
Formula: C₂₁ H₂₀ O₁₂. CAS RN:482-36-0
hyperoside
hyperparasite:a heterotroph obtaining complex nutrients from another organism via the intermediacy of a third, e.g. Monotropa obtains nutrients from trees via the intermediacy of mycorrhizal fungi, cf. hemiparasite, mycotroph, parasite, saprophyte.
hyperphyll:the unifacial terete apical portion of a monocot cotyledon, sometimes also visible (small!) on other leaves.
hyperstigma:mucilage is secreted at or just inside the narrow pore at the apex of a flower made up of separate carpels and with an urecolate floral cup and reduced perianth; the pollen grains germinate there proceed to any of the individual carpels, basically a variant of extragynoecial compitum, although not as usually defined, cf. intragynoecial compitum.
hypo:- (prefix): beneath.
hypochile:the basal or proximal part of the labellum of an orchid, epichile.
hypocotyl:the part of the stem below the cotyledonary node of an embryo or seedling, see apical hook, cf. coleoptile, coleorhiza, collet, cotyledon, eophyll, epiblast, epicotyl, mesocotyl, plumule, primary leaf, radicle, scutellum.
hypocrateriform:= salverform.
hypodermis:a clearly differentiated layer of cells below the epidermis, cf. exodermis, velamen.
hypogeal:of germination, the seedling with en elongated epicotyl and short hypocotyl, usually with the cotyledon(s) remaining within the seed coat, cf. epigeal, see also cryptocotylar, phanerocotylar (cotyledon exposure, not synonyms of the first pair).
hypogynous:of a flower, the perianth and stamens arising below the level of insertion of the ovary, cf. epigynous, perigynous, can be replaced by superior in descriptions, refering to the position of the ovary with regard to the insertion of other floral parts.
hypohydrophily:a variant of hydrophilous pollination in which pollen grains drift through the water to reach the stigma, cf. epihydrophily.
hyponasty:describing the growth response of a plant part where the lower side grows faster than the upper side with the result that the part curves upwards, cf. epinasty.
hypophysis:the uppermost cell of the suspensor in the proembryo, ultimately contributing to the radicle, cf. basal cell.
hypopodium:the elongated first internode below the prophylls particularly conspicuous in some axillary shoots with sylleptic growth, cf. epipodium, mesopodium.
hypostase:of the ovule or young seed, tissue distinctly diffent from surrounding cells at the chalazal region of the ovule, usually lignified or suberised and immediately interior to or above the chalazal vascular supply and interior to the integument(s), cf. antiraphe, epistase, female gametophyte, funicle, integument (see also endothelium), nucellar beak, nucellus, nucellar cap, nucellar endothelium, nucellar pad, obturator, raphe (parts).
hypostomatic:of leaves in which stomata are borne on the lower or abaxial side only, cf. amphistomatic, and epistomatic.
Hypoxanthine [68-94-0]:Purine analog;1,7-Dihydro-6H-purin-6-one; 3H-Purin-6-ol; 6(1H)-Purinone; 6-Hydroxy-1H-purine; 6-Hydroxypurine; 6-Oxopurine; 9H-Purin-6(1H)-one; 9H-Purin-6-ol; 9H-Purin-6-ol (VAN); AI3-52242; EINECS 200-697-3; HX; Hypoxanthine; Hypoxanthine enol; NSC 14665; Purin-6(3H)-one ; Purin-6-ol ; Sarcine; Sarkin;Sarkine;1,7-Dihydro-6H-purin-6-one; 6-Hydroxypurine; 6-oxypurine; H; Hypoxanthine; HYPOXANTHINE CELL CULTURE TESTED; Purine-6-ol;
Description: A Purine base formed as an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in the salvage of free purines. It is found in some transfer RNA molecules and occurs complexed with ribose as the nucleoside inosine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Chemical Name: 1,9-Dihydro-purin-6-one;6H-Purin-6-one, 1,7-dihydro- ;Hypoxanthine (VAN) (8CI);Purin-6(1H)-one
Formula: C₅ H₄ N₄ O.  Molecular Weight:136.1128   CAS RN:68-94-0 Other RN:184856-40-4 25991-07-5 25991-08-6 25991-09-7 39464-15-8 39464-17-0 480-99-9 6535-89-3 ACX Number:X1006947-3.

hypsophyll:a more or less modified leaf borne within the inflorescence (see Troll 1989), e.g. a bract, normally of little use, cf. scale leaf, cataphyll, perula.
hysteranthous:of a plant where leaves appear only before or after flowering, as in some bulbs, cf. synanthous.

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