Glossary Phytochemicals M!

Online Glossary edited with meticulous attitude and published as convenience for site content reference,including glossaries of related different topics,Glossary Phytochemicals are dedicated to Phytochemicals and phyto derived chemical components.Phytochemicals have been used as drugs for millennia. Hippocrates may have prescribed willow tree leaves to abate fever. Salicin, having anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, was originally extracted from the white willow tree and later synthetically produced become the staple over-the-counter drug called Aspirin!

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon01
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds such as beta-carotene that occur naturally in plants. The term is generally used to refer to those chemicals that may affect health, but are not yet established as essential nutrients.While there is abundant scientific and government support for recommending diets rich in fruits and vegetables, there is only limited evidence that health benefits are due to specific phytochemicals.

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon02
There is evidence from laboratory studies that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer, possibly due to dietary fibers, polyphenol antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as fermentable dietary fibers, are allowed limited health claims by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

macro:- (prefix): large, often used as an alternate for mega.
macrophyll:in ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet 18225-164025 mm² in surface area, roughly 18 x 10 cm to somewhat more than 60 x 25 cm, cf. leptophyll, megaphyll, mesophyll, microphyll, nanophyll, notophyll.
macropodial:of an embryo in which the reserves are stored in the hypocotyl.
macrosclereid:a sclereid cell ca 2X longer than broad, lacking processes, cf astrosclereid, brachysclereid, trichosclereid.
macrospore:= megaspore.
macrozamin:cycad toxin with primoverose.
Macrozamin, C13 H24 N2 O11.
Madecassic acid [18449-41-7]:Synonyms:Brahmic acid;NSC 88135
Chemical Name:Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 2,3,6,23-tetrahydroxy-,(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,6beta)-
CAS Type 1 Name:Madecassic acid
Formula: C₃₀ H₄₈O₆.  CAS RN:18449-41-7   Madecassicacid
maesaquinone:a benzoquinone.
Magnesium [7439-95-4]:Synonyms:Magnesium; MAGNESIUM, METAL TURNINGS; MAGNESIUM TURNINGS;EINECS 231-104-6;HSDB 654;Magnesio [Italian];Magnesium;Magnesium powdered;Magnesium sheet;RMC;Rieke's active magnesium
CAS Type 1 Name:Magnesium
Chemical Name: Magnesium
Formula:Mg  CAS RN:7439-96-5 Other RN:17375-02-9 MW:24.305   Melting Point:650  Boiling Point:1107
Description:A light, silvery, metallic element. It has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. Its salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Magnoflorine:[2141-09-5]:Synonyms:6a-alpha-Aporphinium, 1,11-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-6-methyl- ;Escholin;Escholine;Magnoflorine;Thalictrin;Thalictrine;Aporphine alkaloid
CAS Type 1 Name:4H-Dibenzo(de,g)quinolinium, 5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-1,11-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-,(6aS)-
Chemical Name: 5,6,6a(S),7-Tetrahydro-1,11-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinolinium chloride
Formula: C₂₀ H₂₄N O₄  CAS RN:2141-09-5 Other RN:7224-58-0 MW:342.41 Magnoflorine
male:e.g. of a flower that has functional staminate parts alone, = staminate.
malegametophyte:a plant body or cell lineage formed by vegetative growth of the microspore, see generative cell, sperm, vegetative cell, also binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains, cf. femalegametophyte.

Malic Acid [6915-15-7]:Synonyms:D-Apple Acid, 99%; Hydroxybutanedioic acid; malic acid;malate;malic acid, (R)-isomer;malic acid, calcium salt, (1:1), (S)-isomer;malic acid, disodium salt;malic acid, disodium salt, (R)-isomer;malic acid, disodium salt, (S)-isomer;malic acid, magnesium salt (2:1);malic acid, monopotassium salt, (+-)-isomer;malic acid, potassium salt, (R)-isomer;malic acid, sodium salt, (+-)-isomer;2-Hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid;AI3-06292;CCRIS 2950;CCRIS 6567;Caswell No. 537;DL-Malic acid;Deoxytetraric acid;EINECS 210-514-9;EINECS 230-022-8;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051101;FDA 2018;FEMA No. 2655;FEMA Number 2655;HSDB 1202;Hydroxybutandisaeure;Hydroxybutanedioic acid;Hydroxysuccinic acid;Kyselina hydroxybutandiova [Czech];Kyselina jablecna;Kyselina jablecna [Czech];Malic acid;Monohydroxybernsteinsaeure;Musashi-no-Ringosan;NSC 25941;Pomalus acid;R,S(+-)-Malic acid;Succinic acid, hydroxy-;alpha-Hydroxysuccinic acid;dl-Malic acid
CAS Type 1 Name:(+-)-1-Hydroxy-1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid;DL-Malic acid;Malic acid;Malic acid, dl-   Chemical Name:Malic acid  Melting Point:131 deg C   Water Solubility:1.00E+06 mg/L at 25 deg C  M.W.:134.0884
Formula:C₄ H₆O₅  CAS RN:6915-15-7  Other RN:41308-42-3 617-48-1  Related RN:676-46-0 (di-hydrochloride salt)   MalicAcid
Malonic acid [141-82-2]:Synonyms:1,3-Propanedioic acid;10005915;141-82-2;141-95-7;1536;16349.19;19455-76-6;21719.2;22182.8;22223.3;23549-97-5;23683.3;25361.4;2538.6;25390.2;25631.3;26380.2;26390.3;27051.7;2757-18-8;27942.2;28722.7;289.6;28929.3;29648.2;30294.7;30791.3;31220.6;31399.3;32206.3;3357.6;3395.6;3OH;4-02-00-01874 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);926-71-6;AI3-15375;AIDS-017691;AIDS017691;alpha,omega-Dicarboxylic acid;BRN 1751370;C00383;C02028;C04025;Carboxyacetic acid;CH2(COOH)2;Dicarboxylate;Dicarboxylic acid;Dicarboxymethane;EINECS 205-503-0;Kyselina malonova;Kyselina malonova [Czech];MAL;MALONATE;malonic acid;Malonic acid (8CI);Malonic acid;thallium salt (1:2);Methanedicarbonic acid;Methanedicarboxylic acid;MLA;MLI;NISTC141822;NSC 8124;NSC112250;NSC8124;propanedioic aci;propanedioic acid;PROPANEDIOIC ACID MALONIC ACID;Propanedioic acid (9CI);Propanedioic acid, dithallium salt;Thallium malonate;Thallium malonate;Tl2 (O4C3H2);Thallium(I) malonate;USAF ek-695;malonatemalonic acid;1,3-(14)C2-labeled;malonic acid, 2-(14)C-labeled;malonic acid, diammonium salt;malonic acid, dipotassium salt;malonic acid, disodium salt;malonic acid, disodium salt, 1-(14)C-labeled;malonic acid, dithallium salt;malonic acid, monocalcium salt;malonic acid, monosodium salt;malonic acid, potassium salt;malonic acid, sodium salt;thallium malonate;thallous malonate
Chemical Name:Malonic acid  Melting Point:135 dec deg C   Water Solubility:7.63E+05 mg/L at 25 deg C  M.W.:104.06
Formula:C₃ H₄O₄  CAS RN:141-82-2  Other RN:211863-95-5  Related RN:141-95-7 (di-hydrochloride salt);19455-76-6 (mono-calcium salt);23549-97-5 (hydrochloride salt);2757-18-8 (di-thallium salt);926-71-6 (potassium salt) Malonicacid
Malpighian layer:a palisade layer of the seed, esp. of the exotesta, that has much thickened walls, see linea lucida.
malpighiaceous hair:a unicellular, T-shaped hair with a short stalk and often looking fusiform from above, = unicellular T-shaped hair, cf. colleter, dendritic, pearl gland, snail gland, stellate.
Maltol:[118-71-8]:Synonyms:2-Methyl pyromeconic acid;2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyrone;2-Methyl-3-hydroxypyrone;2-Methyl-3-oxy-gamma-pyrone;2-Methylpyromeconic acid;3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone;3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one;3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-gamma-pyrone; 4H-Pyran-4-one, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-;5-18-01-00114 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);AI3-18547;BRN 0112169;CCRIS 3467;Corps praline;EINECS 204-271-8;FEMA No. 2656;Larixic acid;Larixinic acid;Maltol;Maltol (natural);NSC 2829;Palatone;Talmon;Vetol
CAS Type 1 Name:3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone;4H-Pyran-4-one, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-
Chemical Name: 4H-Pyran-4-one, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-
Formula: C₆ H₆ O₃  CAS RN:118-71-8 MW::126.11 Maltol Maltol
malvoid:a leaf tooth in which the medial vein forms a non-glandular persistent apex, lateral veins are not involved, cf. begonioid, chloranthoid, cucurbitoid, cunonioid, dillenioid, monimioid, platanoid, rosoid, salicoid, spinose, theoid, urticoid, violoid.

mammillate:having small, nipple-shaped projections.
Manganese [7439-96-5]:Synonyms:manganese;Mn;CCRIS 1579;Colloidal manganese;Cutaval;EINECS 231-105-1;HSDB 550;Magnacat;Mangan [Polish];Mangan nitridovany [Czech];Manganese;Manganese metal alloy;Tronamang
CAS Type 1 Name:Manganese
Chemical Name: Manganese
Formula:Mn  CAS RN:7439-96-5 Other RN:17375-02-9 MW:54.938   Melting Point:1245  Boiling Point:2097
mangiferin, mangostin:two xanthones.
mannans:a cell wall storage polysaccharide in which mannose is the main sugar, forming a matrix that lacks cellulose and pectins in the same proportions as in the primary cell wall, divided into pure mannans, galactomannans and glucomannans, cf. galactans and xyloglucans.
Mannite:See mannitol.
mannitol:[69-65-8]:a hexitol formed by reduction of mannose or fructose, occurs in gum exudates, cf. sorbitol.

Synonyms:1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexanehexol; diosmol; cordycepic acid; D-mannite; D-mannitol; manicol; manita; Manna sugar; mannidex; Mannite; osmitrol; osmosal;4-01-00-02841 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) ;BRN 1721898;CCRIS 369;Cordycepic acid;D-Mannitol;Diosmol;EINECS 200-711-8;HSDB 714;Invenex;Isotol;Maniton-S;Manna sugar;Mannazucker;Mannidex;Mannigen;Mannistol;Mannit;Mannite;Mannitol;Mannitol (VAN);Mannogem 2080;Marine Crystal;NCI-C50362;NSC 407017;Osmitrol;Osmofundin;Osmosal;Resectisol
CAS Type 1 Name:D-Mannitol;Mannitol;Mannitol, D-
Formula: C₆ H₁₄O₆  CAS RN:69-65-8 Related RN:123897-58-5 75398-80-0 85085-15-0  Melting Point:167 - 170 deg C  Boiling Point:295 deg C  M.W.:182.173  Water Solubility.:>=10 g/100 mL at 20 C Mannose
Description:A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
mannose:[31103-86-3]:a hexose sugar, an isomer of sucrose.
Synonyms:Carubinose; D-Mannose; D-(+)-Mannose; Mannose; Seminose;
CAS Type 1 Name:Mannose
Formula: C₆ H₁₂O₆  CAS RN:31103-86-3 Related RN:40866-07-7 3458-28-4Melting Point:129.5 deg C  M.W.:180.1572   Mannose Mannose Mannose
Description: A Hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
many:of floral parts, a large an often indefinite number, usually 15 or more.
marcescent:withering, but without falling off, cf. accrescent, caducuous, deciduous, deliquescent, fugacious, persistent.
marginal:occurring at or very close to the margin, a kind of placentation usually used when carpels are separate, cf. apical, axile, basal, free central, intrusive-parietal, laminar, parietal.
marginal blastozone:a strip-like portion along the margins of the primordial leaf blade that retains the potential for organogenetic activity.

margo:the peripheral part of the membrane in a bordered pit in gymnosperms, etc., consisting of rather sparse cellulose microfibrils of the primary wall, cf. bars of Sanio, torus.
Martynoside:[519-02-8]:Synonyms:.beta.-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-deoxy-.alpha.-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-[(2E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]-,AIDS-112624,AIDS112624,Martynoside
Formula: C₃₁ H₄₀O₁₅  M.W.:652.64 g/mol
massula:a large group of pollen grain of irregulkar number and less than the conents of an entire theca, cf. monad, polyad, pollinia, tetrad.
mast:originally used for the fallen fruits of European Fagaceae, now extended to e.g. Dipterocarpaceae, e.g. good or poor mast years; masting (adj.).
Matairesinoside:[23202-85-9]:Synonyms:Matairesinoside
CAS Type 1 Name:2(3H)-Furanone, 3-((4-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)dihydro-4-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-, (3R,4R)-
Formula: C₂₆ H₃₂O₁₁  CAS RN:23202-85-9
Matairesinol [580-72-3]:Synonyms:Artigenin congener;Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignanolide;(3R)-trans-Dihydro-3,4-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone di-TMS (matairesinol);(3R)-trans-Dihydro-3,4-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone diTMS;102907-87-9;3,4-Bis(3-methoxy-4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]benzyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone;Matairesinol
Chemical Name:(-)-Matairesinol  Note:Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic;Lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific).
Formula:C₂₀H₂₂O₆ or C₂₆H₃₈O₆Si₂  CAS RN:580-72-3  Other RN:41328-88-5  M.W.358.39 g/mol or 502.747 g/mol Matairesinol
Matrine:[519-02-8]:Synonyms: (+)-Matrine;5-24-02-00301 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);BRN 0085851;Matrene, (+)-;NSC 146051
CAS Type 1 Name:Matridin-15-one (9CI);Matrine
Formula: C₁₅ H₂₄N₂O  CAS RN:519-02-8 Melting Point:76 deg C   M.W.:248.3674   Matrine Matrine
matrotrophic:sometimes used of the embryo of embryophytes, dependent on the gametophyte for its nutrition, lit. "mother-eating" or "mother-food".
median:the plane through an axis and the axis from which it originates, e.g. in a flower, the axis of symmetry of the flower relative to the inflorescence axis, that is, on the plane joining the flower, the bract subtending it, the inflorescence axis on which it is borne, cf. abaxial, adaxial, lateral.
Medicagenic acid [599-07-5]:Synonyms:2-beta,3-beta-Dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid;599-07-5;CCRIS 6615;Medicagenic acid;NSC 382024;NSC382024
Chemical Name:2-beta,3-beta-Dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid;Medicagenic acid  M.W.:502.683 g/mol  Formula:C₃₀ H₄₆O₆  CAS RN:599-07-5  Note:Aglycone constituent of lucerne saponins, upon which their fungastatic & hemolytic activity depends. Medicagenicacid
Medicagol [1983-72-8]:Synonyms:1983-72-8;6H-(1,3)Dioxolo(5,6)benzofuro(3.2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one, 3-hydroxy-;Medicagol
Chemical Name:6H-(1,3)Dioxolo(5,6)benzofuro(3.2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one, 3-hydroxy-   M.W.:296.231 g/mol  Formula:C₁₆ H₈O₆  CAS RN:1983-72-8

medulla:= pith; a medullary bundle is a vascular bundle traversing the pith, cf. cortical bundle.
medullary ray:= interfascicular region.
medullated:with pith, used e.g. when talking about stelar morphology.
megagametophyte:= female gametophyte.
megaphyll:lit. "a large leaf", a leaf of any size whose vascular supply leaves one or more gaps as it departs from the stem vascular tissue, and the leaf itself generally has a complexly-branched vascular bundles, cf. microphyll.
megaphyll:in ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet >164025 mm_2, in surface area, somewhat more than 60 x 25 cm, cf. leptophyll, macrophyll, mesophyll, microphyll, nanophyll, notophyll.
megasporangium:a sporangium producing megaspores, = nucellus in an angiosperm, cf. microsporangia.
megaspore:one of the two kinds of spores produced after meiosis in a heterosporous plant, and on germination giving rise individually or with other megaspores to the female gametophyte or embryo sac, cf. microspore.
megasporocyte:a sporocyte or meiocyte giving rise by a meiotic division to one or sometimes more megaspores, cf. microsporocyte.
megasporophyll:a structure (perhaps a specialised leaf) upon which or in the axil of whic) one or more megasporangia are borne, in flowering plants, a carpel, cf. microsporophyll.
megatherm:an organism that requires warm conditions for growth and development, cf. microtherm.
meiocyte:a sporogenous cell that by meiosis gives rise to spores, see megasporocyte, microsporocyte.
meiosis:the two-stage division of a diploid nucleus during which gene recombination occurs and the number of chromosomes is halved, occurring once in every life cycle, sporic meiosis occurs in land plants immediately prior to the production of haploid spores during the alternation of generations (haploid and diploid generations alternating), gametic meiosis occurs in animals and some "algae" and leads directly to the production of haploid gametes (individuals are diploid), while zygotic meiosis occurs in some other viridiplantae and occurs immediately after the formation of the diploid zygote (individiuals are haploid), cf. mitosis.
Melanin:a dark brown pigment found in the skin.

mellitophily:a kind of entomophilous pollination, flowers pollinated by bees, see also bee purple and buzz pollination, cf. cantharophilous, myophilous, sapromyophilous, sphingophilous.
mericarp:one segment of a fruit of a schizocarp that has dehisced at maturity into units (often derived from the individual carpels) consisting of pericarp plus seed(s), cf. nutlet.
meristem:a region of a plant in which embryonic undifferentiated cells divide to produce new cells that ultimately differentiate, i.e. that have a capacity for morphogenesis and growth, see apical and lateral meristems.
meristemoid:a dividing cell, or small group of dividing cells, surrounded by more or less differentiated and undividing cells, e.g. a stomatal meristemoid, a cell whose immediate derivatives produce the stomata and sometimes subsidiary cells.
-merous, -mery:the number of parts per whorl that characterises a particular flower (generally constant for the perianth whorls, often for the whorl(s) of stamens also, least often for the carpelline whorl), see pentamerous, trimerous.
mesarch:of a procambial strand in which the first-differentiated elements are in the centre of the strand, cf. endarch, exarch.
mescaline:a protoalkaloid.
mesifixed:attached by or at the middle, e.g. of anthers, see basifixed, embedded, versatile; of hairs, see malpighiaceous, T-shaped.
mesocarp:the fleshy middle portion of the wall or pericarp of a succulent fruit, cf. endocarp, exocarp.
mesocotyl:the internode between the cotyledon and the coleoptile in a grass embryo or seedling, also, an internode developing between the unequal cotyledons in some Gesneriaceae-Cyrtandroideae and -Epithematoideae after germination (for the latter, see de Vogel 1980), cf. coleoptile, coleorhiza, collet, eophyll, epiblast, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, scutellum.

mesogamy:fertilisation during which the pollen tube penetrates the ovule laterally by way of the integuments, cf. chalazogamy, porogamy.
mesogenous:of stomatal ontogeny in which the subsidiary cells are produced from the same cell (meristemoid, initial) that gives rise to the guard cells initials, cf. mesoperigenous, perigenous.
mesoperigenous:of stomatal ontogeny in which at least one of the subsidiary cells is produced from the same cell (meristemoid, initial) that gives rise to the guard cell initials, other subsidiary cells not arising from this meristemoid, cf. mesogenous, perigenous.
mesophyll:photosynthetic tissue in the leaf in particular, see palisade, spongy.
mesophyll:in ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet 4500[an elliptic leaf ca 5 in. or 12.7 cm. long]-18225 mm₂ in surface area, cf. leptophyll, macrophyll, megaphyll, microphyll, nanophyll, notophyll.
mesophyte:of vegetation, characteristic of moist habitats and with soft, fairly large leaves predominating, cf. sclerophyll, xeromorph, xerophyte.
mesopodium:an internode that separates the prophylls, cf. epipodium, hypopodium.
mestome sheath:the inner and endodermal layer of cells - the walls being thick and with suberized lamellae - of a two-layered bundle sheath surrounding a vascular bundle, cf. parenchyma sheath, starch sheath.
Metabolite:a compound derived from the metabolism of another compound is said to be a metabolite of that compound.
metatopy:dislocation of organs from their normal position by unequal growth, cf. concaulescent, recaulescent.
metaxylem:later-formed primary xylem differentiating from the procambium, the tracheary elements having more or less continuously thickened walls with pits, cf. protoxylem.

Methiin[4740-94-7]:Synonyms:kale anemia factor;methiin, (DL-Ala)-isomer;methiin,Kale anemia factor;S-Methyl-L-cysteinesulfoxide;S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide;S-Methylcysteine sulphoxide;(L-Ala)-(R)-isomer;methiin, (L-Ala)-(S)-isomer;methiin, (L-Ala)-isomer;S-methyl-L-cysteinesulfoxide;S-methylcysteine sulfoxide;4740-94-7, 6853-87-8, Alanine, 3- (methylsulfinyl)-, L-, Alanine, 3-(methylsulfinyl)-, Kale anemia factor, L-Alanine, 3- (methylsulfinyl)-, Methiin, NSC226572, S-Methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, S-Methyl-L-cysteinesulfoxide, S-Methylcysteine S-oxide, S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide, S-Methylcysteine sulphoxide
Formula: C₄ H₉NO₃S.  Molecular Weight:151.185 g/mol  CAS RN:4740-94-7   Methiin    Methiin
Note:Anticholesteremic agents;Hypoglycemic agents
Methionine[63-68-3]:a sulfur containing amino acid, required for protein synthesis and other vital metabolic processes. It can be obtained through the diet in protein or synthesized from homocysteine.
Synonyms:2-amino-4-(methylthio)-butyric acid; 2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid; banthionine; cymethion; cynaron; dyprin; L-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid; L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid; L-(-)-amino-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid; L-methionine; L-(-)-methionine; lobamine; L-gamma-methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid; M; meonine; meritonin; Met; methilanin; Methionine; metione; neo-methidin; neston; (S)-(-)-Methionine; thiomedon;
Formula: C₅ H₁₁NO₂S.  Molecular Weight:149.2074   CAS RN:63-68-3   ACX Number:X1008244-5.  Melting Point:- 279   Boiling Point:186 (subl).  Water Solubility:Soluble.
2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde[1504-74-1]:Synonyms:2-08-00-00149 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde;2-Propenal, 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-;3-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal;3-O-Methoxyphenyl-2-propenal;BRN 2436856;CCRIS 3196;Cinnamaldehyde, o-methoxy-;EINECS 216-131-3;FEMA No. 3181;NSC 114599;O-Methoxyphenyl acrolein, beta-;beta-(o-Methoxyphenyl)acrolein;o-Methoxy cinnamaldehyde;o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (natural);o-Methoxycinnamic aldehyde;o-Methoxycinnamicaldehyde crystals;(2E)-3-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal, .beta.-(o-Methoxyphenyl)acrolein, 1504-74-1, 2'-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, 2-08-00-00149 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, 2-Propenal, 3- (2-methoxyphenyl)-, 2-Propenal, 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 3-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal, 3-O-Methoxyphenyl-2-propenal, beta-(o-Methoxyphenyl)acrolein, BRN 2436856, CCRIS 3196, Cinnamaldehyde, o-methoxy-, EINECS 216-131-3, FEMA No. 3181, Methoxycinnamaldehyde, o-, NISTC1504741, NSC 114599, NSC114599, o-Methoxy cinnamaldehyde, o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (natural), o-Methoxycinnamic aldehyde, o-Methoxycinnamicaldehyde crystals, O-Methoxyphenyl acrolein, beta-
Formula: C₁₀ H₁₀O₂.  Molecular Weight:162.185 g/mol  CAS RN:1504-74-1  Chemical Name:2'-Methoxycinnamaldehyde;2-Propenal, 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-;Cinnamaldehyde, o-methoxy-; o-Methoxycinnamic aldehyde  Boiling Point:197.5 deg C  Water Solubility:160 mg/L at 25 deg C 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde
2-Methylbenzofuran[4265-25-2]:Synonyms:10025002;2-Methyl-1-benzofuran;2-Methylbenzofuran;2-Methylbenzo[b]furan;2-Methylcumarone;25586-38-3;4265-25-2;AI3-11240;benzofuran, 2-methyl;Benzofuran, 2-methyl-;Benzofuran, methyl-;EINECS 224-249-1;METHYLBENZOFURAN;NISTC4265252
Formula: C₉ H₈O.  Molecular Weight:132.159 g/mol  CAS RN:4265-25-2  Chemical Name:2-Methylbenzofuran;Benzofuran, 2-methyl-   Boiling Point:197.5 deg C  Water Solubility:160 mg/L at 25 deg C
Methylation:a biochemical reaction resulting in the addition of a methyl group (-CH₃) to another molecule.
methylazoxymethanol:toxic aglycone of cycasin and macrozamin.
Methylazoxymethanol, C2 H6 N2 O2.
Methyl cinnamate [103-26-4]:Chemical Name:Methyl (2E)-3-phenylacrylate
Formula: C₁₀ H₁₀O₂  Molecular Weight:162.19 g/mol  CAS RN:103-26-4 Methylcinnamate
Methylethyl ketone[78-93-3]:See Butanone [78-93-3].Solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations.

methylflavones:derivatives of chalcones.
Methylflavone, C16 H12 O3.
Methyl gallate[99-24-1]:Synonyms:gallic acid, methyl ester;methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate;Gallic acid methyl ester;Methyl gallate;AI3-00861;NSC363001
CAS Type 1 Name:Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-, methyl ester;Gallic acid, methyl ester;Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate;Methylgallate   Chemical Name:Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-, methyl ester
Formula: C₈ H₈O₅  CAS RN:99-24-1  Molecular Weight:184.15 Methyl gallate
methyl glucosinolates:a class of aliphatic, straight chain glucosinolates, see also sinapine.
Methyl glucosinolate, C8 H15 N O9 S2. methylated glucosinolate
Glucocapparin, C8 H15 N O9 S2.
Methyl linoleate[112-63-0]:Synonyms:9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester; cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester; Methyl linolate; Methyl linoleate; Methyl octadecadienoate;
Formula: C₁₉ H₃₄O₂.  Molecular Weight:294.4764   CAS RN:112-63-0   ACX Number:X1053022-4.
Methyl linolenate[301-00-8]:Synonyms:9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester; cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester; Methyl linolate; Methyl linoleate; Methyl octadecadienoate;
Formula: C₁₉ H₃₂O₂.  Molecular Weight:292.4606   CAS RN:301-00-8   ACX Number:X1029274-3.   Methyl linolenate
Methyl oleate[112-62-9]:Synonyms:9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester; methyl 9-octadecenoate; methyl cis-9-octadecenoate; methyl oleate; oleic acid methyl ester; (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester;
Formula: C₁₉ H₃₆O₂.  Molecular Weight:296.4922   CAS RN:112-62-9   ACX Number:X1010249-1.  Melting Point:-19.9.  Boiling Point:218.5 at 20 mm Hg.  Density:0.87.  Water Solubility:Insoluble.  RTECS:RK0895000.   Methyl oleate
Methyl salicylate [119-36-8]:Synonyms:2-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenol;2-Carbomethoxyphenol;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester;4-10-00-00143 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);AI3-00090;Analgit;BRN 0971516;Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester;Betula;Betula Lenta;Betula oil;CCRIS 6259;Caswell No. 577;EINECS 204-317-7;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076601;Exagien;FEMA No. 2745;FEMA Number 2745;Flucarmit;Gaultheria oil;Gaultheria oil, artificial;Gaultheriaoel;HSDB 1935;Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate;Methyl o-hydroxybenzoate;Methyl salicylate;Methyl salicylate (natural);Methylester kyseliny salicylove [Czech];Metylester kyseliny salicylove [Czech];NSC 8204;Natural wintergreen oil;Oil of wintergreen;Salicylic acid, methyl ester;Spicewood Oil;Sweet birch oil;Synthetic wintergreen oil;Teaberry oil;Wintergreen oil;Wintergreen oil, synthetic;Wintergruenoel;o-Anisic acid; o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester;3M brand of methyl salicylate;esparma brand of methyl salicylate;Hevert brand of methyl salicylate;Hewedolor;Linsal;methyl salicylate sodium salt;methylsalicylate'Metsal Liniment;Rheumabal;Sigma brand of methyl salicylate
Chemical Name:Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester;Methyl salicylate;Salicylic acid, methyl ester
Formula: C₈ H₈O₃.  Molecular Weight:152.1494  CAS RN:119-36-8  Other RN: 8022-86-4 8024-54-2  ACX Number:119-36-8.  Melting Point:19.4   Boiling Point:220 - 224  Flashing Point:110
Density1.174  Vapor Density5.24   Vapor Pressure1.4  Water Solubility<0.1 g/100 mL at 19 C Methylsalicylate
metopies:, cf. concaulescent, recaulescent.
mevalonic acid:a carboxylic acid precursor of sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
Mevalonic acid, C6 H12 O4.
Mica [12001-26-2]:the same as silicates, with CAS NR.[12001-26-2],Synoms Fluorophlogopite; Margarite; Mica; Silicates; Soapstone; Zinnwaldite;Abhrak;C 1000;CI 77019;Davenite P 12;HSDB 2539;HX 610;Mica, fluorian;Micatex;Micromica W 1;Muscovite;P 80P;Silicate, mica;Suzorite;Suzorite 60S;Suzorite mica

Micelle:an aggregate or cluster of amphipathic molecules in water. Amphipathic molecules have a polar or hydrophilic end and a nonpolar or hydrophobic end. In micelles, amphipathic molecules orient with their hydrophobic ends in the interior and their hydrophilic ends on the exterior surface, exposed to water.
microgametophyte:= male gametophyte.
Micronutrient:a nutrient required by the body in small amounts, such as a vitamin or a mineral.
microphyll:lit. "a small leaf", a leaf not necessarily very small (they can be up to 1 m long) in which the vascular trace supplying it does not interrupt the central vascular cylinder when it departs, i.e. there are no leaf gaps, and the leaf itself generally has a single, unbranched vascularbundle, cf. megaphyll, see also enation.
microphyll:in ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet 225-2025 mm₂ in surface area, e.g. an elliptic blade ca 3 in. or 7.6 cm. long, cf.leptophyll, macrophyll, megaphyll, microphyll, nanophyll, notophyll.
micropyle:a small canal through the integument(s) at the apex of an ovule, either amphistomal, bistomal, endostomal, exostomal, naked, or zigzag, cf. antiraphe, chalaza, funicle, embryo sac, integument, nucellus, obturator, raphe (the other parts of the ovule), and persisting as a pore on the seed coat, cf. funicle, linea fissura.
microsporangium:sporangium producing microspores, usually many in number, in the life cycle of a heterosporous plant, cf. megasporangium, see theca (arrangement of microsporangia), see also endothecium, exothecium, placentoid, tapetum (all tissues).
microspore:one of the two kinds of spores produced after meiosis in a heterosporous plant and on germination giving rise to the male gametophyte, in angiosperms, the pollen grain, see prepollen, true pollen, cf. megaspore.
microsporocyte:a sporocyte or meiocyte giving rise by a meiotic division to (usually) four microspores, cf. megasporocyte.
microspore mother cell:= microsporocyte.
microsporogenesis:the sequence of meiotic divisions that produces microspores, see simultaneous, successive.
microsporophyll:a structure on which one or more microsporangia are borne, in flowering plants, the stamen, cf. megasporophyll.
microtherm:an organism that requires cool conditions for growth and development, cf. megatherm.

middle lamella:the central layer of the wall between two adjacent cells, largely made up of pectinaceous substances, cf. plasmodesmata, primary wall, secondary wall.
midrib:the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ, cf. costa.
miltanthaline:a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid.
Minerals:nutritionally significant elements. Elements are composed of only one kind of atom. Minerals are inorganic, i.e., they do not contain carbon as do vitamins and other organic compounds.
Mitochondria:energy-producing structures within cells. Mitochondria possess two sets of membranes, a smooth continuous outer membrane, and an inner membrane arranged in folds. Among other critical functions, mitochondria convert nutrients into energy via the electron transport chain.
mitosis:the normal division of a nucleus, whether haploid or diploid, during which chromosomes are replicated, cf. meiosis.
module:of growth, according to Hallé et al. (1978, p.189) "shoot unit with determinate growth, either by apical abortion or conversion of the apex into an inflorescence", but best used in a more general sense, i.e., modular, of any strucutre that is made up of a number of largely similar units.
Moiety:a portion of something, such as a functional group of a molecule.
Mole:the fundamental unit for measuring chemical compounds (abbreviated mol). One mole equals the molecular weight of a compound in grams. The number of molecules in a mole is equal to 6.02 x 10²³ (Avogadro's number).
Molybdenum[7439-98-7]:Synonyms:16065-87-5;224;6MO;7439-98-7;AIDS-072431;AIDS072431;Amperit 105.054;Amperit 106.2;C00150;EINECS 231-107-2;HSDB 5032;MChVL;Metco 63;Mo(6+);Mo6+;Molybdenum;Molybdenum (VI) ion;Molybdenum ion(6+);Molybdenum(6+);Molybdenum(6+) ion;Molybdenum(VI);Molybdenum, elemental;Molybdenum, insoluble compounds;Molybdenum, ion (Mo(6+));Molybdenum, ion (Mo6+) (8CI,9CI);Molybdenum, metal and insoluble compounds;Molybdenum, metallic;Monoclonal Antibody Fab Fragments to Lipoprotein Melanoma Antigen (2B2) (IgG3-Fab); Monoclonal Antibody to Colorectal Antigen (452D9) (IgG1) (not equal toNSC 377963);Monoclonal Antibody to Human T-cells (22)(IgG2A);Monoclonal Antibody to Human T-cells (3A1)(IgG1);Monoclonal Antibody to Human T-cells (49)(IgG2B);Monoclonal Antibody to TAC Conjugated to Pseudomonas Exotoxin (not the same as NSC 377524);NSC600660;NSC600661;NSC600665;NSC603570;NSC603571;NSC603572;TsM1
M.W.:95.94 g/mol  Formula:Mo  CAS RN:7439-98-7  Melting Point:2622 deg C
Note:A Metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
monad:especially of pollen, when each grain, one of the ultimate products of meiosis, is separate, cf. massula, pollinia, polyad, tetrad.
monadelphous:of stamens, united by their filaments into one bundle, i.e. connate, although not necessarily into a tube, cf. diadelphous and polyadelphous, cf. also fasciculate, phalangiate, syngenesious.
moniliform:cylindrical but constricted at regular intervals, as in a string of beads.

monimioid:a leaf tooth in which the secondary or tertiary vein ends in an opaque persistent glandular cap, not associated with lateral veins (although they seem to be present sometimes - see Hickey & Wolfe 1975), cf. begonioid, chloranthoid, cucurbitoid, cunonioid, dillenioid, malvoid, platanoid, rosoid, salicoid, spinose, theoid, urticoid, violoid.
monistichous:e.g. of leaves, arranged in a single vertical row along the stem (orthostichy), one-ranked, cf. two-ranked (distichous), three-ranked (monistichous), spiromonistichous, cf. also alternate, bijugate, decussate, opposite, pseudoverticillate, spiral, whorled.
monocarpic:(of flowering with respect to architecture), plant flowering and fruiting only once during its lifespan, e.g. Corypha, cf. hapaxanthic, pleonanthic, also iteroparous, semelparous, cf. (of plant duration) annual, biennial, ephemeral, perennial.
monochasium:of a cymose inflorescence, with branches arising from only one of each pair or bracteoles/prophylls, or from the single bracteole/prophyll, adj. monochasial, see bicolor unit, drepanium, helicoid cyme, rhipidium, scorpioid cyme, cf. dichasium.
monochlamydeous:of a flower, having only one whorl of perianth parts, usually = 1-whorled, cf. achlamydeous, dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous, homochlamydeous.
monoclinous:having staminate and carpellate reproductive organs in the same flower, = perfect as used here, cf. diclinous.
monocotyledons:clade including those flowering plants whose embryo has only one cotyledon (seed leaf) and whose flower is trimerous and pentacyclic, in the past opposed to dicotyledons, see BLA.
monoecious:having the staminate and carpellate reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, cf. androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, gynodioecious, gynomonoecious, perfect.
monolete:more or less straight scars on the proximal poles of pollen representing the points of junction of the pollen tetrads, weakened areas involved in germination, cf. trilete.
Monomer:a molecule that can be chemically bound as a unit of a polymer.
Monomeric compounds:in this category, which are related to wines, can be divided into three major groups, according to their basic structure:
a. Benzoic acid derivatives;b. Cinnamic acid derivatives;C. Flavonoid derivatives.
monophyletic:of any taxon that includes its common ancestor and all and only its descendents, a monophyletic group is a clade, q.v., cf. paraphyletic, polyphyletic.

monopodial:of growth, with a persistent terminal growing point producing many lateral organs successively, thus a monopodial stem grows in this way, see also indeterminate, racemose (of inflorescences), cf. sympodial.
Monosaccharide:Monosaccharides:Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
monosymmetric:a flower with a single plane of symmetry, see bilabiate, papilionoid, ringent, slit-monosymmetric, cf. peloric, cf. also asymmetric, bisymmetric, enantiomorphic, enantiostyly, haplomorphic, oblique, polysymmetric.
monotelic:of inflorescences, = determinate.
monoterpene lactones:= iridoids.
monoterpenoids:with a base of C10 H16, they occur in essential oils and are made up of one or two isoprene rings or an open chain of isoprene units; colorless, water-insoluble, volatile, with fragrant odour.
Limonene, C10 H16.

Geraniol, C10 H18 O.

monotypic:containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. applied to a family containing only one genus, cf. polytypic.
Monounsaturated fatty acid:a fatty acid with only one double bond between carbon atoms.
monoxylic:seed plant stems with only a single vascular cylinder that is made up of xylem and phloem, cf. polyxylic.
morphogenetic zone:a part of the shoot apical meristem consisting of rapidly-dividing cells that surround the initial zone that are recruited for the differentiation of leaf and stem tissues.
morphology:the form and structure of an organism or part of an organism, the study of form and structure, sometimes opposed to anatomy.
motile:actively moving, self-propelled.
mucilages:slimy water-soluble polysaccharide material exuded by certain plants or plant organs, adj. mucilaginous, cf. gums, latex, oils, resins, waxes.
mucro:a sharp, abrupt terminal point, adj. mucronate, cf. acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, emarginate, muticous, obtuse, retuse, rounded, truncate, cf. also cordate, hastate, oblique, runcinate, sagittate (esp. of lamina base).

multilacunar:of nodal anatomy in angiosperms, where more than three (e.g. 5, 7) leaf gaps are left in the central vascular cylinder when corresponding numbers of leaf traces depart, cf. split lateral, trilacunar, unlacunar, see also see also flank bridges.
multiple access:a kind of key, cf. polyclave.
multiple fruit:fruit on a common axis derived from the ovaries of several flowers, cf. accessory fruit, aggregate fruit, simple fruit.
multiplicative:of integuments (i.e. tegmen, testa) in seeds, where cell division and hence increase in thickness occur after fertilisation.
muri:pl. of murus.
muricate:rough on the surface; covered with short, hard tubercles or hard outgrowths of the epidermis, cf. echinate, prickly, verrucose.
murus:an element of pollen surface ornamentation, a ridge that e.g. separates the lumina in a reticulate, retipilate grain or forms the striae in a striate grain.
mustard oils:= isothiocyanates.
muticous:blunt, awnless, cf. acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, emarginate, mucronate, obtuse, retuse, rounded, truncate, cf. also hastate, oblique, runcinate, sagittate (esp. of lamina base).
m-xylene [108-38-3]:see 3-Xylene.
meta-xylene [108-38-3]:see 3-Xylene.
mycorrhiza:a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant, occuring primarily in the roots, see ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, see also endophyte.
myophilous:of entomophilous flowers pollinated by flies, often with a distinctive syndrome (putrid small, purplish/dark color; dangling projections, etc.), although things like bee-flies are attracted to very different-looking flowers, cf. cantharophilous, melittophilous, sapromyophilous, sphingophilous.
mycotrophic:a variant of heterotrophic nutrition in which a plant, typically lacking chlorophyll, is in close assocation with a fungus, from which it directly or indirectly obtains much of its nutritional needs, cf. hemiparasite, hyperparasite, parasite, saprophyte.
Myelin:the fatty substance that covers myelinated nerves. Myelin is a layered tissue surrounding the axons or nerve fibers. This sheath acts as a conduit in an electrical system, allowing rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Myelination refers to the process in which nerves acquire a myelin sheath.

Myoglobin:a heme-containing pigment in muscle cells that binds and stores oxygen.
Myrcene [123-35-3]:Synonyms:7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene; 7-methyl-3-methyleneocta-1,6-diene; 7-Methyl-3-methylene-octadiene; beta-myrcene; Geraniolene; Myrcene; Myrcene, stabilized with 400 ppm tenox GT-1;
Formula: C₁₀ H₁₆.  Molecular Weight:136.2364   CAS RN:123-35-3   ACX Number:X1019653-1.  Boiling Point:167.  Density 0.801   Refractive Index:1.471   Flashing Point:39    Myrcene
Myricetin:[529-44-2]:a common flavonol.
Synonyms:Myricetin;3, 3'4'5, 5'7-hexOH-Flavone;Cannabiscetin;Myricetol;Myricitin;3, 3', 4', 5, 5', 7-Hexahydroxyflavone;NSC407290;3,3',4',5,5',7-Hexahydroxyflavone;3,5,7,3',4',5'-Hexahydroxyflavone;4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-;5-18-05-00670 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);BRN 0332331;CCRIS 5838;Cannabiscetin;EINECS 208-463-2;Myricetin
CAS Type 1 Name: 3,3',4,4',5',7-Hexahydro-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one Flavone, 3,3',4',5,5',7-hexahydroxy- Chemical Name:3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
Formula: C₁₅ H₁₀O₈  CAS RN:529-44-2  Molecular Weight:318.24
myristic acid[544-63-8]:a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid, CH3 (CH2)₁₂ COOH, occurring in many fats.
Synonyms:1-tridecanecarboxylic acid; crodacid; emery 655; hydrofol acid 1495; hystrene 9014; neo-fat 14; n-Tetradecanoic Acid; n-tetradecoic acid; Myristic Acid; Tetradecanoic acid; univol u 3165;
Formula: C₁₄ H₂₈O₂.  Molecular Weight:228.374   CAS RN:544-63-8   ACX Number:X1007207-8.  Melting Point:54.  Boiling Point:250 at 100 mm Hg.  Water Solubility:<0.1 g/100 mL at 18 C.  RTECS:QH4375000.   Phenol
myrmeco- (prefix):having to do with ants.
myrosinase:the enzyme that breaks down glucosinolates, yielding distinctive isothiocyanates.

myxo- (prefix):with mucilage, e.g. myxocarpy and myxospermy, mucilaginous fruits and seeds respectively.

Prev A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Next

Information:

♥The electronic data information published at our official website www.mdidea.com and www.mdidea.net,gives online form of glossary edited with meticulous attitude and published as convenience for site content reference,including glossaries of related different topics:Glossary Phytochemicals are dedicated to Phytochemicals and phyto derived chemical components.
♣ last edit date:Mar 04th 2013 at 9:30

Categories

Glossary Phytochemicals M!

Information: