Glossary Phytochemicals R!

Online Glossary edited with meticulous attitude and published as convenience for site content reference,including glossaries of related different topics,Glossary Phytochemicals are dedicated to Phytochemicals and phyto derived chemical components.Phytochemicals have been used as drugs for millennia. Hippocrates may have prescribed willow tree leaves to abate fever. Salicin, having anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, was originally extracted from the white willow tree and later synthetically produced become the staple over-the-counter drug called Aspirin!

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon01
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds such as beta-carotene that occur naturally in plants. The term is generally used to refer to those chemicals that may affect health, but are not yet established as essential nutrients.While there is abundant scientific and government support for recommending diets rich in fruits and vegetables, there is only limited evidence that health benefits are due to specific phytochemicals.

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon02
There is evidence from laboratory studies that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer, possibly due to dietary fibers, polyphenol antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as fermentable dietary fibers, are allowed limited health claims by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

raceme:an indeterminate inflorescence, the axis producing a series of flowers on lateral pedicels, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top, adj. racemose, for variants, see corymb, fascicle, panicle, spadix, spike, thyrse, umbel, cf. cyme.
rachis:that part of the axis of a pinnate or more highly compound leaf bearing leaflets or branches of the axis, pl. r(h)achises.
rachis (rhachis):more specifically, inflorescence rachis = inflorescence axis, cf. also pedicel, peduncle, rachilla.
rachilla (rhachilla):especially of palms, the lateral or secondary branches of the inflorescence, and of a grass spikelet, the axis above the glumes, cf. inflorescence axis, pedicel, peduncle, rachis.
radially symmetrical:= polysymmetrical.
radical:of leaves, clustered at the base of the stem, see basal, rosette, cf. cauline.
radicle:the basal continuation of the hypocotyl of an embryo or seedling that gives rise to the root system of the adult plant (see taproot), sometimes more or less abortive, cf. coleoptile, coleorhiza, collet, cotyledon, eophyll, epiblast, epicotyl, mesocotyl, plumule, primary leaf, scutellum.
ramiflorous:borne below the current leaves on recently formed woody branches, commonly used to describe general inflorescence position, cf. axillary, cauliflorous, terminal.
rank:used when organs such as leaves are arranged in vertical series (distichous = two-ranked, etc.); also used to refer to the degree of branching.
rank:in the taxonomic hierarchy, one of the levels assigned to plant groups; these denote relative inclusion relationships, e.g. a family will include a genus or genera, but not vice versa; members of the one rank are not equivalent other than - one hopes - all being monophyletic and are therefore not really comparable; for the main ranks mentioned here, see class, order, family, genus, species (which may well not be monophyletic...).

ranunculaceous:(of stomata) = anomocytic.
raphe:where the funicle is adnate to the body of the ovule, see also antiraphe, chalaza, embryo sac, integument, lagenostome, megaspore, micropyle, nucellus, pollen chamber, obturator.
raphides:needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate that occur in bundles in the vacuoles of some plant cells, see biforines, cf. druses, styloids, sand.
ray:(anatomy) in xylem or phloem, a vertically elongated band of often radially elongated parenchymatous cells traversing the conducting elements, see tile cells, also heterogeneous, homogeneous and heterocellular, homocellular.
ray:(inflorescence) of a compound umbel, one of the first series of branches of the inflorescence axis.
ray floret:a monosymmetric flower towards the periphery of a capitate inflorescence, esp. in Asteraceae, ligulate, with a split monosymmetric corolla, cf. disc floret.
ray initials:a kind of cambial initial in the vascular cambium, vertical series of low cells the division and subsequent differentiation of which that produce the rays, cf. fusiform initials.
ray parenchyma:radially orientated xylem parenchyma in the wood, see ray type, cf. axial parenchyma.
reaction wood:wood often with a distinctive anatomy and position formed where a branch joins the stem, see compression and tension wood.
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS):highly reactive chemicals, containing nitrogen, that react easily with other molecules, resulting in potentially damaging modifications.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS):highly reactive chemicals, containing oxygen, that react easily with other molecules, resulting in potentially damaging modifications
recalcitrant:of germination, the seed needing to remain hydrated if germination is to occur, cf. after-ripening.

recaulescent:of axillary branching, a kind of metatopic growth when the bud is as it were shifted onto the subtending leaf, forming a "stalk" on which bud and leaf are borne, cf. concaulescent.
receptacle:the axis of a flower on which the perianth, androecium and gynoecium are borne; in Asteraceae, used to refer to the often swollen and apically flattened part of the stem bearing the flowers and inflorescence bracts.
receptacular epigyny:of epigyny, when the floral apex is initially convex, but after gynoecial initiation the periphery of the floral apex expands and raises, forming a basin in the center of which the carpels are borne and on the periphery of which the perianth members and androecium are borne, i.e. epigyny is due to development of axial tissues (Kuzoff et al. 2001), cf. appendicular epigyny.
Receptor:a specialized molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds a specific chemical (ligand). Ligand binding usually results in a change in activity with in the cell.
recurved:curved or curled downwards or backwards, cf. incurved.
Redox reaction:another term for an oxidation-reduction reaction. A redox reaction is any reaction in which electrons are removed from one molecule or atom and transferred to another molecule or atom. In such a reaction one substance is oxidized (loses electrons) while the other is reduced (gains electrons).
Reducing equivalent:an amount of a reducing compound that donates the equivalent of 1 mole of electrons or hydrogen ions in a redox reaction.
Reduction:a chemical reaction in which a molecule or atom gains electrons.
reduplicate:of aestivation, valvate, the edges meeting, and although not overlapping, they are recurved, cf. crumpled, decussate, induplicate, open.
reduplicate:of plicate leaves, esp. in palms, the units of the leaves having their abaxial surfaces facing each other, inverted V-shaped, cf. induplicate.
reflexed:bent sharply downwards or backwards, cf. inflexed.
regular:(of floral symmetry) = polysymmetric.
reiteration:of plant architecture, when the characteristic construction of the individual is repeated by branch systems that develop on a plant after damage, or sometimes as the result of natural causes.
reniform:= kidney-shaped.
repand:= undulate.
reparatory strand:a strand of vascular tissue that fills ("repairs") the leaf gap left by the outgoing leaf trace, a branch of the sympodial units making up the central stele of seed plants.

replum:when placentation is parietal, a septum joining the placentae (is this correct? Or the persistent placentae?).
repent:a general term, see ascending, decumbent, procumbent.
Resacetophenone [89-84-9]:Synonyms:2[,4[-Dihydroxyacetophenone; 2',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone; 4-Acetylresorcinol; Ethanone, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-; Resacetophenone;
Formula: C₈ H₈O₃.  Molecular Weight:152.1494  CAS RN:89-84-9   ACX Number:X1009232-9.  Melting Point:143 - 144.5   Density1.18   RTECSAM7525000    Phenol
Residue:a single unit within a polymer, such as an amino acid within a protein.
resins:lipid-soluble terpenes or phenols, cf. gums, mucilages, latex, oils, waxes.
Response element:a sequence of nucleotides in a gene that can be bound by a protein. Proteins that bind to response elements in genes are sometimes called transcription factors or binding proteins. Binding of a transcription factor to a response element regulates the production of specific proteins by inhibiting or enhancing the transcription of genes that encode those proteins.
resupinate:of floral symmetry, twisted through 180o, e.g. as with the ovary of many Orchidaceae.
Resveratrol [501-36-0]:3,4',5-Stilbenetriol;3,4',5-Trihydroxystilbene;3,5,4'-Trihydroxystilbene;NSC 327430;Resveratrol
CAS Type 1 Name:1,3-Benzenediol, 5-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-, (E)-
Chemical Name:3,4',5-stilbenetriol;3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene;resveratrol-3-sulfate;trans-resveratrol  Formula: C₄ H₁₂O₃.  CAS RN:501-36-0 Other RN:31100-06-8
Note:Anticarcinogenic agents;Antimutagenic agents;Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic;Antioxidants;Enzyme inhibitors;Platelet aggregation inhibitors
reticulate:forming a network.
reticulate:a term used to describe the pollen surface, a network-like pattern consisting of lumina or other spaces wider than 1μm bordered by elements narrower than the lumina, cf. baculate, echinate, fossulate, gemmate, foveolate, pilate, lophate, psilate, retipilate, rugulate, scabrate, striate, verrucose.
reticulodromous:of leaf venation, pinnate venation (camptodromous in particular), in which the secondary veins lose their identities towards the margin as they branch repeatedly, cf. brochidodromous, eucamptodromous in particular, also cf. acrodromous, actinodromous, campylodromous, craspedodromous, dichotomous, flabellate, parallelodromous, semicraspedodromous, simple-craspedodromous.

retinaculum:= corpusculum (flowers of Orchidaceae, Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae), = jaculator (fruits in Acanthaceae).
Retinol:See Vitamin A.
retipilate:referring to the surface of a pollen grain whose sculpturing is made up of pilae arranged in a reticulate patterncf. baculate, echinate, fossulate, gemmate, foveolate, pilate, lophate, psilate, reticulate, rugulate, scabrate, striate, verrucose.
retrorse:bent, and pointing away from the apex, cf. antrorse, erect.
retuse:of the apex of any laminar structure, e.g., petal, leaf blade, very blunt, slightly notched and divided less than 5% the length of the structure, cf. emarginate, lobed in particular, cf. also acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, mucronate, muticous, obtuse, rounded, truncate, cf. also cordate, hastate, oblique, runcinate, sagittate (esp. of lamina base).
revolute:of leaf ptyxis, more or less flat, but the each margin independently curved abaxially, cf. circinate, conduplicate, conduplicate-flat, conduplicate-involute, conduplicate-plicate, curved, flat, involute, plicate, supervolute, supervolute-curved, supervolute-involute.
rhachilla:rhachis: see rachilla, rachis.
Rhamnose[10485-94-6]:Synonyms:6-Deoxy-DL-mannose;DL-Mannose, 6-deoxy-;DL-Rhamnose;Deoxymannose
Chemical Name:Mannose, 6-deoxy-;Deoxymannose;Rhamnose
Formula: C₆ H₁₂O₅  CAS RN:10485-94-6  Other RN:39665-53-7M.W.:164.1578
Description:A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
rheophyte:a narrow-leaves plant, usually a shrub, growing in or by rivers and periodically subject to immersion in fast-flowing waters, cf. acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, herb, liane, suffrutescent, schopfbaum, shrub, subshrub, tree, vine, see also life forms.

rhexigenous:an intercellular space caused by the rupture of the cells there, cf. expansigenous, lysigenous, schizogenous.
rhinanthoid:(of a floral aestivation) ascending cochleate.
rhipidium:of a monochasial cymose inflorescence of some monocots, flowers arising successively from the adaxial prophylls, thus alternating from one side of the axis to the other side, and all being in a single plane, the whole inflorescence often appearing corymbose from a lateral view, cf. drepanium, helicoid cyme, scorpioid cyme.
rhizodermis:[add definition, links].
rhizoid:a thread-like, uniseriate (unicellular) absorbing structure in the gametophytes (and sometimes sporophytes) of ferns, etc., cf. root.
rhizome:a slender to much swollen underground stem that grows more or less horizontally, cf. bulb, bulbil, caudex, corm, lignotuber, pseudobulb, runner, tuber, turion.
rhodioloside:[10338-51-9]:Synonyms:Glucopyranoside, p-hydroxyphenethyl ; Rhodioloside; Rhodosin ; Salidroside
CAS Type 1 Name:2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
Chemical Name: 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside ; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl
Formula: C₁₄ H₂₀ O₇  CAS RN:10338-51-9 MW::126.11
Rhodosin:[10338-51-9]:The same as Rhodioloside,or Salidroside,CAS RN.[10338-51-9].
rhombic:a term used for outlines and plane shapes, with length:breadth ratio 2:1 - 3:2, widest and more or less angled at the middle, pointed at the apex and base, see broadly, broad-transverse, narrowly, transverse, cf. elliptic, obovate, ovate, triangular, trullate.
rhytidome:cork cambium and the tissues it isolates, since such cambia are often formed successively deeper and deeper in the stem, there may be pockets of cortical or phloem tissue in with the cork.
Riboflavin:[83-88-5]:Synonyms:7,8-Dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine; E-101; Flavin; Lactoflavine; Ovoflavin; Riboflavin; Vitamin B2; Zinvit-G;
CAS Type 1 Name:Retinol; Vitamin A
Formula:C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆.  CAS RN:83-88-5 M.W.:286.4564 Melting Point.:62 - 64 Water Solubility.:Water Soluble.
Description:Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.Retinol or any of several related fat-soluble compounds having similar biological activity. It acts in numerous capacities, particularly in the functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. As vitamin A, it is found mostly in the liver, particularly of fish, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products. Its other major dietary source is the provitamin A carotenoids of plants. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Ribonucelotide:a molecule consisting of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogen containing base, and one or more phosphate groups.
ribonuceic acid:RNA:ribonuceic acid; a single-stranded nucleic acid composed of many nucleotides. The nucleotides in RNA are composed of a nitrogen containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) and a phosphate group. RNA functions in the translation of the genetic information encoded in DNA to proteins.
ribose:a sugar.
ringent:(of monosymmetric flowers) = personate.
ring porous:of porous wood, with vessels in more or less distinct rings, usually at the beginning of the season's growth, cf. diffuse porous.
rostrum:(rostrate) = beak (beaked).
root:commonly thought of as one of the three basic parts of the seed plant body, that part of the axial system which is usually underground and more or less positively geotropic, does not bear leaves and only rarely shoots, is endogenous in origin, indeterminate in growth and often with secondary thickening, see root cap, root tip and root hair, see also fibrous root, tap root, cf. leaf and stem (the other main parts of the seed plant body), cf. also rhizoid.
root apical meristem (RAM):a group of pluripotent cells at the apex of a root from which tissues of the root differentiate, see closed meristem, open meristem.
root cap:a group of cells that covers the apical meristem of the root.
root hair:a projection from an epidermal cell of the root..
root tip:the apical part of the root including the apical meristem and root cap.
rootstock:a short, erect, more or less swollen structure at the junction of the root and shoot systems of a plant, cf. xylopodium.
rosette leaves:the leaves at the base of the stem when these are separated by very short internodes and lie more or less flat on the ground, so forming a circle, see also basal and radical leaves, cf. cauline.
Rosin:[85026-55-7]:Synonyms:beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 3-phenyl-2-propenyl, (E)-
Chemical Name: beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (2E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl;beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 3-phenyl-2-propenyl, (E)-
Formula: C₁₅ H₂₀ O₆  CAS RN:85026-55-7 Rosin

Rosmarinic acid[537-15-5]:Synonyms:rosmarinic acid, (R-(E))-isomer
Chemical Name:Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha-((3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-
CAS Type 1 Name:Rosmarinic acid
Formula: C₁₈ H₁₆O₈  CAS RN:537-15-5   M.W.:360.3 Rosmarinicacid
Rosmarinic acid[20283-92-5]:Synonyms:3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid 2-ester with 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid ;Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha-((3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-; R-(+)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyloxy)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid;Rosemary acid;Rosmarinic acid.
Chemical Name:Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha-((3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-, (R-(E))- ;Cinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-, 2-ester with 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid
CAS Type 1 Name:Rosmarinic acid;Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha-(((3-,4- dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-;alpha-(((3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroxy- benzenepropanoic acid
Formula: C₁₈ H₁₆O₈  CAS RN:20283-92-5   M.W.:360.3 Rosmarinicacid
rosoid:a leaf tooth in which the central vein terminates subapically and there is a large clear glandular foramen, two straight higher-order secondary veins also terminate in the foramen, cf. begonioid, chloranthoid, cucurbitoid, cunonioid, dillenioid, malvoid, monimioid, platanoid, salicoid, spinose, theoid, urticoid, violoid.
rostellum:rostellum:
rostrate:beaked.
rosulate:clustered into a rosette, e.g. of basal leaves of some annuals and biennials.
rotate:circular and flattened, e.g. of a polysymmetric corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes, cf. campanulate, infundibular, salverform, tubular, urceolate.
rotenoids:flavonoids, derived from isoflavones, with an extra carbon atom from S-adenosyl methionine and incorporating a prenyl group into the isoflavone structure.
Gliricidol, C17 H14 O6.

Rotenone, C23 H22 O6.

rounded:of the shape of the apex or base in particular, without any angles and generally convex in apperance, cf. acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, emarginate, mucronate, muticous, obtuse, retuse, truncate, cf. also cordate, hastate, oblique, runcinate, sagittate (esp. of lamina base).
route I:a kind of iridoid, derived from deoxyloganicacid, the normal route I iridoid not undergoing oxidation, see also secoiridoids, cf. route II.
Loganin, C17 H26 O10.
loganin
route II:a kind of iridoid derived from epi-deoxyloganicacid, see carboxylated (normal) iridoids, decarboxylated iridoids, cf. route I.
rubber:a component of latex, made up of isoprene units, cis 1,4-polyisoprene, cf. gutta, gutta percha.
rubiaceous:(of stomata) = paracytic.
rudimentary:poorly developed and not functional, cf. obsolescent, vestigial, obsolete.

rugate:of pollen apertures with elongated or furrow-like apertures that are globally distributed, may be six or fewer in number, cf. ana-, cata-, zono-, cf. also colpate, porate, polycolpate, sulcate, trichotomosulcate, and ulcerate apertures.
rugose:deeply wrinkled, dim. rugulose, with minute wrinkles.
rugulate:a term used to describe the pollen surface, with elongated sexine elements more than 1μm long arranged in an irregular pattern intermediate between reticulate, retipilate and striate, cf. also baculate, echinate, fossulate, gemmate, foveolate, pilate, lophate, psilate, scabrate, verrucose.
ruminate:commonly used of endosperm, inpushings of the seed coat that more or less give the appearance of the villi of the rumen or intestine to the cut surface of the seed, cf. condyle.
runcinate:deeply lobed and with the lobes slanted away from the apex, cf. acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, emarginate, mucronate, muticous, obtuse, retuse, rounded, truncate, cf. also cordate, hastate, oblique, sagittate (esp. of lamina base).
runner:a slender, prostrate or trailing above-ground stem which produces roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes, cf. bulb, bulbil, caudex, corm, lignotuber, pseudobulb, rhizome, tuber, turion.
Ruscogenin[472-11-7]:Synonyms:Juste brand of ruscogenin;ruscogenin, (1beta,3alpha,25R)-isomer;ruscogenin, (1beta,3alpha,25S)-isomer;Ruscorectal;EINECS 207-447-2
Cas Type 1 Name:(1 beta,3 beta,25R)-spirost-5-ene-1,3-diol
Formula: C₂₇ H₄₂O₄  CAS RN:472-11-7
ruspolinone:a pyrrolidine alkaloid.

Rutin:[153-18-4]:Synonyms:3-Rhamnoglucoside of 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone;3-Rhamnoglucosylquercetin;3-Rutinosyl quercetin;Bioflavonoid;Birutan;Birutan Forte;C.I. 75730;CCRIS 7564;EINECS 205-814-1;Eldrin;Flavone, 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-, 3-(O-rhamnosylglucoside);Globulariacitrin;Globularicitrin;Paliuroside;Phytomelin;Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-rutinoside;Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside;Quercetin 3-rhamnoglucoside;Quercetin 3-rutinoside;Quercetin rhamnoglucosine;Quercetin, 3-(6-0-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside);Quercetin, 3-(6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside);Quercetin-3beta-rutinoside;Quercetol 3-rhamnoglucoside;Quercitin 3-rutinoside;Rutabion;Rutin;Rutin trihydrate;Rutine;Rutinic acid;Rutinion acid;Rutinoside, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-;1-benzopyran-3-yl;Rutinoside, quercetin-3, beta-;Rutinum,Rutosid,Rutoside,Rutosido,Rutosido [INN-Spanish],Rutosidum,Rutosidum [INN-Latin],Rutozyd,Sophorin,Sophorin (VAN),Tanrutin,Troxerutin,USAF CF-5,Venoruton,Violaquercitrin,Vitamin P
Rutin
Chemical Name :4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3-[[6-O-(6-deoxy-.alpha.-L-mannopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-oxy]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-
Rutin
CAS Type 1Name :4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3-((6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-
Formula: C₂₇ H₃₀ O₁₆. CAS RN:153-18-4 M.W.:610.52
Rutin
Note:A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including Buckwheat; Tobacco; Forsythia; Hydrangea; Viola, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.

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