Glossary Phytochemicals S!

Online Glossary edited with meticulous attitude and published as convenience for site content reference,including glossaries of related different topics,Glossary Phytochemicals are dedicated to Phytochemicals and phyto derived chemical components.Phytochemicals have been used as drugs for millennia. Hippocrates may have prescribed willow tree leaves to abate fever. Salicin, having anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, was originally extracted from the white willow tree and later synthetically produced become the staple over-the-counter drug called Aspirin!

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon01
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds such as beta-carotene that occur naturally in plants. The term is generally used to refer to those chemicals that may affect health, but are not yet established as essential nutrients.While there is abundant scientific and government support for recommending diets rich in fruits and vegetables, there is only limited evidence that health benefits are due to specific phytochemicals.

Glossary Phytochemicals Icon02
There is evidence from laboratory studies that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer, possibly due to dietary fibers, polyphenol antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as fermentable dietary fibers, are allowed limited health claims by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

sabinene [3387-41-5]:Synonyms:sabinene, (1R)-isomer;(+)-Sabinene;1-Isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexane;3387-41-5;4 (10)-Thujene;4(10)-Thujene;Bicyclo(3.1.0)hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)- (9CI);Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1- (1-methylethyl)-;Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-;EINECS 222-212-4;NISTC3387415;NSC 407278;NSC407278;Sabenene;Sabinen;Sabinene;Sabinene (beta-Thujene);Thuj-4(10)-ene;THUJENE, 4(10)-
Cas Type 1 Name:Bicyclo(3.1.0)hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)- (9CI)  Substance Name:Sabinene
Formula: C₁₀H₁₆  CAS RN:3387-41-5  Molecular Weight:136.234 g/mol

saccate:= pouched.
saccharose:= sucrose.
saccus/sacci:often hollow wing- or bladder-like extension(s) of the pollen exine.
Safflower yellow:Synonyms:Carthamas Yellow;Safflor Yellow;Safflower Yellow
CAS Type 1 Name:C.I. Natural Yellow 5  Formula: C₁₄ H₁₆O₇. C₂₄ H₃₀O₁₅   CAS RN:1401-20-3  Note:Antihypertensive agents;Dyes; Immunosuppressive agents; Natural Product
Safrole:Synonyms:1,2-Methylenedioxy-4-Allylbenzene; 1-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene; 3,4-methylenedioxy-allylbenzene; 3-Allyl-1,2-(methylenedioxy)benzene; m-allylpyrocatechin methylene ether; 4-Allyl-1,2-(methylenedioxy)-benzene; 4-allylcatechol methylene ether; 4-Allyl-procatecol; 4-allylpyrocatechol formaldehyde acetal; 4-allylpyrocatechol methylene ether; 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-Benzodioxole; 5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole; Benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)-; Rhyuno; rhyuno oil; Safrene; Safrole; safrole mf; shikimole; shikomol;
Formula: C₁₀ H₁₀ O₂.  Molecular Weight: 162.1878   CAS RN:94-59-7   Melting Point:11.2
ACX Number:X1004034-3.  Density1.095   Flashing Point:97   Boiling Point:232   Water Solubility:Insoluble. <0.1 g/100 mL at 18 C safrole

sagittate:shaped like an arrow-head, cf. acute, attenuate, acumen, apiculum, arista, awn, cuneate, caudate, cuspidate, emarginate, mucronate, muticous, obtuse, retuse, rounded, truncate, cf. also cordate, hastate, oblique, runcinate (esp. of lamina base).
Saikosides[20874-52-6]:The same as Saikosaponin.
Saikosaponin[20874-52-6]:Synonyms:20874-52-6; AIDS-211407;AIDS211407;beta-D-Galactopyranoside, (3beta,4alpha,16alpha)-13,28-epoxy-16,23-dihydroxyolean-11-en-3-yl 6-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl;beta-D-Galactopyranoside, (3beta,4alpha,16alpha)-13,28-epoxy-16,23-dihydroxyolean-11-en-3-yl 6-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-;Saikosaponin;Saikosaponin D;Saikosaponins
Chemical Name:beta-D-Galactopyranoside, (3beta,4alpha,16beta)-13,28-epoxy-16,23-dihydroxyolean-11-en-3-yl-6-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-
Equivalent Name:saikosaponin A;saikosaponin B;saikosaponin B1;saikosaponin B2;saikosaponin B3;saikosaponin B4;saikosaponin C;saikosaponin D;saikosaponin K;saikosaponin L;saikosaponins
Formula: C₄₂ H₆₈O₁₃.  Molecular Weight:780.99   CAS RN:20874-52-6
Note:Anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal;Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic;Antiviral agents;Drug / Therapeutic Agent;Immunosuppressive agents

Salatrim:[64706-27-0]:The same as Glycerides.
Salicin[138-52-3]:Synonyms:2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside;AI3-19099;Benzyl alcohol, o-hydroxy-, o-glucoside;EINECS 205-331-6;NSC 5751;SALICIN;Salicine; Salicoside;Salicyl alcohol glucoside;Saligenin beta-D-glucopyranoside;Saligenin-beta-D-glucopyranoside;o-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
Chemical Name:B-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl;Salicin (6CI,8CI);alpha-Hydroxy-o-tolyl beta-D-glucopyranoside;beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl
Formula: C₁₃ H₁₈O₇.  Molecular Weight:286.281  CAS RN:138-52-3  Other RN:30370-90-2
Melting Point: 207 deg C  log P (octanol-water): -1.22E+00 (none)  Water Solubility: 4.00E+04 mg/L at 25 deg C  Vapor Pressure: 3.98E-13 mm Hg at 25 deg C  Henry's Law Constant: 4.64E-17 atm-m³/mole at 25 deg C  Atmospheric OH Rate Constant: 9.16E-11 cm³/molecule-sec at 25 deg C
Salicin Salicin
salicoid:a leaf tooth in which the medial vein ends in dark but not opaque persistent spherical callosity, no laterals are involved, perhaps close to a theoid tooth, cf. also begonioid, chloranthoid, cucurbitoid, cunonioid, dillenioid, malvoid, monimioid, platanoid, rosoid, spinose, urticoid, violoid.

Salicylate:Synonyms:2-Hydroxybenzoate;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid ion(1-);Salicylate;Salicylate anion;Salicylate ion;o-Hydroxybenzoate;o-Hydroxybenzoate anion
Chemical Name:Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ion(1-) (9CI);Salicylic acid, ion(1-)
Formula: C₇ H₅O₃.  CAS RN:63-36-5
Salicylates:The salts, esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
salicylic acid:orthohydroxybenzoic acid, obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves, its salts are the salicylates.
Synonyms:2-Carboxyphenol;2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid;4-10-00-00125 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);AI3-02407;Acido o-idrossibenzoico [Italian];Acido salicilico [Italian];Acidum salicylicum;BRN 0774890;Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-;CCRIS 6714;Caswell No. 731;Compound W;Duoplant;EINECS 200-712-3;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076602;Freezone;HSDB 672;Ionil;Ionil-Plus;Keralyt;Kyselina 2-hydroxybenzoova [Czech];Kyselina salicylova [Czech];NSC 180;Orthohydroxybenzoic acid;Phenol-2-carboxylic acid;Psoriacid-S-stift;Retarder W;Rutranex;Salicylic acid;Salicylic acid collodion;Salicylic acid soap;Salicylic acid, tech.;Saligel;Salonil;Stri-Dex;Trans-Ver-Sal;Verrugon;o-Carboxyphenol;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid;Keralyt;Occlusal;Salicylic acid;Verrugon;NSC180
Chemical Name:Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-;Salicylic acid
Formula: C₇ H₆O₃.  Molecular Weight:138.1226   CAS RN:119-36-8  Other RN: 8052-31-1 7681-06-3  ACX Number:119-36-8.  Melting Point:159  Boiling Point:211 at 20 mm Hg   Flashing Point:157
Density1.44   Vapor Density4.8
salicyclic acid
Salidroside:[10338-51-9]:The same as Rhodioloside,or Rhodosin,CAS RN.[10338-51-9].
S-Allylcysteine [21593-77-1]:Synonyms:20820-68-2, 21593-77-1, CCRIS 7667, L-Cysteine, S-2-propenyl-, NSC96449, S-Allylcysteine
Chemical Name: L-Cysteine, S-2-propenyl-;S-Allylcysteine
Formula: C₆ H₁₁NO₂S.  Molecular Weight:161.223 g/mol  CAS RN:21593-77-1  Other RN: 20820-68-2 Melting Point:159  Boiling Point:211 at 20 mm Hg   Flashing Point:157

Salol:[118-55-8]:See Phenyl Salicylate.
salverform:e.g. of a polysymmetric corolla, salver-shaped, like the corolla of Primula with a long, slender tube and abruptly expanded flat, spreading limb (rotate in one sense), cf. campanulate, rotate, infundibular, tubular, urceolate.
samara:a dry, indehiscent fruit, cf. achene, or a mericarp of a schizocarp, with its wall expanded into a wing.
sand:a microcrystalline form of calcium oxalate, or some other crystalline inclusion, forming a granular mass, cf. druse, raphide, styloid.
Sanio:see Bars of Sanio.

Santalene[ 512-61-8]:Synonyms:Santalene
Chemical Name:Tricyclo(2.2.1.0(2,6))heptane, 1,7-dimethyl-7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (-)-
CAS RN: 512-61-8  Formula:C₁₅H₂₄
Santalol[11031-45-1]:Synonyms:EINECS 234-262-4;FEMA No. 3006;NSC 66445;Santalol (alpha and beta) (natural);Santalol, alpha- and beta-
Chemical Name:Santalol
CAS RN:11031-45-1  Formula:C₁₅H₂₄O M.W:220.35
Sapogenol C [595-14-2]:Synonyms:Sapogenol C
Chemical Name:Oleana-12,21-diene-3,23-diol, (3beta,4beta)-   CAS RN:595-14-2 Formula: C₃₀ H₄₈O₂ SapogenolC
Saponaretin[38953-85-4]:Synonyms:29702-25-8, 38953-85-4, 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- (VAN), 6-C-Glucosylapigenin, 6-Glucosylapigenin, 61383-34-4, 61838-34-4, Apigenin 6-C-glucoside, Apigenin-6-C-glucoside, C01714, Isovitexin, Saponaretin
Chemical Name:4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-8-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-
Formula:C₂₁ H₂₀O₁₀  CAS RN:38953-85-4  Molecular Weight:432.378 g/mol

Saponarin[20310-89-8]:Synonyms:20310-89-8, 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3-((6-O-(6-deoxy-beta-L-mannofuranosyl)-beta-O-galactofuranosyl)oxy)-7-((6-deoxy-beta-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-, C08064, Isovitexin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, Saponarin
Chemical Name:4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3-((6-O-(6-deoxy-beta-L-mannofuranosyl)-beta-O-galactofuranosyl)oxy)-7-((6-deoxy-beta-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
Formula:C₂₇ H₃₀O₁₅  CAS RN:20310-89-8  Molecular Weight:594.518 g/mol

saponins:water-soluble and sometimes toxic glycosides based on steroid or terpenoid alcohols, become a foam when in solution and then shaken.
Glycyrrhizin, C42 H62 O16.
sapromyophilous:a kind of entomophilous pollination, flowers pollinated by flies and with a distinctive syndrome (e.g. purplish color, the odour of carrion or of decay in general), cf. cantharophilous, mellitophilous, myophilous, sphigophilous.
saprophyte:a heterotroph obtaining complex nutrients from the decay of other organisms, usually lacking chlorophyll, cf. hemiparasite, parasite, hyperparasite, mycotroph.
sapwood:the outer and still functional portion of the wood of a trunk or large root, cf. heartwood.
sarcotesta:a fleshy testa, or a fleshy layer of the testa (mesotesta), outside the sclerotesta, when the latter is present, cf. also aril, arillode, caruncle, elaiosome.

sarmentose:a plant with slender runners.
saturated:e.g. of fatty acids, lacking double bonds,a fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms. cf. unsaturated.
Palmitic acid, C16 H32 O2.

Lauric acid, C12 H24 O2.

Myristic acid, C14 H28 O2.

scabrate:a term used to describe the pollen surface, ornamented in any way with elements less than 1μm in all directions, cf. baculate, echinate, fossulate, gemmate, foveolate, pilate, lophate, psilate, reticulate, retipilate, rugulate, striate, verrucose.
scabrous (= scabrid):rough to the touch, dim. scaberulous, slightly or minutely rough to the touch, minutely scabrous.
scalariform:having a ladder-like pattern; of a vessel, the end walls having one to many bars across them, cf. simple; of pits, elongated in outline, cf. bordered, simple, vestured.
scale:a rather vague term, usually a thin flap of tissue of epidermal origin, e.g. at the base of a stamen in Simaroubaceae.
scale leaf:a reduced leaf, often ± dry, non-photosynthetic, and protective, e.g. surrounding a dormant bud, a budscale (see perulate bud).
scale:a thin, more or less scarious trichome which is flattened and variously shaped, cf. hair.
scandent:climbing, see liane or vine.
scape:the stem-like peduncle of a plant with radical or rosette leaves that lacks leaves along its length, cf. inflorescence axis.
scarious:dry and membranous in texture, cf. chaffy, chartaceous, coriaceous, papyraceous.
Scavenge (free radicals):to combine readily with free radicals, preventing them from reacting with other molecules.
Schisandrin A:[61281-38-7]:See Schizandrin A
Schisandrin B:[61281-37-6]:See Schizandrin B
Schisandrin C:[61301-33-5]:See Schizandrin C

Schisandrol A:See Schizandrin
Schisandrer A:See Gomisin C
Schisandrer B:See Gomisin B
Schisandrol B:See Gomisin A
Schizandrin [7432-28-2]:schizandrol A;wuweizisu A;Schisandrin,Schisandrol A,Schizandrin,Schizandrol A,Wuweizi alcohol A,Wuweizichun A
CAS Type 1 Name:Dibenzo(a,c)cycloocten-6-ol, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10,11,12-hexamethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-, stereoisomer
Chemical Name:Dibenzo(a,c)cycloocten-6-ol, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethyl-1,2 3,10,11,12-hexamethoxy-, stereoisomer   Formula: C₂₄ H₃₂O₇.  CAS RN:7432-28-2

Schizandrin A[61281-38-7]:Synoms:deoxyschisandrin,schisandrin A
CAS Type 1 Name:Dibenzo(a,c)cyclooctene, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10,11,12-hexamethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-, stereoisomer
Chemical Name:Schizandrin A,Schisandrin A;Dibenzo(a,c)cyclooctene, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,10,11,12-hexamethoxy-
Formula: C₂₄ H₃₂O₆.  CAS RN:61281-38-7
SchizandrinA
Schizandrin B[61281-37-6]:Synoms:Schisandrin B,Schizandrin B,Wuweizisu B,gamma-Schisandrin,gamma-Schizandrin
CAS Type 1 Name:Benzo(3,4)cycloocta(1,2-f)(1,3)benzodioxole, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,13-tetramethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-, stereoisomer
Chemical Name:Schizandrin B,gamma-Schizandrin
Formula: C₂₃ H₂₈O₆.  CAS RN:61281-37-6 SchizandrinB
Schizandrin C[61301-33-5]:Synoms:Schisandrin C,Schizandrin C,wuweizisu C
Chemical Name:Schisandrin C,Schizandrin C,wuweizisu C
CAS RN:61301-33-5 SchizandrinC
Schizandrol B:See Gomisin A
Schisanhenol[69363-14-0]:Synoms:NSC 330515
CAS Type 1 Name:Dibenzo(a,c)cycloocten-1-ol, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3,10,11,12-pentamethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-, stereoisomer
Formula: C₂₃ H₃₀O₆.  CAS RN:69363-14-0

Schisanhenol B[102681-52-7]:Synoms:Schisanhenol B
CAS Type 1 Name:Benzo(3,4)cycloocta(1,2-f)(1,3)benzodioxol-1-ol, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3,13-trimethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-, stereoisomer
Formula: C₂₂ H₂₆O₆.  CAS RN:102681-52-7
SchisanhenolB

schizo- (prefix):split.
schizocarp:a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from more than one carpel and breaking apart septicidally into 1-carpellate units (mericarps) when ripe, these containing one (or more) seeds, cf. capsule, follicle, lomentum.
schizogenous:of cavities in plants, formed by the separation of cells down their middle lamellae, cf. expansigenous, lysigenous, rhexigenous.
schopfbaum:of habit, an unbranched woody plant less than about 10 m tall and often with a rather stout trunk and a tuft of large leaves at the top, cf. acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, herb, liane, rheophyte, shrub, subshrub, suffrutescent, tree, vine, see also life forms.
scion:in grafting, the stem of one plant that is variously attached or inserted onto or into the stock.
sclereid:a dead cell that is a component of sclerenchyma, usually at most moderately elongated but with a strongly lignified wall, cf. fibre, see astrosclereid, brachysclereid, macrosclereid, trichosclereid.
sclerenchyma:mechanical tissue made up of fibres or sclereids, cf. aerenchyma, collenchyma, parenchyma.
sclerophyll:with stiff, hard leaves usually with much sclerenchyma, cf. mesophyll.
scleromorphic:referring to hardness or toughness, especially of leaves (sclerophyll above), whether in respoinse to dry climate or nutrient-poor conditions, cf. xeromorphic.
sclerotesta:a stony, sclerenchymatous layer of the testa, usually mesotestal in origin and inside the sarcotesta.
Scoparone [120-08-1]:Synonyms: 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin;6,7-dimethylesculetin;5-18-03-00204 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);6,7-Dimethoxybenzopyran-2-one;6,7-Dimethoxycoumarin;6,7-Dimethylesculetin;Aesculetin dimethyl ether;BRN 0169572;EINECS 204-369-0;Escoparone;Esculetin dimethyl ether;Scoparon;Scoparone
Chemical Name:6,7-Dimethoxy-2-benzopyrone;6,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one;Benzopyran-2-one, 6,7-dimethoxy- (9CI);Coumarin, 6,7-dimethoxy-  CAS RN:53681-67-7

Scopoletin:[92-61-5]:a coumarin.-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin. Plant growth factor derived from the root of Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica.
Synonyms: 5-18-03-00203 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);6-Methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin;6-Methylesculetin;6-O-Methylesculetin;7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one;7-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin;BRN 0156296;CCRIS 3592;Chrysatropic acid;EINECS 202-171-9;Escopoletin;Esculetin 6-methyl ether;Gelseminic acid;Murrayetin;NSC 405647;Scopoletin;Scopoletine;Scopoletol;beta-Methylesculetin
CAS Type 1 Name:2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy- (9CI);7-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin;Coumarin, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-;Scopoletin   Chemical Name:7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one
Formula: C₁₀ H₈O₄  CAS RN:92-61-5 Melting Point:204 needles or prisms from chloroform or acetic acid   M.W.:192.17

scorpioid cyme:a monochasial cymose inflorescence branching alternately from a bracteole/prophyll on one side of a pedicel and then from one on the other side, the flowers being borne in two rows, the whole more or less zig-zag but also coiled like the tail of a scorpion, cf. drepanium, helicoid cyme, rhipidium.
Scutellarin:[27740-01-8]:Synonyms:Scutellarein-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide;Scutellarein-7-glucuronide;Scutellarein-7beta-D-glucuronide;Scutellarein-7beta-D-glucuronoside
CAS Type 1 Name: Flavone, 4',5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-, 7-beta-D-glucopyranuronoside;Scutellarin  Chemical Name:7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one
Formula: C₂₁ H₁₈O₁₂  CAS RN:27740-01-8 M.W.:462.36

scutellum:a more or less shield-shaped and absorbtive portion of the embryo or seedling of grasses, probably a modified cotyledon, cf. also coleoptile, coleorhiza, collet, eophyll, epiblast, epicotyl, hypocotyl, mesocotyl, plumule, primary leaf, radicle.
Sebacic Acid:Synonyms:1,10-decanedioic acid; 1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid; Decanedioic acid; n-decanedioic acid; Sebacic Acid;
Formula: C₁₀ H₁₈ O₄.  Molecular Weight:202.2498   CAS RN:111-20-6   Melting Point:134.5
ACX Number:X1007519-3.  Density1.21   Flashing Point:220   Boiling Point:294.4 at 100 mm Hg   Water Solubility:<0.1 g/100 mL at 21 C
secoiridoid:a class of route I iridoid derived from deoxyloganic acid via oxidation to carboxyl at C₁₁.
Secoiridoid base.

Deutzioside, C15 H22 O9.

Patrinoside, C21 H34 O11.

Secologanin, C17 H24 O10.

secondary:in pollination, where pollen is presented to the pollinator elsewhere than directly on the anther, see brush presentation, pollen presenter, pump presentation.
secondary growth:growth caused by the elongation, differentiation and maturation of cells derived from the lateral meristems, cf. primary growth.

secondary meristem:loosely, =lateral meristems.
secondary thickening:increase in diameter of the stem because of the activity of the lateral meristems.
secondary tissue:the differentiated products of lateral meristems.
secondary wall:that part of the cell wall deposited during late expansion growth of the cells with strengthening, etc., functions, and made up of cellulose fibrils, lignin, etc., cf. middle lamella, plasmodesmata, primary wall.
secretory:(of tapetum) = glandular.
secund:with all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side, applied especially how flowers are held in an inflorescence or stamens in a flower, cf. diffuse, divaricate.
seed:a propagating organ formed in the reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms, derived from the ovule and usually consisting of a protective seed coat (rarely absent) formed from the integument or integuments (see hilum, micropyle, linea fissura) and enclosing an embryo and often also food reserves (endosperm, primary endosperm or perisperm), see also aril, arillode, caruncle, coma, elaiosome ("appendages").
seed coat:covering of seed derived from ovular - mainly integumentary - tissue, but to be used only when not specified more precisely, for which see tegmen and testa.
seed leaf:= cotyledon.
seedling:the young plant that results from germination of the seed, see apical hook, coleoptile, coleorhiza, collet, cotyledon, eophyll, epiblast, epicotyl, hypocotyl, mesocotyl, plumule, primary leaf, radicle.
segment:a part or sub-division of a structure.
Selenium:[7782-49-2]:Synonyms:C.I. 77805;CCRIS 4250;CI 77805;Caswell No. 732;Colloidal selenium;EINECS 231-957-4;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072001;Elemental selenium;Gray selenium;HSDB 4493;Selen [Polish];Selenate;Selenium;Selenium alloy;Selenium base;Selenium dust;Selenium elemental;Selenium homopolymer;Selenium, colloidal;Selenium, metallic;Vandex
CAS Type 1 Name:Selenium
Formula:S_e.  CAS RN:7782-49-2 M.W.:78.96 Melting Point.:217 Water Solubility.:insoluble
Description:An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.A nonmetallic trace element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential mineral, being a constituent of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, and believed to be closely associated with vitamin E in its functions, but it occurs in toxic levels in several kinds of plants. Dietary deficiency, occurring where the soil has a low selenium content, results in cardiomyopathy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

self pollination:pollination of a flower by pollen from the same plant, cf. autogamy, geitonogamy, cf. also allogamy, cross pollination
semaphyll:any structure, bract, sepal (when the rest of the perianth is inconspicuous), etc., that is modified and forms the part of the flower that attracts the pollinator.
semelparous:of reproduction, when there is just a single episode of flowering in the life of an individual, cf. iteroparous, cf. more from the point of view of meristem persistence hapaxanthic, monocarpic, pleonanthic, and of plant duration, annual, biennial, ephemeral, perennial.
semicraspedodromous:pinnate venation, craspedodromous in particular, in which the secondary veins branch just inside the margin, one of the branches terminating at the margin, the other joining the superadjacent secondary vein, cf. simple craspedodromous in particular, also cf. acrodromous, brochidodromous, campylodromous, eucamptodromous.
semitectate:pollen in which the sexine forms a incomplete roof over the columellae, granules or other infratectal elements, the tectum in outer view often forming a reticulate pattern, cf. atectate, tectate.
senecionine:a pyrrolizidine alkaloid.
senescence:age-related processes that signal the beginning of the death of a plant or plant part.
sepal:a member of the (usually green) outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower, cf. epicalyx, petal, tepal.
sepaloid:looking like sepals, e.g. of bracts, when green and arranged in a ring beneath a flower.
septal nectary:a nectary consisting of more or less complexly organised epithelial surface in the septum or septal radius of the ovary in angiosperms, so far known only from monocots.
septate:see septum.
septicidal:of the dehiscence of a capsule (including schizocarps), separating down the middle of the septae or partitions between the loculi, cf. circumscissile, loculicidal, poricidal, septifragal.
septifragal:of the dehiscence of a capsule (including schizocarps), with the valves or backs of the carpels breaking away leaving the septae intact, cf. circumscissile, loculicidal, poricidal, septicidal.

septum:a thin partition or membrane that divides cavities or soft masses of tissues, e.g. the ovary loculus, anther sporangia, etc., pl. septa.
seriate:in rows or whorls, often used as a suffix, as in 2-seriate, biseriate, etc.
sericeous:of indumentum, silky in appearance, covered with silky hairs, cf. arbuscular, hirsute, hispid, lepidote, puberulous, pubescent, tomentose, T-shaped, villous, see also glabrescent and glabrate, which refer to stages in the loss of these hairs.
Serine [56-45-1]:Synonyms: 2-amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid; 3-hydroxy-alanine; L-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropionic Acid; L-Serine; L-(-)-serine; L-SERINE SIGMA GRADE; S; Ser; Serine; (S)-(-)-Serine;
Formula: C₃ H₇NO₃.  Molecular Weight:105.0932   CAS RN:56-45-1   ACX Number:X1007062-9.  Melting Point:222    Serine
serotinous:of fruits/cones releasing seeds only well after maturity or after burning.
Serotonin:[50-67-9]:5-hydroxytryptamine. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that also functions as a vasoconstrictor (substance that causes blood vessels to narrow). A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Synonyms:3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol;3-(beta-Aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole;5-22-12-00016 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);5-HT;5-Hta;5-Hydroxy-3-(beta-aminoethyl)indole;5-Hydroxytryptamine;Antemoqua;Antemovis;BRN 0143524;Ds substance;EINECS 200-058-9;Enteramine;Hippophain;Serotonin;Serotonine;Substance DS;Substanz DS;Thrombocytin;Thrombotonin;Tryptamine, 5-hydroxy-
Formula: C₁₀ H₁₂N₂O.  Molecular Weight:176.2176   CAS RN:50-67-9  Melting Point:167.5 deg C
serrate:of margins, toothed, with asymmetrical forwardly-pointing teeth, cf. biserrate, crenate, dentate, entire, undulate.
serrulate:finely serrate.
Sesamin:[607-80-7]:a lignan.
Synonyms:D-(+)-Sesamin;(+)-Segamin;Asarinin;d-Sesamin;Fagarol;Sesamin;Sesamin, (+)-;Sezamin;Tetrahydro-1, 4-bis[3, 4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]-1H, 3H-furo[3, 4-c]furan;NSC36403;AI3-00811;Asarinin;D-(+)-Sesamin;Episesamin;Fagarol;(+)-Asarinin, (+)-Episesamin, (+)-Sesamin, 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5, 5'- (tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis-, [1S-(1.alpha.,3a.alpha.,4.alpha.,6a.alpha.)]-, 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5,5'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo(3,4-c)furan-1,4-diyl)bis-, (1R-(1alpha,3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-;1,3-Benzodioxole, 5,5'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis-;1,3-Benzodioxole, 5,5'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis-, (1alpha,3aalpha,4beta,6abeta)-(+)-;1,3-Benzodioxole, 5,5'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis-, [1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha)]-;133-03-9;133-04-0;1H,3H-Furo[3, 4-c]furan, tetrahydro-1,4-bis[3,4- (methylenedioxy)phenyl]-, (1S, 3aR,4S,6aR)-;1H,3H-Furo[3,4-c]furan, 3abeta,4,6,6abeta-tetrahydro-1alpha,4beta-bis[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]-, (+)-;1H,3H-Furo[3,4-c]furan, tetrahydro-1,4-bis[3, 4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]-, (+)-, 2,6-Bis(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane;5-[4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1-yl]-1,3-benzodioxole;607-80-7;7076-24-6;AIDS-051004;AIDS051004;Asarinin;CHEMBANK2285;D-(+)-Sesamin;D-asarinin;d-Sesamin; DESAMIN;Fagarol;Isosesamin;NSC36403;NSC640330;NSC640330#NSC669389;NSC669389;PSEUDO CUBEBIN;S9314;sesamin;Sesamin, (+)-;Sezamin
Chemical Name:1,3-Benzodioxole, 5,5'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo(3,4-c)furan-1,4-diyl)bis-, (1S-(1alpha,3a alpha,4alpha,6a alpha))- ;1H,3H-Furo(3,4-c)furan, tetrahydro-1,4-bis(3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl)-, (1S,3aR,4S,6aR)- (8CI)
CAS RN:607-80-7  Formula:C₂₀H₁₈O₆ MW:354.36 Melting Point:124 deg C
Sesamin Sesamin
Note:Anticholesteremic agents;Antihypertensive agents

Seselin [523-59-1]:Synonyms:2H,8H-Benzo(1,2-b:3,4-b')dipyran-2-one, 8,8-dimethyl-;2H,8H-Benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one, 8,8-dimethyl-;2H-1-Benzopyran-6-acrylic acid, 5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-, delta-lactone;3',4'-Di-O-(-)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone;523-59-1;8,8-Dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo(1,2-b:3,4-b')dipyran-2-one;8,8-Dimethyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-2-one;AIDS-006516;AIDS006516;Amyrolin;C09312;Pyranocoumarin deriv.;Seselin;ZINC00265504
Chemical Name:2H,8H-Benzo(1,2-b:3,4-b')dipyran-2-one, 8,8-dimethyl- CAS RN:523-59-1  Formula: C₁₄H₁₂O₃  Molecular Weight:228.243 g/mol
Seselin Seselin
sesquiterpene lactones:lactones, subclass of C15 terpenoids (= sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpenes), bitter-tasting and toxic, derived via the mevalonate pathway from three C5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate units.
Xanthinin, C17 H22 O5.

Ambrosanolide, C17 H24 O5.

Eremophilanolide, C15 H22 O2.

sessile:without a stalk, e.g. a flower without a pedicel, as in a spike, or when applied to a stigma, indicates that the style is absent, the stigma sitting directly on the ovary.
seta:a bristle or stiff hair, setaceous, setiferous (bearing setae), setose, dim. setulose.
sexine (Erdtman term):the outer, sculptured layer of the exine, which lies above the nexine, sexine 1, the innermost layer = columellae; sexine 2 = tectum; sexine 3 = sculpture elements, .... sexine 5 = outermost layer of the sexine, although usually there are three layers.
sexual:of reproduction, a plant that produces viable offspring only via fertilisation, see oogamy, cf. apomixis, asexual reproduction, vegetative reproduction.
sheath:especially of the lower part of a monocot leaf, closely and completely surrounding the stem, see closed, open.
sheathing:of a stipule that entirely surrounds the stem, "ochreate" in the image, cf. interpetiolar, intrapetiolar.
shikimic acid:an aromatic carboxylic acid that is a precursor in the biosynthesis of alkaloids and flavonoids.
Shikimic acid, C7 H10 O5.
shogaol [555-66-8]:Synonyms:(6)-Shogaol;4-DECEN-3-ONE, 1-(4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYL)-;555-66-8;C10494;CCRIS 2038;Shogaol;[6]-Shogaol
Cas Type 1 Name:Shogaol   Chemical Name:4-Decen-3-one, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-
Formula:C₁₇ H₂₄O₃.  Molecular Weight:276.371 g/mol  CAS RN:555-66-8
shogaol shogaol
6-shogaol [555-66-8]:See shogaol.
shoot apical meristem (SAM):a group of pluripotent cells at the apex of a stem from which stems, leaves and reproductive structures differentiate, see corpus, tunica (a histological zonation in angiosperms and Gnetales).
short-day:of a photoperiodic response, where short periods of light alternating with long periods of dark are neeeded for flowering to occur (more accurately, a long uninterrupted period of dark), cf. long-day.

short shoot:a shoot in which the internodes elongate little or at all, bearing reproductive structures and/or leaves, cf. long shoot; the comparison is often made between axillary shoots.
shrub:of habit, a woody plant less than five metres high, either without a distinct main axis, or with branches persisting on the main axis almost to its base, cf. acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, herb, liane, rheophyte, schopfbaum, subshrub, suffrutescent, tree, vine, see also life forms.
sieve cell:a conducting cell in phloem tissue of gymnosperms, elongated, nucleate, and not necessarily derived from the same mother cell that produces the closely associated albuminous cell, cf. sieve tube.
sieve element:a cell in phloem tissue involved in the longitudinal conduction of food materials, see sieve cell, sieve tube.
sieve plate:an area of the wall of a sieve tube that has larger pores than are found elsewhere on the wall.
sieve tube:a conducting cell in phloem tissue of angiosperms, that is elongated, enucleate, with P[phloem]-protein, sieve tube plastids and a sieve plate; derived from the same mother cell that produces the closely associated companion cell, cf. sieve cell.
sieve tube plastid:a plastid in the sieve tube usually with starchy or proteinaceous inclusions, cf. amyloplast, chromoplast, chloroplast, leucoplast.
sigmoid:doubly curved in opposite directions like the letter S.
Silica:Synonyms:AI3-25549;Acticel;Aerogel 200;Aerosil;Aerosil 300;Aerosil 380;Aerosil A 300;Aerosil E 300;Aerosil K 7;Aerosil M-300;Aerosil bs-50;Aerosil-degussa;Amorphous silica dust;Amorphous silica gel;CCRIS 3699;CI 7811;Cab-o-sil M-5;Cabosil N 5;Cabosil st-1;Carplex;Carplex 30;Carplex 80;Caswell No. 734A;Celite superfloss;Chalcedony;Colloidal silicon dioxide;Corasil II;Cristobalite;Diatomaceous earth;Diatomaceous earth, calcined;Dimethyl siloxanes and silicones;Dri-Die;EINECS 231-545-4;ENT 25,550;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072605;Extrusil;Fossil flour;Fused silica;Glass;HK 400;Hi-Sil;Hydrophobic silica 2482;Ludox hs 40;Manosil vn 3;Micro-cel;Min-U-sil;N1030;Nalco 1050;Nalfloc N 1050;Neosil;Neosyl;Opal;Pigment White 27;Porasil;Positive sol 130M;Positive sol 232;Quartz;Quso 51;Quso G 30;Santocel;Sg-67;Silanox 101;Silica;Silica (SiO2);Silica particles;Silica, amorphous;Silica, amorphous fused;Silica, colloidal;Silicic anhydride;Silicon dioxide;Silicon dioxide (amorphous);Silicon oxide;Silikil;Sillikolloid;Siloxid;Sipernat;Snowtex 30;Snowtex O;Superfloss;Syton 2X;Tokusil TPLM;Tridymite;U 333;Ultrasil VH 3;Ultrasil VN 3;Vitasil 220;Vulkasil S;Wessalon;White carbon;Zeofree 80;Zipax;Zorbax sil
Chemical Name:CAB-O-SIL N-70TS;Silica;Silica 2482, hydrophobic;Silicon dioxide, chemically prepared
Formula: O₂Si.  CAS RN:7631-86-9  Other RN:11139-72-3
Silica
Note:Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.
Silicates:[12001-26-2]:Synonyms:Fluorophlogopite; Margarite; Mica; Silicates; Soapstone; Zinnwaldite;Abhrak;C 1000;CI 77019;Davenite P 12;HSDB 2539;HX 610;Mica, fluorian;Micatex;Micromica W 1;Muscovite;P 80P;Silicate, mica;Suzorite;Suzorite 60S;Suzorite mica
CAS Type 1 Name:CI 77019,Muscovite mica,mica
Description: The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)
CAS RN:12001-26-2

siliceous:containing silica (SiO₂).
Silicic Acid:[1343-98-2]:Synonyms: Caswell No. 734;Cubosic;EINECS 215-683-2;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 072602;G 952;H-Ilerit;Hydrosilisic acid;K 320DS;K 60;K 60 (silicate);Mikronisil;Neoxyl ET;Polyorthosilicic acid;Polysilicic acid;Silica acid;Silica gel;Silicic acid hydrate;Silicon hydroxide;Silton TF 06;Sipernat 17;Sipernat 50;Sipernat 50S;Sipernat D 10;Sipernat S;Sizol 030;Vulcasil S/GR;Zeosil 45
CAS Type 1 Name:Silicic acid
Chemical Name: Silicic acid
Description: Hydrated silicon dioxide that occurs in nature. It is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
CAS RN:1343-98-2 Other RN: 12673-75-5; 158296-67-4; 68373-08-0; 84141-05-9; 9063-16-5; 98530-20-2  Related RN: 10193-36-9 (H4SiO4) ;  7699-41-4 (H2SiO3)
Silicicacid
Silicon:[12597-37-4]:Synonyms:Silicon
CAS Type 1 Name:Silicon
Formula:S_i.  CAS RN:12597-37-4 M.W.:28.086 Silicon
silicula, siliqua, silique (etc.):a series of terms applied to the septifragal capsules esp. of Brassicaceae, confusing and of no value here.
Silybin:[22888-70-6]:Synonyms:Alepa-forte;Ardeyhepan;Ardeypharm brand of silybin;Cefak brand of silybin;Cefasilymarin;Duopharm brand of silybin;durasilymarin;hepa-loges;Hepa-Merz Sil;HepaBesch;Hepar-Pasc;Heparsyx;Hepatos;Heplant;Hevert brand of silybin;Lagosa;Loges brand of silybin;Merck dura brand of silybin;Merz brand of silybin;Pascoe brand of silybin;silibin;silibinin;Spitzner brand of silybin;Strathmann brand of silybin;Syxyl brand of silybin;7C3MT;EINECS 245-302-5;Flavobin;Flavobin Spofa;NSC 651520;Silibinin;Silibinina [INN-Spanish];Silibinine [INN-French];Silibininum [INN-Latin];Silliver;Silybine;Silymarin I;Silymarine I Chemical Name:3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl)-4-chromano;4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-2-(2,3-dihydro-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-, (2R-(2-alpha,3-beta,6(2R*,3R*)))- ;4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(2,3-dihydro-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3,5,7-trihydroxy-, (2R-(2alpha,3beta,6(2R*,3R*)))-;Silibinin;Silybin (7CI)
Formula: C₂₅ H₂₂ O₁₀.  Molecular Weight:482.4428   CAS RN:22888-70-6 Silybin Silybin
Note:A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent.
Silicristin:[33889-69-9]:Synonyms:EINECS 251-720-9;Silicristina [INN-Spanish];Silicristine [INN-French];Silicristinum [INN-Latin] Chemical Name:2-(2,3-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-benzofuranyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4-chromanone ;Silicristin
Formula: C₂₅ H₂₂ O₁₀.  CAS RN:33889-69-9
Silychristin
Silidianin:[29782-68-1]:Synonyms:EINECS 249-848-5;Silidianina [INN-Spanish];Silidianine [INN-French];Silidianinum [INN-Latin] Chemical Name:(+)-2,3alpha,3aalpha,7a-Tetrahydro-7aalpha-hydroxy-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-(3alpha,5,7-trihydroxy-4-oxo-2beta-chromanyl)-3,6-methanobenzofuran-7(6alphaH)-one;Silidianin
Formula: C₂₅ H₂₂ O₁₀.  CAS RN:29782-68-1

Silymarin:[65666-07-1]:Synonyms:CCRIS 7096;Flavobion;Legalon;Legalon 70;Milk thistle
Formula:Unspecified.  CAS RN:65666-07-1
simaroubolide:quassinoids, e.g. simarolide, occurring in Simaroubaceae.

simple aperture:of pollen where the aperture membranes are more or less uniform, cf. compound aperture, see colpate, forate, porate, rugate, sulcate, trichotomosulcate, and ulcerate apertures.
simple-craspedodromous:of pinnate venation, a variant of craspedodromous in which the secondary veins and their branches terminate at the margins, often as teeth, cf. semicraspedodromous in particular, also cf. acrodromous, actinodromous, brochidodromous, eucamptodromous, reticulodromous.
simple fruit:a fruit that is made up of two or more connate carpels or from a single carpel, e.g. as in Fabaceae, Asteraceae, etc., etc., i.e., fruit made up of a single unit (although this seems a singularly unhelpful definition, even by the standards of fruit terminology), cf. accessory fruit, aggregate fruit, multiple fruit.
simple leaf:of a leaf, not divided into leaflets, cf. compound; of a hair or an inflorescence, not branched;
simple perforation:of a vessel element, the end walls having completely broken down, cf. scalariform.
simple pit:of vascular pits, with the opening the same width as the base, cf. bordered, scalariform, vestured.
simple polyembryony:where there is more than one embryo per ovule because of the development of more than one fertilised egg, cf. adventitious (poly)embryony, cleavage polyembryony.
simultaneous:of microsporogenesis where cell wall formation occurs only at the second meiotic division, the resultant tetrads being tetrahedral, somes associated with trichotomosulcate pollen, cf. successive.
Sinapic acid[530-59-6]:See same as Sinapinic acid.
sinapine, sinigrine:methyl glucosinolates.
Sinapine, C16 H24 N O5.

Sinapinic acid:[530-59-6]:Synonyms:3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, predominantly trans isomer; Sinapate; Sinapinic acid;Synapoic acid;Sinapic acid;Sinapinic acid;
CAS Type 1 Name:3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid  Chemical Name:2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-
Formula:C₁₁H₁₂O₅.  CAS RN:530-59-6 M.W.:224.2128 Melting Point.:203 - 205 Note.:Anti-infective agents
Sinapinicacid
Sinensetin[2306-27-6]:Synonyms:3',4',5,6,7-pentamethoxyflavone;Sinensetin
Chemical Name:4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxy-
Formula: C₂₀ H₂₀O₇  CAS RN:2306-27-6

sinistrorse:= counterclockwise, cf. dextrorse or clockwise.
Sinomenine:[115-53-7]:Synonyms:4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphin-7-en- 6-one;cocculine;cucoline;cuculine;kukoline;sinomenine A bismethyliodide;sinomenine hydrochloride;5-21-13-00516 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);7,8-Didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-17-methyl-9-alpha,13-;alpha,14-alpha-morphinan-6-one;BRN 0095280;CCRIS 1550;Coculine;Cucoline;EINECS 204-094-6;Kukoline;Sabianine A;Sinomenine
CAS Type 1 Name:(9alpha,13alpha,14alpha)-7,8-Didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one;9-alpha,13-alpha,14-alpha-Morphinan-6-one, 7,8-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-17-methyl-
Chemical Name:Sinomenine
Formula: C₁₉H₂₃N O₄  CAS RN:115-53-7 Related RN:6080-33-7 (hydrochloride salt)

sinuate, sinuous:with horizontal, wave-like depressions, e.g. along a margin, not necessarily with teeth, cf. biserrate, crenate, dentate, entire, serrate, undulate.
siphonogamy:the process of fertilisation in which an elongated pollen tube delivers the non-flagellated gametes directly to the egg apparatus, cf. zooidogamous.
siphonostele:a variant of a stele in which the central vascular column is medullated, i.e. has pith, see amphiphloic, ectophloic, cf. atactostele, eustele, dictyostele (this is a dissected amphiphloic siphonostele!), protostele.
sister group:a clade that joins the tree immediately adjacent to a clade just mentioned, cf. in group, outgroup.
sitoindoside II:[53657-29-7]:Synonyms:beta-Sitosterol 3-O-(6-O-oleoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside;sitoindoside II
CAS Type 1 Name:beta-sitosterol 3-O-(6-O-oleoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Chemical Name:beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (3beta)-stigmast-5-en-3-yl, 6-(9-octadecenoate), (Z)-
Formula: C₅₃ H₉₂ O₇.  CAS RN:53657-29-7
sitoindosideII

sitosterol:[5779-62-4]:Synonyms:24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol; Beta-sitosterol; beta-Sitosterol, with ca. 10% campesterol; sitosterol;24-ethylcholest-5-en-3 beta-ol;24-ethylcholesterol;3beta-sitosterol;3beta-stigmast-5-en-3-ol;beta-sitosterol;clionasterol;Harzol;sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer;sitosterol, (3beta,24S)-isomer;sitosterol, (3beta,24xi)-isomer;sitosterol, 26-(14)C-labeled;24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol;24-Ethylcholesterol;3beta-Sitosterol;Clionasterol;Harzol ;NSC 8096 ;beta-Sitosterol;alpha.Dihydrofucosterol;.beta.Sitosterin;.beta.Sitosterol;Angelicin;Cinchol;Cupreol;Harzol;Quebrachol;Rhamnol;NSC8096
CAS Type 1 Name:Stigmast-5-en-3-ol;Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3beta)-
Chemical Name:Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3beta)-; 24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol
Formula: C₂₉ H₅₀ O.  Molecular Weight: 414.7134   CAS RN:5779-62-4 Other RN:83-46-5   Melting Point: 139 - 142

Sitogluside:The same as lyoniside ,or beta-sitosterol glucoside,CAS RN.[474-58-8].
skotophilic:lit. "dark loving".
slime:(in phloem sieve tubes) = P-protein.
slit:an elongated opening through which pollen escapes from an anther, cf. pore, valve.
slit-monosymmetric:of a monosymmetric flower in which it is as if the corolla has been slit down one side and more or less spread open, cf. bilabiate, papilionoid, personate.
snail gland:cf. colleter, dendritic, malpighiaceous, pearl gland, stellate, T-shaped hair.
Sodium:[7440-23-5]:Synonyms:Natrium; Sodium; Sodium, 30 wt% dispersion in toluene, <0.1 mm particle size;
CAS Type 1 Name:Sodium
Chemical Formula: N_a
Description: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance.
CAS RN:7440-23-5 Other RN:184637-88-5; 213530-35-9 M.W.:22.98977 Melting Point.:97.8 Boiling Point.:892
Sodium Salicylate[54-21-7]:Synonyms:2-Hydroxybenzoic acid monosodium salt;Alysine;Aroall;CCRIS 6715;Clin;Diuretin;EINECS 200-198-0;Enterosalicyl;Enterosalil;Entrosalyl;Glutosalyl;Idocyl novum;Kerasalicyl;Kerosal;Magsalyl;Monosodium 2-hydroxybenzoate;Monosodium salicylate;NSC 202167;Nadisal;Natium salicylicum;Natrium salicylat [German];Neo-salicyl;Parbocyl-rev;Salicylic acid, sodium salt;Salisod;Salsonin;Sodium 2-hydroxybenzoate;Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate;Sodium salicylate;o-Hydroxybenzoic acid monosodium salt
Chemical Name:Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monosodium salt;Salicylic acid, monosodium salt;Sodium salicylate
CAS Type 1 Name:Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monosodium salt
Formula: C₇H₆O₃.Na  Molecular Weight:160.10447  CAS RN:118-55-8
Melting Point:213 dec deg C  log P (octanol-water):-1.43E+00  Water Solubility:1.25E+05 mg/L at 25 deg C;  Vapor Pressure:3.68E-11 mm Hg at 25 deg C  Atmospheric OH Rate Constant:3.05E-11 cm³/molecule-sec at 25 deg C SodiumSalicylate
Description:A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is less effective than equal doses of ASPIRIN in relieving pain and reducing fever. However, individuals who are hypersensitive to ASPIRIN may tolerate sodium salicylate. In general, this salicylate produces the same adverse reactions as ASPIRIN, but there is less occult gastrointestinal bleeding. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p120)

softwood:wood of a gymnosperm, usually softer than that from a broad-leaved angiosperm because of the fewer fibers, etc., cf. hardwood.
Solanidine [80-78-4]:Synonyms:22R,25S-Solanidanine,22R,25S-Solanidine,3-beta-Solanid-5-en-3-ol,4-21-00-01398 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),80-78-4,BRN 0045370,C06543,CCRIS 6508,EINECS 201-309-5,NSC 76025,NSC76025,Solanid-5-en-3-beta-ol,Solanid-5-en-3-ol, (3-beta)- (9CI),Solanid-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)-,Solanid-5-en-3-ol, (3beta)- (9CI),Solanid-5-en-3.beta.-ol,Solanid-5-en-3beta-ol (8CI),Solanidin,Solanidine,Solatubin,Solatubine
CAS Type 1 Name:3-beta-Solanid-5-en-3-ol CAS RN:80-78-4  Formula:C₂₇-H₄₃-N-O  M.W:397.636 g/mol  Melting Point:218.5 deg C

Solanine [20562-02-1]:Synonyms:4-21-00-01402 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);BRN 0077607;CCRIS 6507;EINECS 243-879-8;HSDB 3539;Solanid-5-ene, 3-beta-((O-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy)-;Solanine;Solatunine;alpha-Solanin;beta-D-Galactopyranoside, (3beta)-solanid-5-en-3-yl O-6-;deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3))
CAS Type 1 Name:beta-D-Galactopyranoside, (3beta)-solanid-5-en-3-yl O-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3))- CAS RN:20562-02-1  Formula:C₄₅-H₇₃-N-O₁₅ Melting Point:285 dec deg C
Solanine
Solasodine [126-17-0]:Synonyms:solasodine citrate, (3alpha,22alpha,25R)-isomer;solasodine, (3beta,22beta,25S)-isomer;tomatidenol;100597;126-17-0;6106-33-8;CHEMBANK1359;NISTC126170;NSC178260;NSC179187;NSC35543;Purapuridine;Salasdine;Salasodine;Solancarpidine;Solanidine-S;Solasod-5-en-3.beta.-ol;Solasod-5-en-3.beta.-ol;hydrochloride;Solasod-5-en-3beta-ol;Solasodin;Solasodine;Solasodine hydrochloride;Solasodine hydrochloride base;Solasodine;hydrochloride;Sosasodine;Spirosol-5-en-3-ol;Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.,22.alpha.,25R)-;Spirosol-5-en-3-ol;(3beta,22alpha,25R)-;Spirosol-5-en-3-ol;hydrochloride, (3.beta.,22.alpha.,25R)-;Spiro[8H-naphth[2',1':4,5]indeno[2,1-b]furan-8,2'-piperidine],spirosol-5-en-3-ol deriv.
CAS Type 1 Name:Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3beta,22alpha,25R)- (9CI) Solasodine  CAS RN:126-17-0  Formula:C₂₇-H₄₃-N-O₂  M.W:413.636 g/mol  Melting Point:202 deg C

solenostele:= amphiphloic siphonostele.
solitary:of flowers, borne singly, not grouped in an inflorescence.
somatic embryo:an embryo developing from previously differentiated somatic cells, not from a zygote, a term usually used in tissue culture.
Sophoradiol [6822-47-5]:Synonyms:Sophoradiol;Olean-12-ene-3.beta., 22.beta.-diol.
Chemical Name:Olean-12-ene-3,22-diol, (3beta,22beta)-;Chemical Name: (3S,6aR,6bS,8aR,9R,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-Octamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-eicosahydro-picene-3,9-diol;   Formula: C₃₀ H₅₀O₂  Molecular Weight:442.72   Melting Point:385 dec deg C   CAS RN:6822-47-5
Sophoradiol
Sorbitol:the polyol (sugar alcohol) corresponding to glucose.
sorus:in ferns, a discrete group of sporangia, pl. sori.
sorbitol:a hexitol formed by reduction of the carbonyl group of glucose, cf. mannitol.
Sorbitol, C6 H14 O6.

spadix:a spicate inflorescence with congested flowers and a stout, often succulent axis, often more or less surrounded by a spathe, cf. see corymb, fascicle, panicle, raceme, thyrse, umbel.
spathe:a large inflorescence bract ensheathing an inflorescence, cf. spadix; spathaceous, like a spathe, with a spathe.
spathella:as in some Podostemaceae, a closed membranous sac which envelopes the immature flower, rupturing irregularly as the pedicel elongates at anthesis.
spathulate (= spatulate):spoon-shaped; broad at the tip and narrowed towards the base.
species:a taxon comprising one or more populations of individuals capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring and not so interbreeding with other species, or a group of organisms phenetically distinguishable from other such groups, or...., the lowest major rank of the taxonomic hierarchy, cf. class, family, genus, order.
sperm:the two nuclei of the male gametophyte of angiosperms that are produced from the generative cell, cf. vegetative cell.
spherical:a general pollen shape descriptor, a radially symmetrical grain in which the polar axis and equatorial diameter are about the same, cf. boat-shaped, globose, oblate, prolate.
sphingophilous:of entomophilous flowers pollinated by hawk moths, often with a distinctive syndrome (long tube, spreading lobes, whitish color, sweet scent, etc.), cf. cantharophilous, melittophilous, myophilous, sapromyophilous.
spike:a racemose inflorescence, unbranched, the flowers sessile, adj. spicate, cf. corymb, fascicle, panicle, spadix, thyrse, umbel. Note that the inflorescence of grasses like barley (Hordeum), etc. are not spikes in the strict sense, since the flowers are borne on congested lateral branches.
spikelet:a unit of the inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges and some other monocotyledons, a racemose unit consisting of one to many closely-packed flowers and associated glumes, etc.
Spinasterol[481-18-5]:Synonyms:alpha-spinasterol;spinasterol, (3beta,5alpha,22E,24R)-isomer;(3-beta,5-alpha,22E)-Stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-ol, 481-18-5, 5-alpha-Stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-beta-ol, (E)-, alpha-Spinasterin, alpha-Spinasterol, Bessisterol, C08840, Hitodesterol, Spinasterol, Stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3-beta,5-alpha,22E)-
Chemical Name:2-Penten-1-ol, 5-(2,3-dimethyltricyclo(2.2.1.0(sup 2,6))hept-3-yl)-2-methyl-, (R(Z))-
CAS RN:481-18-5  Formula:C₂₉H₄₈O M.W:412.691 g/mol


spine:a stiff, vascularised, sharp-pointed structure, formed from a leaf or part of a leaf such as a stipule, leaf tooth, etc., cf. prickle, thorn.
spinose:a leaf tooth in which the principal vein projects beyond the non-glandular apex, cf. begonioid, chloranthoid, cucurbitoid, cunonioid, dillenioid, malvoid, monimioid, platanoid, rosoid, salicoid, theoid, urticoid, violoid.
spinose:of pollen, = echinate.
spiral:of leaves or floral organs, borne singly at different levels on the axis, the insertion points of successively initiated structures forming a spiral, cf. alternate, bijugate, decussate, distichous, opposite, pseudoverticillate, spiromonistichous, tristichous, whorled.
spiromonistichous:of leaves or floral organs, borne in a single rank in a spiral along the axis, cf. alternate, bijugate, decussate, distichous, opposite, pseudoverticillate, spiral, tristichous, whorled.
split lateral:of the nodal anatomy of some plants with opposite leaves, where traces departing from the central vascular cylinder at the midpoints between the two leaves divide into two, one part proceeding to each of the leaves, cf. multilacunar, trilacunar, unlacunar, see also flank bridges.
spodogram:literally "ash letter", the remains of cystoliths, etc., after calcining a leaf.
spongy:especially of leaf mesophyll, but of tissues in general, where the cells are little elongated and not closely packed, there being large intercellular spaces, cf. palisade.
sporangium:a structure within which spores are formed, pl. sporangia, in flowering plants, see anther and its thecae and also the nucellus of an ovule, for vascular plants in general, see eusporangium/giate and leptosporangium/giate.
spore:a haploid reproductive structure produced after meiosis marking the end of the sporophytic phase of the life cycle, germinating to produce the gametophyte, see megaspore and microspore/pollen (kinds of spores) and endosporic and exosporic (development of spores).
sporocyte:a cell that undergoes meiosis and produces spores, see megasporocyte, microsporocyte.

sporogenous:spore-generating.
sporophyll:a leaf-like organ on which one or more sporangia are borne, see megasporophyll (carpel), microsporophyll (stamen), cf. tropophyll.
sporophyte:the diploid phase of the life cycle of a land plant (alternation of generations), a plant that bears spores formed by meiotic events, cf. gametophyte.
sporopollenin:the most highly decay- and chemical-resistant biopolymer known, made up of cross-linked phenolics and hydrocarbons that covers pollen grains in particular and embryophyte spores in general (but not the megaspore in flowering plants).
sport:= mutant.
spring wood:= early wood.
spur:a tubular pouch at the base of a perianth part, often containing nectar ; of a shoot, = short shoot.
Stachydrine[471-87-4]:Synonyms:1,1-Dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate;471-87-4;AIDS-013404;AIDS013404;CPD-821;N,N-dimethyl proline;N,N-dimethyl-L-proline, inner salt;NSC655263;proline betaine;Pyrrolidinium, 2-carboxy-1,1-dimethyl-;stachydrine
Chemical Name:Pyrrolidinium, 2-carboxy-1,1-dimethyl-; 1,1-Dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate  Formula:C₁₇-H₁₃-N-O₂.  CAS RN:471-87-4  Molecular Weight:143.19 g/mol

stachysporous:of sporangia borne directly on a stem, cf. phyllosporous.
Stannum:the same as Tin,A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71.
stamen:a microsporophyll, a member of the androecium, made up of anther, connective, and filament, and variously fused, see diadelphous, fascicle, monadelphous, phalangiate, syngenesious.
staminal corona:in Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae, fleshy outgrowths of tissue, attached abaxially to the staminal column at the bases of the filaments or on the backs of the anthers, see gynostegial corona.
staminate:(of a flower) with functional stamens only, cf. carpellate, neuter, perfect.
staminode:a sterile stamen, minute and practically invisible to large and petaloid, sometimes bearing an antherode.

standard:a relatively large adaxial petal (or petals) in a papilionoid flower, cf. keel, wings.
stapetalum:referring to the length of corolla tube with fused/adnate stamens (the term synstapetalum may be used instead), cf. apostapetalum, cf. also hypanthium, stemonozone.
starch:a more or less coiled-chain polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose units, see amylose and amylopectin, cf. callose, cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectin.
starch sheath:the outer and starch-containing layer of cells of a two-layered bundle sheath surrounding a vascular bundle, cf. mestome sheath, parenchyma sheath.
staurocytic:of stomata, with four (three to five) subsidiary cells each oblique to the long axis of the guard cells, cf. actinocytic, allelocytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, cyclocytic, diacytic, helicocytic, laterocytic, paracytic, parallelocytic, tetracytic.
Stearic acid:[57-11-4]:Synonyms:1-heptadecanecarboxylic acid; barolub fta; hydrofol acid 150; hydrofol acid 1655; hydrofol acid 1855; hy-phi 1199; hy-phi 1205; hy-phi 1303; hy-phi 1401; hystrene 4516; hystrene 5016; hystrene 7018; hystrene 80; hystrene 9718; hystrene s 97; hystrene t 70; industrene 5016; industrene 8718; industrene 9018; industrene r; kam 1000; kam 2000; kam 3000; loxiol g 20; lunac s 20; naa 173; neo-fat 18; neo-fat 18-53; neo-fat 18-54; neo-fat 18-55; neo-fat 18-59; neo-fat 18-61; neo-fat 18-s; n-octadecanoate; n-octadecylic acid; stearex beads; Stearic acid; stearophanic acid; PD 185; pearl stearic; promulsin; proviscol wax; tegostearic 254; tegostearic 255; tegostearic 272; vanicol; century 1210; century 1220; century 1230; century 1240; cetylacetic acid; dar-chem 14; emersol 120; emersol 132; emersol 150; emersol 153; emersol 6349; formula 300; glycon dp; glycon s-70; glycon s-80; glycon s-90; glycon tp; groco 54; groco 55; groco 55l; groco 58; groco 59; humko industrene r; hydrofol 1895;Stearic acid;AFCO-Chem B 65;Bonderlube 235;C-Lube 10;Edenor FHTI;Flexichem B;Nonsoul SK 1;Nonsoul SN 1 (*Sodium salt*);Prodhygine;Serfax MT 90;SNA-2000 (*Sodium salt*) ; 1-Heptadecanecarboxylic acid; 4-02-00-01206 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); AI3-00909;Acidum stearinicul;BRN 0608585;CCRIS 2305;Caswell No. 801D;Century 1240;Cetylacetic acid;Dar-chem 14;EINECS 200-313-4;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079082;Emersol 120;Emersol 132;Emersol 150;FEMA No. 3035;Formula 300;Glycon DP;Glycon S-70;Glycon S-80;Glycon S-90;Glycon TP;Groco 54;Groco 55;Groco 55L;Groco 55l;Groco 58;Groco 59;HSDB 2000;HY-Phi 1199;HY-Phi 1205;HY-Phi 1303;HY-Phi 1401;Humko Industrene R;Hy-phi 1199;Hy-phi 1205;Hy-phi 1303;Hy-phi 1401;Hydrofol 1895;Hydrofol Acid 150 (VAN);Hydrofol acid 150;Hydrofol acid 1655;Hydrofol acid 1855;Hystrene 4516;Hystrene 5016;Hystrene 7018;Hystrene 80;Hystrene 9718;Hystrene S-97;Hystrene T-70;Industrene 5016;Industrene 8718;Industrene 9018;Industrene R;KAM 1000;KAM 2000;KAM 3000;NAA 173;NSC 25956;Neo-fat 18;Neo-fat 18-53;Neo-fat 18-54;Neo-fat 18-55;Neo-fat 18-59;Neo-fat 18-61;Neo-fat 18-S;Octadecanoic acid;Octadecansaeure;PD 185;Pearl stearic;Stearex beads;Stearic acid; Stearinsaeure;Stearophanic acid;Tegostearic 254;Tegostearic 255;Tegostearic 272;Vanicol; n-Octadecanoic acid;aluminum monostearate;aluminum tristearate;calcium stearate;magnesium stearate;octadecanoic acid;zinc stearate
Name of Substance:Stearic acid;Stearic acid [USAN:JAN];n-Octadecanoic acid

Chemical Name:Octadecanoic acid
Formula: C₁₈ H₃₆ O₂.  Molecular Weight:284.4812   CAS RN:57-11-4   Other RN:134503-33-6 ; 39390-61-9 ; 58392-66-8 ; 8013-28-3 ; 8023-06-1 ; 8037-40-9 ; 8037-83-0 ; 8039-51-8 ; 8039-52-9 ; 8039-53-0 ; 8039-54-1; 82497-27-6Melting Point:69.3
ACX Number:X1000921-5.  Density0.847   Flashing Point:196   Boiling Point:361   Water Solubility:0.1-1 g/100 mL at 23 C
stearic acid

stegmata:SiO₂-containing cells usu. adjacent to vascular tissue, the wall adjacent to the underlying sclerenchyma thick, the anticlinal walls thinner, and the outer periclinal wall thinnest; the term, rarely used when the cells are epidermal.
stele:the central column of primary vascular tissue in the root and stem and any tissue that it surrounds, cf. cortex, epidermis, see atactostele, eustele, protostele (of which actinostele, haplostele, and plectostele are variants), siphonostele (of which a dictyostele, amphiphloic siphonostele and ectophloic siphonostele are variants).
stellate:star-shaped, e.g. of a hair, cf. colleter, dendritic, malpighiaceous, pearl gland, snail gland, T-shaped hair, also used to describe indumentum, cf. arbuscular, glabrescent, glabrous, hirsute, hispid, lepidote, puberulous, pubescent, sericeous, tomentose, villous.
stem:commonly thought of as one of the three basic parts of the seed plant body, that part of the axial system which bears leaves and buds and flowers; it is usually above ground and more or less negatively geotropic, exogenous in origin, often indeterminate in growth, and with secondary thickening, cf. leaf, root (the other main parts of the seed plant body).
stem-based:a way of defining a clade in which the basal part of an internode on a cladogram is the defining point, e.g. the clade consisting of A and all organisms that share a more recent common ancestor with A than with B, cf. apomorphy-based, node-based.
stem group:that part of a clade between the common ancestor of the clade as a whole and the common ancestor of the extant members of the group, cf. crown group.
stemonozone:tube formed by the adnation of filaments to the corolla, as in Fabaceae-Mimosoideae, essentially an epipetalous androecium when there are numerous stamens, cf. hypanthium, stapetalum.
steno- (prefix):narrow.
stephano:- (prefix, of pollen apertures) = zono-.
Stepharine [2810-21-1]:Synonyms:stepharine monohydrochloride;stepharine tosylate;2810-21-1, AI3-34587, BAS 00704732, NSC 135069, NSC135069, Spiro(2,5-cyclohexadien-1,7'(1'H)-cyclopent(ij)isoquinolin)-4-one, 2',3',8',8'a-tetrahydro-5,6-dimethoxy-, (R)-, Spiro(2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,7'(1'H)-cyclopent(ij)isoquinolin)-4-one, 2',3',8',8'a-tetrahydro-5',6'-dimethoxy-, (R)- (9CI), Spiro[2,5-cyclohexadiene-1, 7' (1'H)-cyclopent[ij]isoquinolin]-4-one, 2',3',8', 8'a-tetrahydro-5',6'-dimethoxy-, (R)-, Spiro[2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,7'(1'H)-cyclopent[ij]isoquinolin]-4-one, 2',3',8',8'a-tetrahydro-5',6'-dimethoxy-, (R)-, Stepharine, Stepharine (8CI)
Chemical Name:13-[(2-O-.beta.-D-Glucopyranosyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic acid .beta.-D-glucopyranosyl ester  Formula: C₁₈ H₁₉NO₃.  Molecular Weight:297.348 g/mol  CAS RN:2810-21-1

stereom(e):a collective term for all the supporting tissues in the vascular tissue of a plant, cf. hadrom(e), leptom(e).
sternotribic:in pollination, when the pollen is deposited on the underside of the visiting animal, cf. nototribic.
steroids:a molecule related to cholesterol. Many important hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are steroids....a large class of organic compounds characterized by a nucleus of 17 carbon atoms in the form of four fused rings (three containing six carbon atoms and one containing five) and with varying substituents and degrees of unsaturation, including sterols, cardiac-active glycones, and some sapogenins and alkaloids
Steroid hormone receptor:a protein within a cell which binds to a specific steroid hormone. Binding of the steroid hormone changes the shape of the receptor protein and activates it, allowing it to activate gene transcription. In this way, a steroid hormone can activate the synthesis of specific proteins.
sterols:terpenoids, solid, unsaturated steroid alcohols with an -OH group at the C3 position (bottom left below) that occur both free and as esters or glycosides, and are classified according to the organism in which they are found as mycosterols, phytosterols, etc.
Phytosterol, C29 H50 O.
Stevioside [57817-89-7]:Synonyms:1-O-(13-[(2-O-Hexopyranosylhexopyranosyl)oxy]-18-oxokaur-16-en-18-yl)hexopyranose, 77-05-4, Stevioside
Chemical Name:13-[(2-O-.beta.-D-Glucopyranosyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic acid .beta.-D-glucopyranosyl ester
Formula: C₃₈ H₆₀O₁₈.  Molecular Weight:804.87  CAS RN:57817-89-7  Melting Point:198 deg C   Water Solubility:1250 mg/L
Stevioside
stigma:that part of a carpel, or of a group of fused carpels, on which the pollen germinates, usually apical, cf. hyperstigma, cf. also compitum, ovary, style, stylodium, stylulus.
Stigmasterol:[83-48-7]:Synonyms:24-Ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol; Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol; Stigmasterol;Stigmasterin;Stigmasterol;Sterol;.beta.-Stigmasterol;.delta.5, 22-Stigmastadien-3.beta.-ol;D5-Stigmasterol;24-Ethyl-5, 22-cholestadien-3.beta.-ol;(24S)-5,22-Stigmastadien-3beta-ol; CCRIS 7476; EINECS 201-482-7; NSC 8095; Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3beta)- ; Stigmasterin; Stigmasterol
Formula: C₂₉ H₄₈ O.  Molecular Weight: 412.6976   CAS RN:83-48-7   Melting Point:160 - 164 .
ACX Number:X1031937-6.
CAS Type 1 Name:Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3beta,22E)-;Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-beta-ol ; Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3beta,22E)- (9CI) ; Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (8CI) ;Stigmasterol
Chemical Name:(3.beta.,22E)-Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol; (24S)-5,22-Stigmastadien-3beta-ol

stipe:a small stalk; in ferns, the stalk or petiole of a frond; in the gynoecium, a narrowed basal portion of the ovary proper, whether or not with loculi evident, adj. stipitate, cf. androgynophore, androphore, anthophore, gynophore.
stipel:stipule-like appendage(s) at the base of a leaflet (in unifoliolate or simple leaves, found at the top of the petiole), pl. stipellae, cf. petiolule.

stipule:one of (usually) a pair of appendages at the bases of leaves in many broad-leaved angiosperms, the term not used for monocot leaves, cf. hyperphyll, lamina, leaf base, petiole, see interpetiolar, intrapetiolar, sheathing.
stock:in grafting, the root or stem to which the scion is variously attached or inserted.
stolon:= runner.
stomata:a pore, especially a pore in the epidermis of a leaf or other aerial organ surrounded by two guard cells and often also with subsidiary cells, providing for gaseous exchange between plant tissues and the atmosphere (pl. stomata), formed from a meristemoid, see actinocytic, allelocytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, brachyparacytic, cyclocytic, diacytic, helicocytic, laterocytic, paracytic, staurocytic, tetracytic (classification based on morphology, can be further elaborated), also mesogenous, mesoperigenous, perigenous (classification based on development, can be elaborated) and amphistomatic, epistomatic, and hypostomatic (position on leaf surfaces).
stomium:the region of a sporangium in/down/along which dehiscence occurs, e.g. of an anther in flowering plants, including structural attributes that change over the course of anther ontogeny to give rise to the dehiscence region (see Hufford & Endress 1989, p. 303), pl. stomia, for fern sporangia, see annulus.
stone:of a drupe = pyrene.
stone cells:the brachysclereidal cells that can make the flesh of pears, etc., gritty.
storied:of vascular cambia, when the fusiform initials are arranged in horizontal tiers in tangential section.
stratified:of phloem, with periclinally-running bands of fibers interspersed with the conducting tissue.
striate:with several parallel longitudinal lines or ridges, often rather fine and close and separated by groves cf. costate, sulcate, cf. also (of the pollen surface) baculate, echinate, fossulate, gemmate, foveolate, pilate, lophate, psilate, reticulate, retipilate, rugulate, scabrate, verrucose.

strigose:of indumentum, with sharp, stiff hairs which are appressed to the surface; strigulose, minutely strigose, cf. arbuscular, glabrescent, glabrous, hirsute, hispid, lepidote, puberulous, pubescent, sericeous, stellate, tomentose, T-shaped, villous.
strobilus:a group of sporophylls borne close together on an axis, includes both cycad strobili and angiosperm flowers, but not pine cones.
strophiole:an elongate aril in the hilar region(??), cf. aril, caruncle, coma, elaiosome.
style:an elongated part of a carpel or group of fused carpels between the ovary and the stigma, more particularly, a single such structure of a syncarpous gynoecium, down which the pollen tubes grow, arising in the gynobasic, lateral or terminal positions, cf. stylodium, stylulus.
stylodium:free styles of an otherwise fully syncarpous gynoecium, cf. style, stylulus.
stylopodium:a disc-like enlargement of the base of the style.
styloid:a crystalline form of calcium oxalate consisting of usually single somewhat elongated crystals (at least four times longer than broad) with pointed or square ends, cf. druse, raphide, sand.
stylulus:an elongated part of an individual free carpel down which pollen tubes travel to that carpel alone, cf. style, stylodium.
suber:= cork.
suberin:cell wall component made up of poluphenolic element with appreciable hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives and also a glycerol-bridged polyester network, occuring in e.g. endodermis and cork.
subshrub:of habit, a low shrub, sometimes with partly herbaceous stems, cf. acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, herb, liane, rheophyte, schopfbaum, shrub, suffrutescent, tree, vine, see also life forms.

subsidiary cells:epidermal cells that are clearly differentiated from the others and that immediately surround the guard cells of the stomata, q.v. for the various distinctive arrangements of these cells.
substitution:of growth, branching after the terminal meristem of the shoot has aborted or been converted into an inflorescence, as in plagiotropy by substitution, cf. apposition.
Substrate:a reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
subtending:of position, one structure that is immediately below (abaxial to) another, typically of a leaf subtending a branch, or a bract subtending a flower.
subulate:narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.
successive:of microsporogenesis, where cell wall formation occurs after the first and again after the second meiotic divisions, the resultant tetrads being mostly tetragonal, cf. simultaneous.
successive cambia:of secondary thickening where a series of vascular cambia are initiated sequentially, each one cutting off phloem externally and xylem internally, as well as other tissues, cf. included phloem, internal phloem.
Succinic acid [110-15-6]:Synonyms:1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid; Amber acid; asuccin; dihydrofumaric acid; Butanedioic acid; Butanedionic acid; katasuccin; Succinic acid; SUCCINIC ACID CRYSTALLINE; wormwood; wormwood acid;1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid;1,4-Butanedioic acid;4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);AI3-06297;Acidum succinicum;Amber acid;Asuccin;BRN 1754069;Bernsteinsaure;Bernsteinsaure [German];Butandisaeure;Butanedioic acid;Dihydrofumaric acid;EINECS 203-740-4;Ethylene dicarboxylic acid;Ethylenesuccinic acid;HSDB 791;Katasuccin;Kyselina jantarova [Czech];NSC 106449;SUCCINIC ACID;Wormwood;Wormwood acid
CAS Type 1 Name:Potassium Succinate;Succinate
Formula: C₄ H₆ O₄  Molecular Weight:118.09  CAS RN:57-50-1   Other RN:623158-99-6; Melting Point:183 - 185 deg C .  Boiling Point:235 deg C.  Flash Point:206 deg C .  ACX Number:X1000937-3.  Density1.552  Water Solubility:0.5-1.0 g/100 mL at 22 C;8.32E+04 mg/L at 25 Deg C
Succinicacid
Note:A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Sucrose [57-50-1]:a common disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose.
Sucrose
Synonyms: 1-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-2-beta-D-fructofranoside; alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside; (alpha-D-glucosido)-beta-D-fructofuranoside; beta-D-fructofuranose-(2-1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside; beta-D-fructofuranosyl-alpha-D-Glucopyranoside; Beet sugar; Cane sugar; confectioner's sugar; D(+)-Sucrose; Saccharose; saccharum; Sucrose; Sugar;
Sucrose
CAS Type 1 Name:alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl;Beet sugar;Cane sugar;Sucrose;Sucrose, dust;Sugar;alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl-;beta-D-Fructofuranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Formula: C₁₂ H₂₂ O₁₁  Molecular Weight: 342.2992   CAS RN:57-50-1   Other RN:29253-78-9;29764-06-5;30027-72-6;47167-52-2;47185-09-1;47257-91-0;50857-68-6;51909-69-4;64533-66-0;65545-99-5;75398-84-4;76056-38-7;78654-77-0;80165-03-3;8027-47-2;8030-20-4;85456-51-5;86101-30-6;87430-66-8;92004-84-7
saccharose Melting Point: 185.5~192 deg C .  ACX Number:X1001312-0.  Density 1.5805   Water Solubility:NLT 10 g/100 mL at 19 C ;2.10E+06 mg/L at 25 Deg C
Note:A Nonreducing disaccharide obtained from cane sugar, sugar beet, and sorghum. It is composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is used extensively as a food and a sweetener. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Sucrose

suffrutescent:of habit, a low shrub, sometimes with partly herbaceous stems, cf. acaulescent, arborescent, dendroid, frutescent, fruticose, herb, liane, rheophyte, schopfbaum, shrub, suffrutescent, tree, vine, see also life forms.
sugar:See Sucrose.A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
sulcate:of pollen grains with elongate, simple apertures, cf. colpate, forate, porate, polycolpate, rugate, trichotomosulcate, and ulcerate apertures.
sulcate:grooved, furrowed, cf. costate, striate.
Sulfur [7704-34-9]:Synonyms:Sefril; Colloidal sulfur; Corosal D and S; Collokit; Colsul; Colloidal-S; Crystex; COSAN 80; Magnetic 70; Kumulus 5; Kolofog; Kolospray; Elosal; Flour sulfur; Microflotox; Sperlox-S; Spersul; Spersul thiovit; Sulforon; Sulfidal; Sulsol; Sulkol; Super colloid; Tesuloid; THION 80; THION 95; Thiorit; Sulfur atom; Brimstone; Bensulfoid; Flowers of sulfur; Sulfur; Thiolux; Super Six; That F; Security Nutronex; Magnetic 6; Thion; Zolvis; Golden Dew; Bonide Sulfur Plant Fungicide; Clifton Sulfur; Sul-Cide; Cosan; Kumulus S; Sofril; Sulfex; Thiovit; Hexasul; Sulfur, flowers;
CAS Type 1 Name:Sulfur
CAS RN:7704-34-9 Other RN: 12673-82-4
Molecular Formula: S Molecular Weight:256.48  Melting Point:114  Boiling Point:444.6  Density:2.07
Description: yellow crystals, powder or solid. FLAMMABLE SOLID. When mixed with zinc metal and ignited, it is rapidly reduced. Sulfur
summer wood:= late wood.
superior:of an ovary, borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium that is free from the ovary and bears the perianth segments and stamens, cf. inferior, see also epigynous, hypogynous, perigynous.
supernumerary:a vague term, more than the normal number, e.g. of axillary buds, for which see collateral, superposed.
superposed:one of two or more similar structures, e.g. ovules or axillary buds, borne immediately above one another on the same radius, cf. collateral.
supervolute:of leaf ptyxis, both sides very strongly curved adaxially, one margin overlapping the other, cf. circinate, conduplicate, conduplicate-flat, conduplicate-involute, conduplicate-plicate, curved, flat, involute, plicate, revolute, supervolute-curved, supervolute-involute.

supervolute-curved:of leaf ptyxis, very strongly curved adaxially, but the edges not overlapping, cf. circinate, conduplicate, conduplicate-flat, conduplicate-involute, conduplicate-plicate, curved, flat, involute, plicate, revolute, supervolute, supervolute-involute.
supervolute-involute:of leaf ptyxis, strongly curved adaxially, but the very margins each strongly incurved, so not overlapping, cf. circinate, conduplicate, conduplicate-flat, conduplicate-involute, conduplicate-plicate, curved, flat, involute, plicate, revolute, supervolute, supervolute-curved.
supra-axillary:e.g. of a bud or inflorescence, borne somewhat above the leaf that immediately subtends it, see concaulescent, cf. axillary, intercalary, leaf-opposed, supra-axillary.
supractectal structures:of a pollen grain, a discontinuous outermost layer of the ectexine, not always present, outside the tectum, cf. also foot layer and infratectum.
suspensor:a part of the proembryo and derived from the basal cell of the two-celled embryo, often a single file of cells developing at the micropylar end and terminated by the basal cell, not contributing to the embryo proper, cf. hypophysis.
suture:a line of junction between two fused organs, sometimes also a line of dehiscence.
swainsonia:a polyhydroxyalkaloid.
Sweroside[14215-86-2]:Synonyms:NSC606404,Sweroside;1,9-trans-9,5-cis-sweroside
Chemical Name:1H,3H-Pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-, (4aS-(4aalpha,5beta,6alpha))-
Formula: C₁₆ H₂₂O₉  CAS RN:14215-86-2  M.W.:358.34 g/mol

Swertiamarin[17388-39-5]:Synonyms:17388-39-5,C09800,Swertiamarin;swertiamaroside
Chemical Name:1H,3H-Pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-, (4aR-(4aalpha,5beta,6alpha))-
Formula: C₁₆ H₂₂O₁₀  CAS RN:17388-39-5  Other RN:28633-33-2  M.W.:374.34 g/mol
Swertiamarin
syconium:a multiple fruit formed from an invaginated axis with a hollow centre and lined with achenes, e.g. in figs (Ficus), cf. accessory fruit, anthocarp.

syllepsis:of the timing of axillary growth, the development of an axillary bud from primordium to mature branch structure that is to all intents and purposes uninterrupted, cf. prolepsis.
sym- (prefix):together, often indicating fusion.
symmetry:indicating the relationships of the various parts of a structure about its axis, see asymmetric, bisymmetric, haplomorphic, monosymmetric (see bilabiate, papilionoid, personate, slit-monosymmetric), oblique, and polysymmetric for the terms used to describe the symmetry relationships of a flower to the axis that subtends the floral axis, and abaxial, adaxial, lateral, and median for the terms used to describe the relationship of one part of the flower relative to the axis of that flower, see also resupinate.
sympatric:of distributions of two taxa or populations, having more or less overlapping ranges, cf. allopatric, parapatric.
symplast:linked protoplasts and their interconnecting plasmodesmata, cf. apoplast.
sympetalous:with the petals united by their margins, at least at the base, cf. polypetalous.
sympodial:of growth, without a single, persistent growing point, the apical meristems aborting or being converted into flowers and growth being continued by axillary buds that successively replacing the terminal buds, of a stem, growing in the above manner, see also cymose, determinate, cf. monopodial.
syn- (prefix):together, often indicating fusion.
synandrium:= syngenesious.
synangium:esp. in ferns, a group of fused sporangia.
synanthous:of a plant where new leaves and flowers appear together, both subsequently dying down, as in some bulbs, cf. hysteranthous.
Synapoic acid[530-59-6]:See same as Sinapinic acid.
synapomorphic:of a character, derived, shared by two or more taxa for which the synapomorphic character indicates their common ancestry, cf. apomorphic, plesiomorphic, autapomorphic.
syncarp:a structure consisting of several united fruits, usually fleshy, cf. aggregate fruit.

syncarpous:a gynoecium having two or more carpels, more or less congenitally fused together, cf. apocarpous, or syncarpous s. str., carpels mutually united and each closed on the adaxial side, i.e. the whole forming a septate ovary, cf. paracarpous, pseudomonomerous.
syncytium:cells fuse, resulting in a single "cell" containing several nuclei, see also coenocyte, plasmodium.
syndetocheilic:(of gymnosperm stomatal ontogeny) = mesogenous, cf. haplocheilic.
syndrome:a distinctive combination of features, often used in the context of fruit dispersal and flower pollination, whether or not (the latter is usual) any one of those features is unique to or even constant in a particular syndrome.
synergids:part of the egg apparatus, two cells at the apex of the embryo sac that are closely associated with the egg cell and directly involved with the process of fertilisation and often with distinctive filiform apparatus, cf. also antipodals, central cell, egg apparatus, polar nuclei.
synflorescence:the complete flowering region of a shoot, see coflorescence, enrichment zone, florescence, paraclade - a set of terms for describing the architectural units making up the flowering part of a shoot, cf. inflorescence.
syngenesious:of androecium, all the stamens of one flower fused together by the anthers, e.g. in many Asteraceae, cf. diadelphous, fasciculate, monadelphous, phalangiate.
synorganization:the very close connection of organs of the same or different kinds to form a functional structure, usually involving some fusion of the parts involved.
synstapetalum:referring to the length of corolla tube with fused/adnate stamens, stapetalum might be better, cf. apostapetalum, cf. also hypanthium, stemonozone.
syntropous:of the curvature of an ovule with respect to the carpel margin that bears it, curvature in the same direction to the curvature of the margin, cf. antitropous, see also apotropous, epitropous, pleurotropous.
Synthesis:the formation of a chemical compound from its elements or precursor compounds.
Syringaresinol[21453-69-0]:Synonyms:(-) Syringaresinol;NSC 329246;SYRINGARESINOL;syringa-resinol;syringaresinol, (1alpha,3aalpha, 4alpha,6aalpha)-(+-)-isomer;syringaresinol, (1R-(1alpha, 3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer
Chemical Name:Phenol, 4,4'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo(3,4-c)furan-1,4-diyl)bis(2,6-dimethoxy-, (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-
CAS RN:21453-69-0  Formula:C₂₂H₂₆O₈


Syringic acid:[530-57-4]:Synonyms:3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid;3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl acid;4-10-00-01995 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);4-Hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxybenzoic acid;4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid;530-57-4;64887-60-1;AI3-24376;Benzoic acid;4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-;BRN 2115262;C10833;Cedar acid;EINECS 208-486-8;Gallic acid 3,5-dimethyl ether,NISTC530574,NSC 2129,NSC2129,Syringic acid,ZINC00156386
Chemical Name:3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid;Syringic acid  CAS Type 1 Name:4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid
CAS RN:530-57-4  Related RN:64887-60-1 (copper(+2)[1:1] salt) Formula:C₉H₁₀O₅ MW:198.175   Melting Point:203 - 205
Syringicacid
Syringin:[118-34-3]:Synonyms:eleutheroside B;Syringinenin;Syrigin;Lilacin;Ligustrin;Magnolenin A;Methoxyconiferine;.beta.-Terpineol;Syringoside;NSC287441;Eleutheroside B;Glucoside, 4-(3-hydroxypropenyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, D;Ligustrin (VAN);MAGNOLENIN A;Methoxyconiferine;NSC 287441;SYRINGIN;Syrigin;Syringenin;beta-Terpineol
Chemical Name:Syringin (8CI) ; beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl (9CI)
CAS RN:118-34-3  Formula:C₁₇H₂₄O₉ MW:372.37

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